Rockfish of the genus Sebastes are important components of Oregon reef communities. I examined patterns of age and growth in young-of-year rockfish across two nested spatial scales – local and regional – along the Oregon coast. Using otolith microstructural examination, I examined the relative importance of local versus regional factors...
Previous observations of light levels and phytoplankton abundances along the Oregon coast demonstrated that phytoplankton attenuated light sufficiently to potentially limit the growth of intertidal macrophytes and therefore structure local intertidal communities. Inspired by this observation, in spring 2004, I initiated a study to quantify the direct and indirect benthic...
This study investigated whether a device commonly used to measure settlement of mussel larvae for ecological studies, the Tuffy™, functions uniformly whether placed in a bed of filamentous algae or on bare rock. During the summers of 2004 and 2005, the number of mussel larvae settling on Tuffys in patches...
Two of the most powerful ways in which humans have altered ecosystems are by increasing productivity and changing the densities of important consumers. The bottom-up effects of productivity and the top-down effects of consumers have been identified as primary determinants of biological diversity, though the links between them remain unclear....
Most vertebrates exhibit seasonality in many life history traits. Such seasonal rhythms are temporally organized via the transduction of environmental cues (e.g., photoperiod, temperature) into appropriate endocrine signals. However, among ectothermic vertebrates that undergo continuous winter dormancy, temperature is the only environmental cue available for synchronizing seasonal rhythms. Most intriguing...
Animal signaling systems frequently utilize multiple traits to produce and transmit a signal. These system elements may span multiple levels of organization. Functional integration of these traits may be expected to generate concordance in evolutionary pattern among system elements, such that evolutionary change in one system component is correlated with...
Interface habitats are considered valuable natural systems, tightly linked to adjacent habitats through the flow of matter and energy. However, there is limited research on mechanisms of connectivity such as movement of organisms and particulate matter and ways in which anthropogenic disturbance to interface habitats may affect immediate and adjacent...
Previous attempts to understand the factors affecting the energetic cost of locomotion have found a direct link between the energetic cost and the mechanical work done during periods when the limb is in contact with the ground. However, when the limb is not in contact with the ground during the...
Over 150 years ago, C. Bergmann observed a within-species pattern of increasing body size as elevation and latitude increased. Bergmann’s data came from numerous endothermic taxa, but the pattern has since been documented among numerous poikilotherms and invertebrates. The ferocious waterbug Abedus herberti Hidalgo (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) lives in isolated populations...
This dissertation focuses on the importance of pelagic subsidies in the Northeast Pacific to rocky shore community regulation. My results document the patterns of pelagic subsidy supply, determine if those subsidies are correlated with community structure, and examine if community regulation differs between areas of high- and low-subsidies. Understanding how...
Many members of the Phylum Cnidaria are mutualistic with unicellular dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium. Corals are the most widely recognized example of these associations due to their key ecological importance in coral reef ecosystems where they serve as the structural and trophic foundation of these rich ecosystems. Coral...
Accurate chromosome segregation and cell cleavage are critical to maintaining genomic integrity. Both events involve the spindle apparatus, but the exact mechanics is as puzzling as the contradicting models proposed in the last two centuries. In this dissertation, current prevailing models of chromosome segregation and cell cleavage are tested using...
Cnidarians, such as anemones and corals, engage in an intracellular symbiosis with
photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Corals form both the trophic and structural foundation of
reef ecosystems. Despite their environmental importance, little is known about the
molecular basis of this symbiosis. In this dissertation we explored the cnidariandinoflagellate symbiosis from two perspectives:...
Environmental stress can negatively affect the ability of organisms to reproduce. Energetic trade-offs exist in all organisms, and under stress, energy may be allocated away from reproduction and towards physiological defense and repair mechanisms. The rocky intertidal environment is ideal for investigating the influence of environmental stress, as organisms are...
While there are many more species of reptiles in the tropics than in temperate
latitudes, relatively little is known about the natural history of tropical species of
snakes. Even basic information, such as reproductive ecology and behavior, is lacking. Patterns of reproduction in tropical species differ from patterns in temperate...
