Developmental changes in the carotenoids and volatile compounds of Pinot noir grape berries were investigated in this study from pea size to harvest during 2012. HPLC analysis showed continued decrease of lutein, β-carotene, neochrome a and neoxanthin continued to decrease during berry development, with rapid decrease of lutein and (9′z)-neoxanthin...
Forested riparian buffers isolate streams from the influence of harvesting operations that can lead to water temperature increases. Only forest cover between the sun and stream limits stream warming, but that cover also reduces instream photosynthesis, aquatic insect production, and fish productivity. Water temperature increases that occur as streams flow...
Plant communities are sensitive to perturbations and may display alternative recovery pathways depending on disturbance history. In sub-boreal lodgepole pine forests of central interior British Columbia, Canada, fire and logging are two widespread landscape disturbances that overlap in many regions. We asked whether cumulative, short-interval disturbance from logging and fire...
The electrochemical intercalation of tetra-n-alkylammonium (TAA) cations into graphite is investigated using galvanostatic reduction and cyclic voltammetry in TAABr/ dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) electrolytes. Structural and compositional analyzes by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and elemental analyzes show that stable graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are formed with highly-flattened TAA cation bilayers for (C₅H₁₁)₄N⁺, (C₆H₁₃)₄N⁺,...
Aroma potentials in early and late maturity Pinot noir grapes were investigated in two
consecutive vintages. The grape samples were hydrolyzed under acidic conditions and the
released odorants were studied by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Forty-nine
main odor-active compounds were detected in the AEDA. The odorants released with
high...
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing has demonstrated potential in measuring forest biomass. We assessed the ability of LiDAR to accurately estimate forest total above ground biomass (TAGB) on an individual stem basis in a conifer forest in the US Pacific Northwest region using three different computer software programs...
A lack of genetic diversity in cultivated black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) germplasm has been widely recognized as a major factor limiting progress towards breeding improved cultivars. Despite this, little effort has been made since the early twentieth century to systematically collect and evaluate wild black raspberry for germplasm improvement....
The U.S, Forest Service regularly removes tons of dead biomass from federal forestlands to control and prevent devastating wildfires. Every year thinning young trees and brush, as well as removing dead biomass from the forest floor generates large quantities of low-grade woody material for which there is little use. Currently...
We consider issues of equality and efficiency in two different school funding systems - a state-level system in Michigan and a foundation system in Ohio. Unlike Ohio, the Michigan system restricts districts from generating property or income tax revenue to fund operating expenditures. In both states, districts fund capital expenditures...
Observations of winds, waves, and turbulence at the ocean surface are compared with several analytic formulations and a numerical model for the input of turbulent kinetic energy by wave breaking and the subsequent dissipation. The observations are generally consistent with all of the formulations, although some differences are notable at...