In intensively managed forest plantations in the northern Oregon Coast Range, herbicides are often applied during site preparation and early stand regeneration to reduce competition for resources for planted conifer seedlings. In addition to reducing competition for crop trees, herbicide applications may affect soil processes including decomposition and nutrient cycling,...
This paper describes a study done on swinging and processing whole tree, tree length and log length pieces in a smallwood Douglas-fir thinning. Two machines were evaluated, a 70 horsepower rubber tired skidder and a hydraulic loader mounted on a 6 x 4 live tandem truck.
The study took place...
The comercial thinning of second-growth stands in the Pacific Northwest is becoming increasingly important for satisfying the demand for timber. Cable logging will require the rigging of smaller intermediate support trees rather than those utilized on old-growth timber sales. This paper reports on the results of a study designed to...
This study has been concerned with the patterns of vegetative changes which occur during the first five years following logging and burning on Douglas-fir clear cuts. Knowledge of the successional sequence in the coastal forests of western Oregon is of primary importance to those concerned with the management of this...
Information concerning the kinds and composition of phospholipids
in gymnosperm plants is negligible in the literature. Thus this
study was undertaken to provide background knowledge for future
comparative biochemical investigations. In this study, lipid was extracted
by chloroform and methanol, and washed with distilled water
to prevent the possible formation...
Tissue differentiation of the primary root and its associated
laterals is reported. Secretory elements are the first of the primary
tissues to mature. They appear to be located between the precursory
phloem and pericycle in the primary root, but are more closely
associated with the pericycle in long lateral roots....
Douglas fir bark fines which contained 74.8 percent
of Klason lignin and 70.2 percent of one percent sodium
hydroxide solubility and decayed Douglas fir wood which
contained 53.9 percent of Klason lignin were subjected to
ethanolysis. A slight modification of the Hibbert's
ethanolysis procedure was used. The monomeric compounds
present...
The Pacific Coast form of Douglas-fir in natural forest succession
is an intermediate species thriving in the Coast Range and
Cascade Mountains of the Pacific Northwest. This species constitutes
26 percent of the standing timber in the United States, and 24 percent
of the nation's annual timber harvest. Characteristics of...
The seeds of Douglas fir, a representative of the gymnosperm
flora, were studied at six stages of germination to discern the structures
of food reserves and to study ultrastructural changes occurring
during germination in the embryo and resulting seedlings.
The materials were fixed in three fixatives, dehydrated with
ethanol series,...
Creep in wood has been observed since 1833 but only recently
has it been studied quantitatively. The aim of this paper is to study
the time-dependent deflections of Douglas fir, Coast Region beams
in bending and shear modes. The general method of approach used is
that of large scale observation....
Mitotic activity in the vascular cambium was determined from
ten samples from a single internode in each of four Douglas-fir
[(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Franco.) Mirb.)]trees. Counts of interphase and mitotic nuclei from nine cores in each sample piece
were averaged and expressed as the frequency and mitotic index.
The sampling error...
Six, recent clear cut areas were selected in the Douglas-fir
zone of the Western Cascade Range of Oregon to determine the
environmental and nutritional effects that snowbrush has on the establishment
and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings.
One thousand eighty milacre sample plots on the six clear cuts
were used to...
To obtain data on the decomposition of the forest floor, a battery operated electrolytic respirometer was developed making it possible to measure CO₂ evolution from field moist forest floor samples in situ independent of root respiration. Banks of four respirometers powered by two 12-volt batteries were installed in three old...
Laminated root rot of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco) caused by the fungus Phellinus weirii (Murr.)Gilbertson was
studied in two successive stands in the Oregon Coast Range. Damage
due to the disease in a 60-year-old second-growth stand was compared
with incidence in the preceding 300-year-old stand on the same site....
Groups of second-growth Douglas-fir (Mirb.) Franco were excavated
in plots of two to six trees on two sites in the vicinity of Cowichan
Lake, Vancouver Is., British Columbia. Eleven excavation plots provided
36 trees which could be studied in pairs (a total of 50 pairs) in order
to ascertain the...
Indentation hardness tests were made on sections of 211 pieces
of Douglas fir and 208 pieces of Western hemlock at a moisture content
of about 11 percent. Specific gravity and visual-density evaluations
were also determined.
Correlation coefficients for linear regression of density, as
measured by specific gravity, on average standard...
The effect of lifting date and root-pruning treatments on
water potential, root regeneration, and shoot growth of six-month-old
and three-year-old Douglas-fir seedlings bare-root transplanted
into a growth chamber, and sawdust bed, respectively, was studied.
Root growth in six-month-old and three-year-old seedlings was
highest in February and August respectively. Survival was...
A study on the effects of light quality and periodicity on the germination of Douglas-fir seed and the growth of Douglas-fir seedlings was conducted. Interest was focused on responses that could be measured and observed without biochemical assay. It was found that .Douglas-fir seed,s would respond to red-light treatments by...