Biological introductions may considerably alter the composition and community dynamics of invaded areas thereby changing many ecosystem processes including productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling and hydrology. The effects on native species may be obscured by a lack of information on distribution and abundance patterns. The Japanese eelgrass, Zostera japonica, was introduced...
My thesis explored the effects of and potential mediating mechanisms for an important environmental stressor, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. UVB radiation has negative effects on organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. I used meta-analysis to quantify the effects of UVB radiation on a diversity of aquatic organisms (Chapter 2). UVB...
Predators are fundamentally important for regulating and driving prey population dynamics as well as structuring ecological communities. Over-exploitation of marine resources has caused dramatic depletions of predatory fish species and shifts in marine community composition, with attendant declines in productivity and diversity of marine ecosystems. Despite the important ramifications of...
The benefits of reproduction are clear, but there are also costs. Much is known about the costs of reproduction in females, but only recently have male costs been investigated in any depth. These costs of reproduction may be minimized by appropriately modifying behavior, but there has been little research on...
The phantom midges (Diptera: Chaoboridae) are a relatively small fly family composed of 50 extant species in six genera. Larvae are of interest to limnologists and ecologists because of their tolerance to toxicants, predatory avoidance strategies, and the role chaoborids play in zooplankton community dynamics. Relative to mosquitoes, systematists have...
An ancient pheromonal signal is found in aquatic courting salamandrids and terrestrial courting plethodontids, two highly divergent salamander families. In the aquatic courting salamandrids Cynops pyrrhogaster and C. ensicauda, the decapeptide sodefrin is cleaved from a larger 189 amino acid Sodefrin Precursor Factor (SPF) protein and released from a gland...
How complex traits evolve continues to be a major focus of evolutionary
investigation. A current topic of debate is the hypothesis that the phenotypic
integration of complex traits gives rise to evolutionary constraints. I studied two color
traits in the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, that show a high level...
Breeding ecology and behavior were investigated in a field study of three sympatric anuran amphibians in the Oregon Cascade Mountains: the western toad (Bufo
boreas), the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae) and the Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla). A comprehensive study of the western toad mating system was conducted at three populations...
Factors affecting the persistence of mussels (Mytilus californianus) and their associated epibiont species were studied along the central Oregon coast. Interactions between mussels and their algal epibionts (Endocladia
muricata) varied in sign and strength with environmental conditions. In extreme temperatures mussel—epibiont interactions determined survival of individual mussels,
and persistence of...
This dissertation focuses on science relevant to the design and implementation of marine reserves. The chapters explore a range of topics related to among-site variation in population, community, and ecosystem dynamics. My results demonstrate the value and feasibility of integrating this knowledge into more comprehensive conservation and management approaches. While...
The influence of large-scale processes on natural communities has become one of the central issues of modern ecology. I combined field and laboratory studies to investigate the effects of variation in coastal upwelling on rocky intertidal communities along the central Oregon coast. I examined whether the growth of intertidal barnacles...
The earth is undergoing a “biodiversity crisis” characterized by loss of populations, species, genetic diversity, and ecosystem services. Part of this crisis consists of population declines, extinctions, and increased incidence of deformities in amphibians. It is unknown whether deformities contribute to these declines. Many cases of population declines in amphibians...
The vascular system of Aplysia californica is a simple visceromotor system with three main arteries innervated by a small pool of identified neurons. I used this system to
study the functions of neuropeptide transmitters and their actions on neural and muscle tissues. A central finding of this study is that...
Ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) is an abiotic stressor in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. The stratospheric ozone layer, depleted due to anthropogenic activities and the cause of elevated UVB at earth's surface over the last four decades, is predicted to recover by 2065. However, UVB levels in aquatic systems may continue...
Mutualistic associations between cnidarians, such as corals, and photosynthetic
dinoflagellate algae provide the trophic and structural foundation of coral reef
ecosystems. In many cases, this intracellular mutualism is highly specific and must be
established anew for each generation of host corals. The ability to maintain partner
specificity across generations implies...
Studies were conducted within a 12-mile radius of Camp Sherman, Oregon, in the Deschutes National Forest during the spring and summer of 1965 and the spring of 1966, with one follow-up visit in the summer of 1967. The feeding and foraging activities of Eutamias amoenus and Citellus lateralis were observed,...
