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  • Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?

    Creator:
    Ripple, William J. and Beschta, Robert L.
    Abstract:
    We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading effects of carnivore–herbivore interactions...
    Resource Type:
    Article
    Full Text:
    c b Wolves restored (1995) N um be r of b ea ve r d R ec ru itm en t of w oo dy b