A microscopic study was conducted on specific gravity wafers taken from standard tensile strength specimens of young growth Douglas-fir. Samples were studied to determine the effect of variables such as percent summerwood, fiber length and fibril angle on tensile strength of Douglas-fir. The sample specimens were picked so effects of...
It is difficult to treat the heartwood of many wood species with liquid preservatives using conventional liquid processes. Supercritical fluids (SCF) used as carriers of preservatives to impregnate refractory wood species may be an attractive alternative to conventional liquid carriers. While SCF impregnation has many potential advantages, some wood species...
Five different test methods to determine the parallel-to-grain shear
strength of Douglas-fir structural lumber were compared. Four methods
assessed the shear strength of lumber sections having a full nominal two by
four inch cross-section. These were: three-point bending, four-point bending,
five-point bending, and torsion. The fifth method was the ASTM...
Metham sodium or NaMDC is one of the four major soil
fumigants that are currently registered for controlling
internal decay of wood products in use. Fumigants are used
primarily in utility poles but are also applied to piling,
timbers and other large wood members.
NaMDC must decompose to fungitoxic compounds...
The goal of this research is to develop automatic techniques for
identifying defects in Douglas-fir veneer. To achieve this goal,
computer vision techniques, in particular image-processing, will be
applied. Several pre-processing steps may be required to enhance
images in making further analysis easier, faster, and more reliable.
Pre-processing is often...
The purpose of this study was to determine if amount and kind of thinning had an effect on wood specific gravity, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, growth rate, or pulp yield and kappa number. The study involved 24 1/5-acre plots, three plots in each of eight thinning treatments. The...
Three methods--radial compression strength, color indicators of decay and micro-toughness, an examination of tracheid fracture patterns, were evaluated for detection of early decay and for application to field use. Three-eighth-inch diameter plugs 3/4-inch long, cut from the sapwood and heartwood of a Douglas-fir pole free of decay, were decayed by...
The purpose of this study was to determine if thinning, fertilization or a combination of thinning and fertilization had an effect on overall average specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, fiber length and intra-ring characteristics. Material for this experiment consisted of 7 trees randomly selected from each of...
Past research and industrial sources have implied that preheating Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco prior to peeling veneer was economically feasible. To test this, the effect of treatment temperature on veneer yield and thickness variation for three diameter classes of low grade Douglas-fir logs was studied and related to the...
The relationships of several wood quality traits with seed origin
and phenological characteristics, measured at a young age, were
tested from six seed sources in a young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) provenance plantation. The wood quality
traits measured were wood density, uniformity of wood density,
percentage latewood, fiber length,...
A study has been made of the kraft pulping properties of young Douglas-fir trees which were thinned from an experimental plantation. The purpose of the plantation study is to determine, whether two year old seedlings can be selected on the criteria of height and branch count for future desirable tree...
Douglas-fir bark was extracted with n-hexane yielding a light colored, "wax-like" solid as the n-hexane soluble fraction. The chemical constituents of this n-hexane soluble fraction were partially resolved by column chromatography using Silica Gel G as stationary phase and chloroform-n-hexane (3:1 v/v) as developing solvent. Several bands were observed under...
Heartwood samples of Pacific Coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. menziesii) and Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) were rated for relative liquid
permeability, and evaluated for kraft pulping characteristics.
Highly impermeable wood of the Rocky Mountain variety was termed
"refractory," while the pervious wood of the Pacific Coastal variety...
The purpose of this thesis was to develop a suitable
multiple regression equation for making estimates of diameter
inside bark at various heights up the bole in
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)tree.
Data on 237 and 302 trees from Black Rock Forest Management
Research Area, Polk County, Oregon, and scattered...
Douglas-fir and western hemlock growth and stocking were examined on two neighboring clear-cut watersheds in the Western Cascades of Oregon and related to the intensity of burning and logging disturbance, habitat type, soil type, aspect and the influence of percent cover of both invading Ceanothus species and residual Acer circinatum....
The relationship of sapwood basal area to basal area was examined on stands of young-growth Douglas-fir. Through non-destructive sampling, sapwood basal area was quantified on four different thinning intensities and one control (unthinned) treatment. Emphasis was on testing a sampling method and evaluating variations in the sapwood component as a...
Sapling Douglas-fir trees on five sites in the Coastal and
Cascade Mountain ranges of Oregon were measured five times during
the year from the summer of 1977 through the spring of 1978 for
diurnal patterns of xylem water potential, stomatal conductance and
abscisic acid. Vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation...
First year survival of Douglas-fir seedlings outplanted in areas
characterized by intense vegetative competition is heavily dependent
on available soil moisture. To test this hypothesis, five distinct
classes of Douglas-fir planting stock were planted on the south slope
of McCulloch Peak in McDonald Forest in February of 1975. The
stocking...
The procedure of forest level harvest scheduling
incorporates many inputs of an uncertain nature. Forest
management planners must be aware of the possible effects of
the use of erroneous input information on the results of
their planning. With that knowledge they can better plan a
risk management strategy and make...