Investigations about the feeding ecology of a consumer
can facilitate prediction of its effects on prey populations
and the biological community. The aspects of feeding
ecology that are important to predicting consumer effects
include foraging movements, feeding preference and
selectivity, and the effects of physical factors on foraging
behavior and...
1. Distribution: A general map of distribution is given in the introduction, showing the range of the genus as a whole. A second, composite map, provides collection localities for the three species studied. Other maps indicate sites of collection for each individual species, including nests of P. longicaudus and P....
Along the central and southern Oregon coast and on San Juan Island, Washington, the lined chiton Tonicella lineata is very abundant in the lower intertidal levels on rocky shores. It is usually found on
encrusting coralline algae which, with epiphytic diatoms, make up the major portion of its diet. On...
An investigation was undertaken to determine the role that temperature might play in limiting the distribution of the mountain beaver, Aplodontia rufa. A field study was carried on from August, 1965, through August, 1966, in the coast mountains of Benton County, Oregon, and consisted of measuring the annual temperature cycle...
Studies of geographic variation are central to understanding ecological and evolutionary processes. Geographic variation in the shell of the black abalone (Halioth cracherodii), a marine intertidal gastropod, involves both
clinal and local variation along the eastern Pacific coast in the number and size of tremata (=respiratory pores) on the shell....
Contemporary environmental change encompasses massive biodiversity loss and
increasing numbers of emerging diseases worldwide. As part of a global biodiversity
crisis, amphibians are disappearing at unprecedented rates. Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis is an emerging infectious pathogen prominently associated with many
declines. Chapter 1 reviews the past decade of research on this system...
Habitat selection behavior was investigated as a proximate mechanism influencing spatial distributions of three species of anuran larvae. Rana cascadae, Hyla regilla, and Bufo boreas overlap in distribution in lakes and ponds of the Cascade Mts. and were chosen to provide a comparative basis for analyzing habitat selection behavior. Major...
There is little, if any, direct fossil evidence of the cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive or digestive biology of dinosaurs. However, a variety of data can be used to draw reasonable inferences about the physiology of the carnivorous theropod dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda). Extant archosaurs, birds and crocodilians, possess regionally differentiated, vascularized and...
A water bird census was taken at three points on Upper Klamath Lake at weekly intervals extending over a period from September 9, 1936 to May 29, 1937. A total of 24,319 birds was recorded in field records and included thirty-two species. Totals of birds by weekly field trips show...
A fluke found in the intestine of the red-legged frog, Rana
aurora Baird and Girard, was identified as Brachycoelium lynchi
Ingles 1936. The life cycle of this fluke was studied and found to
be of the lecithodendriid type rather than brachycoeliid. Instead
of having one intermediate host, as is the...
The Mount Jefferson Primitive Area is one of three High Cascade wilderness areas in Oregon. It is second in size among these, covers approximately 136 square miles, and with the addition of a large roadless area in Warm Springs Indian Reservation represents the only one of these areas in Oregon...
This thesis describes studies that investigated 1)
the effects of courtship on the neuroendocrine system of
female rough-skinned newts, Taricha granulosa, and 2)
whether the observed courtship-induced neuroendocrine
changes affected female sexual receptivity.
Sexual behaviors of female T. granulosa changed
dramatically during courtship. Initially, females
exhibited unreceptive behaviors to a...
In this dissertation I study evolutionary patterns at genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in frogs. AMPs are short, amphipathic, cationic, secreted proteins that kill bacteria and other pathogens through a non-catalytic mechanism that involves
binding to and disrupting the microbial cell membrane. In many animal taxa, positive selection is much...
A 15-month field study was made on the reproductive cycles of
the prosobranch gastropods Nucella lamellosa, Nucella emarginata,
Searlesia dira and Amphissa columbiana on the Oregon coast.
Amphissa columbiaria and Searlesia dira were collected from Boiler
Bay, Nucella emarginata from Seal Rock and Nucella lamellosa
from inside Yaquina Bay.
All...
Chemoreception is one of the dominant sensory modalities for many species of salamanders (reviewed in Chapter 2). At least seven of the ten currently recognized salamander families are known to respond to some sort of chemical cue. These responses are as varied as delaying hatching, seeking refuge, or initiating aggressive...
In recent years off the United States Oregon coast severe hypoxic events have resulted in areas of mass vertebrate and invertebrate species mortality known as dead zones. Creation of dead zones and alteration of community species composition in response to inner shelf hypoxic conditions have been observed annually from 2002...
An investigation was undertaken to determine if respiratory
changes might occur in conjunction with migrations of the rough-skinned
newt, Taricha granulosa (Skilton) in and out of ponds in the
Willamette Valley. A field study was carried on from December
1964 through October 1965 to investigate certain physical and
chemical parameters...
Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) has been suggested as a factor contributing to global amphibian population declines. While ambient UV-B levels damage the eggs and embryos of some amphibian species, few studies have addressed how UV-B affects other life history stages or sublethal responses. My dissertation focuses on (1) investigations of sublethal...
Many species have complex life cycles in which a dispersive larval stage is
followed by a relatively sedentary adult stage. For such species, reproductive output
is often high and large variation in survivorship throughout early life-history phases
(eggs and larvae) can lead to dramatic fluctuations in recruitment which may in...
Many marine fish populations are severely declining due to over-fishing, loss of both juvenile and adult habitats, and accelerating environmental degradation. Fisheries management and the implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) and other conservation tools are currently hindered by large gaps in knowledge about larval dispersal and its subsequent effects...
The respiratory and metabolic biology of dinosaurs is poorly, if at all, reflected in the fossil record. By comparing anatomical features of modern taxa that are functionally linked to specific biology with the remains of theropod dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda) and early birds, we may reasonably infer the physiology of long...
Ecosystems are facing increasing threats from human related activities, such as overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction, species invasions, and diseases, among others. While oceanic islands provide natural laboratories to understand ecological and evolutionary process, they are also particularly vulnerable to these impacts, given their usual isolation from the mainland and the...
Evaluating the relative influences of positive and negative interactions in shaping communities is a major topic in modern ecology. Facilitative interactions between basal species are important in habitats with intense predation pressure or severe abiotic stresses. However, few studies address the potential for positive interactions between trophic levels to influence...
Prior to the present work, no detailed study had been made of
the amphibians and reptiles inhabiting Benton County, Oregon. Very
little has been published on the precise ranges, the habitat preferences,
and the mode of life history of these animals as they are
found in Benton County and adjacent...
My thesis explored the effects of environmental variability on population
dynamics and community composition of aquatic insects. Environmental variability in
the form of flow regime in streams can limit the distribution and life-history traits of
aquatic insects. I used tributaries to the McKenzie River in Oregon with dramatically
different flow...
The body size (W) of animal species is one of the best predictors of
population density (D) when large assemblages are considered. It has been
shown that theoretically the D-W relationship can be the consequence of two
other distributions: the log-normal distribution of body sizes of the species and
of...
Multivariate morphometric analyses performed on ten populations
of Aneides ferreus indicate that phenotypic expression in this species
is exceedingly similar, but that on a fine scale there is considerable
significant heterogeneity between most populations as well as between
regional groups of populations. in terms of variation between California,
Oregon, and...
Little, if any, quantifications have been made on the contribution of the vertebral column during jumping in quadrupedal mammals. Previous studies of jumpers have focused on the morphological and physiological specializations of the hindlimbs. In this study, such specialization was measured during the supramaximal jumps of the Pacific jumping mouse...
This is a neuroanatomical and ethological study of the pectines, the primary
chemosensory organs of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). The pectines are
paired, ventromedial appendages that brush the substrate as the scorpion walks.
This comb-like organ consists of a supportive spine and an array of teeth. Each
tooth supports hundreds of...
Righting behavior was examined in the asteroids Henricia
leviuscula and Leptasterias aequalis by repeating a standard laboratory
righting trial with a large number of individuals of each species,
and analyzing the observations made by statistical methods. Detailed
observations on the righting method, including leading pairs of
arms and righting time...