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. ) Franco) seedlings
of a high elevation Rocky Mountain source and a low elevation coastal
source were pretreated under both high and low intensity artificial
light in a growth chamber and outside in a cold frame. Net photosynthesis
was then measured at three ages, 6, 10,...
The juvenile development of Douglas-fir, red alder and snowbrush
associations was investigated in western Oregon. The relationship
between Douglas-fir and red alder was studied and compared
in the Coast, Willamette Valley and Cascade regions. Snowbrush-
Douglas-fir stands were sampled in the western Cascades. Alder-
Douglas-fir relationships were studied on clearcuts...
Rates of apparent net photosynthesis were measured on a sample
of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir consisting of eleven one-year-old seedlings
from each of the thirteen different seed sources. Secondary
observations of needle length, needle weight, and needle number
were also obtained. A formula derived through step-wise multiple
regression of the secondary...
The effect of low temperatures given at different times and duration
upon the time of bud burst, shoot elongation, number of needles
developed and needle length in Douglas-fir plants from the Oregon
Cascades and three coastal areas ranging from Washington to California
were determined. The plants were grown outside in...
The objective of this study was to examine the transpirational
behavior of Douglas-fir seedlings from two origins,, each grown in
two environments, and subject to a range of moisture stress. Forks
and Goldendale, Washington were the mesic and xeric seed origins
respectively. One-half of the seedlings from each origin was...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age
on rates of transpiration by Douglas-fir seedlings. Seeds were
collected from a xeric site (Goldendale, Washington) and a mesic
site (Forks, Washington). The seedlings were grown in a cold frame
and in a growth chamber for periods of...
This study was undertaken to ascertain some of the physiological
effects of the herbicide atrazine on Douglas-fir seedlings.
Photosynthetic and respirational rates were measured on seedlings
grown in a controlled environment chamber. Height and dry weight
increases, shoot/root ratios and percent total nitrogen were obtained
from treated and control seedlings...
To investigate the movement of elements (N, P, k, Ca, and Mg) from the tree crowns by natural litterfall and leave wash, plots were established on six 450 year-old growth stands at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. The following are the results of the data analyses. Elemental concentrations contained...
The primary objective of this study is to explore the possibilities of two methods to reduce the weight of small commercial timber prior to logging. The two methods studied are injection of cacodylic acid and sour-felling. Treatments were applied in November, 1965 and May, 1966, with final harvest of the...
Several hundred two year old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were planted in an enclosure
designed to permit control of soil moisture. The seedlings came
from five seed sources in southern Oregon and one seed source in
northwestern Oregon. Mortality terminal and lateral budburst,
and soil moisture were recorded...
The two-parameter Weibull function was used to predict forest stand diameter distributions and growth. Diameter distribution models were developed for even-aged Douglas-fir stands, 20 to 40 years old, in Oregon and Washington. In order to test if the two-parameter Weibull function can adequately describe the diameter distributions of such stands,...
A survey of natural regeneration of Doug1as-fir and associated species was made on 15 staggered-setting cuttings four and five years after logging. These areas were on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest which is located in the McKenzie River area of western Oregon. Five types of cuttings were represented: (1)...
The Washington State Department of Natural Resources' Comprehensive Tree-Volume Tarif Tables are a set of preconstructed local volume tables. This can increase "on plot" efficiency since only diameters are necessary to obtain volumes after the proper table for the given diameter/height relationship is accessed. The tables are accessed and indexed...
Field and greenhouse bioassays were used to compare the mycorrhizal associations of Douglas-fir seedlings from undisturbed forests, and nonburned and burned portions of clearcuts on three Sites in the west-central Cascades of Oregon. Field soil transfers and greenhouse soil pasteurization and reinoculation were used to investigate soil biology and inoculum...
Many higher plants have mycorrhizae associated with their roots. These structures are often essential for survival and growth (Harley & Smith 1983). Mycorrhizae are known for the abilities to enhance nutrient absorption. While nitrogen-fixing organisms are found as components of the mycorrhizosphere, mycorrhizal fungi are not presently known to fix...
Foliage of Douglas-fir seedlings [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] from two contrasting environments was sampled during progressive stages of two consecutive cycles of induced drought for leaf resistance, plant water potential , and abscisic acid content (ABA). One group of seedlings was placed in a controlled environment room while another group...
Seasonal variations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) leaf weight and nitrogen content were measured in Oregon's Coast and western Cascade Ranges. Current and older foliage from thinned and unthinned stands were sampled monthly from October, 1978 to September, 1979. Changes in leaf weight per unit area of foliage and...
Definitive evidence for the occurrence and seasonal variation of indole-3 -acetic acid (IAA) in shoots 0 DougLas-fir (Pseudotsuga rrienztesii (Mirb. ) Franco) was sought. Collections obtained in December and June were extracted by solvent using methanol arid diethyl ether arid by certtrtfugatiori. Extraction by ceritrifugation appeared to be twice as...