Vertebrates communicate with one another and coordinate intraspecific reproduction by using a variety of sexually dimorphic signals, such as plumage, ornaments, sounds, and/or scents. These sexual dimorphisms are maintained by physiological factors, typically sex-specific hormones (though see Chapter 3 for an exception). The purpose of the research in this dissertation...
The intracellular mutualism between cnidarians and photosynthetic dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium) is responsible for the physical and trophic structure of diverse coral reef ecosystems. This relationship, based on nutrient exchange, allows for high productivity in tropical waters, which are generally nutrient-poor environments. Numerous environmental stressors currently threaten the health of corals,...
Like other species interactions in ecological systems, host-pathogen interactions are influenced by environmental factors, landscape characteristics and the broader community context. My thesis explores the potential influences of food-web interactions (Chapter 2), climate change (Chapter 3), landscape structure and host movement patterns (Chapter 4), and the combined influences of local...
This dissertation focuses on the evolutionary forces of genetic drift and gene flow in frog populations. The balance of these two forces and the force of mutation largely determine the amount of neutral genetic variation within populations as well as the degree of genetic similarity among populations. The stochastic evolutionary...
Foundation species are important components of ecosystems because they provide habitat and ameliorate stressful conditions for residents. This thesis considers the role of surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) as dynamic foundation species on the coast of Oregon in two studies. Chapter 2, which presents an observational survey of two Phyllospadix congeners, investigates...
Developmental series of Rana pretiosa (110 specimens), R.
cascadae (100 specimens) and R. aurora (115 specimens) were bone
stained and cleared in glycerin. The growth and developmental patterns
of the skull and selected bones were followed from the first
appearance of bone through adult stages. The sequential appearance
of the...
A major goal of conservation biology is to elucidate the population genetic structure in threatened species and assess the relative importance of the evolutionary forces that shape that population genetic structure. I conducted three studies in the declining amphibian Rana cascadae to assess levels of population genetic differentiation and the...
Biological invasions pose one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, but many naturalized invaders coexist with the native community. Community ecology theory provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms by which invaders might coexist with native species or exclude them from the community, thus informing management practices to maximize...
In the past decade, declines in amphibian populations have captured scientific and popular interest. The causes of the declines are likely to be complex and involve interactions between several environmental stressors. Using multifactorial experiments, I investigated the combined effects of several anthropogenic stressors on developing amphibians in Oregon, USA. In...
Understanding the processes that influence the composition of animal communities is a central goal in ecology. Interactions between established residents and colonizing juveniles that affect the subsequent survival of juveniles may influence community composition. In a series of experiments on coral reef fish communities in the Bahamas and Australia, I...
In nature, animals survive threats by responding physiologically and behaviorally in ways that are appropriate to the situation. Which responses are appropriate depend on the animals' surroundings and current physiological and behavioral state. This dissertation investigated the neuroendocrine mechanisms that control context-dependent behavioral responses to stress by focusing on the...
An investigation was made of the factors which cause differences in growth rates and transformation size of bullfrog tadpoles under natural conditions. Tadpoles and algal samples were collected from two.adjacent farm ponds of similar size during the eighteen months of the study. It was found that the tadpoles in one...
Specimens of the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus
(Pallas, 1811) Girard, 1854, were collected in
Yaquina Bay near Newport, Oregon, from July, 1970, to August,
1971. Fish infected with Lepeophtheirus hospitalis
Fraser, 1920, were transported to Corvallis, Oregon, and
maintained in a sea water system at 15°C. Isolated copepods
were studied...
The purpose of this study was to identify any ostelogical features which might prevent
paradoxical movement (=lateral collapse) of the abdominal air sacs in birds during inhalation.
A combination of 26 fresh and frozen adult bird carcasses representing 10 avian orders were
procured from local sources. Dissections of each specimen...
Scleractinian corals, like many other cnidarians, engage in intracellular symbiosis with
dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium. This association makes
invaluable structural and energetic contributions to the marine environment and to the
coral reef ecosystem in particular. While many aspects of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate
relationship have been well studied, nothing is...
Humans are increasing the scale and frequency of many natural disturbances, as well as adding novel disturbances to ecosystems. This thesis uses the arthropod community as a metric to examine the multi-trophic responses to disturbances in California grasslands. Chapter 2 explores how the long-term exclusion of native vertebrate herbivores has...
Darwin devised the evolutionary theory of sexual selection to account for the manifold extravagances of courtship behaviors and displays. Mating interactions represent a major evolutionary process driving the elaboration, vibrancy, and peculiarity of these courtship traits. For my dissertation research, I strived to elucidate the dynamics that constitute the complex...
Floods are major disturbance events for riverine ecosystems, directly and indirectly impacting organisms and their habitat. In this study I investigated the role of riverine floods and flow alteration in regulating aquatic macroinvertebrate population and community structure. I examined this problem using a variety of methods: a meta-analytic review of...
Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms that regulate community composition and ecosystem function. Invasive species that are also ecosystem engineers can substantially alter physical features in an environment, and this can lead to cascading effects on the biological community. Aquatic-terrestrial interface ecosystems are excellent systems to...
This dissertation investigates the context-dependency of species interactions between seagrass and macroalgae in upwelling-influenced estuaries. In all coastal systems, nutrient loading is multidirectional, resulting from mostly freshwater and marine inputs. The directionality of nutrient inputs may affect the rate of supply of organic matter to the system. In systems where...
Recruitment of larvae from the plankton is an important determinant of
community structure in marine systems. In populations of many marine species,
recruitment determines the basic demographic parameters of immigration, emigration,
and reproduction. Moreover, the effect of recruitment as an "ecological subsidy" can
determine the strength of interactions among species...
Predatory lionfishes (Pterois volitans and P. miles) were introduced to Florida waters during the mid to late 1980s, and eventually established self-sustaining breeding populations in the tropical western Atlantic. These invasive species are now widespread along the southeastern seaboard of the United States, across the Caribbean Sea, and in the...
At the conclusion of the novel The Healing of America, T.R. Reid challenges the American people to decide whether health care is a human right prior to any appropriate service reform occurring. From Reid’s perspective, the design of any nation’s health service system is primarily dictated by the morals of...
The high productivity of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems (EBUE), some of the most productive ecosystems in the globe, is attributed to the nutrient rich waters brought up through upwelling. Climate change scenarios for coastal upwelling systems, predict an intensification of coastal upwelling winds. Associated with intensification in upwelling are biogeochemical...
Of 2,122 marine fishes belonging to 36 species collected in the
vicinity of Newport, Oregon, 541 belonging to 8 species were infected
with hemoflagellates. Four species of trypanosomes and three species
of cryptobias were found in offshore fishes, but no hemoflagellates
were observed in fishes from Yaquina Bay.
Trypanosoma pacifica...
The acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus lageniformis Ekbaum,
1938, is a common intestinal parasite of the starry flounder, Platichthys
stellatus (Pallas), of Yaquina Bay, Lincoln Co., Oregon. Three
hundred and sixty-one flounders were examined and 146 (40.5 percent)
were found to harbor infections of E. lageniformis.
Cystacanths of E. lageniformis were found encysted...
The Hemigrapsus oregonensis population at Coquille Point in
the Yaquina Bay Estuary on the Central Oregon Coast was studied
from April, 1972 through May, 1973. The population was found to be
vertically stratified from the 1 ft level to the 5 ft level. Population
densities were found to be most...
The microsporidan Pleistophora sp. is a common parasite of
Crangon franciscorum, C. nigricauda, and C. stylirostris in the
vicinity of Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Characteristics of the parasite are
described. Skeletal muscle was the only host tissue infected.
The seasonal prevalence and intensity of the parasite in
crangonids are described, based...
The heart rate, oxygen consumption, survivorship, and 1-lactate
accumulation were determined in the intertidal limpets Collisella pelta
and Collisella digitalis in relation to laboratory desiccation at 15°C
or 30°C. Water loss was computed as a percentage of total initial body
water (wet weight - dry weight). Although water was lost...
The staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus is abundant in the
Yaquina Bay estuary on the central Oregon coast and also occurs
offshore in shallow water. A total of 560 L. armatus were collected
at three locations in Yaquina Bay and between 7 and 11 kilometers
offshore in depths of 40 to...