Observations of vertical temperature microstructure at ocean station P during the mixed layer experiment (Mile) indicate that the shape of the high-frequency temperature gradient spectrum depends on the relative strengths of turbulence and stratification. For low Cox number ((dT/dz)²)/ (dT/dz)²• the linear range of the Batchelor spectrum is not well...
We assessed the effects of the elimination of livestock in riparian systems at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in southeastern Oregon, 23 years after the removal of cattle grazing, using 64 photos taken before grazing was removed compared with later retake photos. Two methods were used for this assessment: (1)...
Two methods to alleviate the problem of fouling of moored flow tube optical instruments are presented. A chemical method diffuses a concentrated solution of bromine into the flow tube between sampling periods, creating a toxic environment for microorganisms. An optical method removes a baseline value from the red peak of...
An expression for the ratio of the upwelling nadir radiance L(π, z) and the downwelling scalar irradiance Eod(Z) is derived from the following equation of radiative transfer. This expression is given by RSR(z)=[L(π, z)]/Eod(Z) = [fb(z)bb(z)]/2π[k(π, z) + c(z) – fL(z)bf(z)], where bb(z) is the backscattering coefficient, k(π, z) is...
An expression is derived for the rate at which the diffuse attenuation coefficient for vector irradiance approaches its asymptotic value in a homogeneous medium. The asymptotic approach rate is shown to be a function of boundary conditions at the surface and the asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient which is an inherent...
Prior studies of modem scientific internationalism have been written primarily from
the point of view of scientists, with little regard to the influence of the state. This
study examines the state's role in international scientific relations. States sometimes
encouraged scientific internationalism; in the mid-twentieth century,t hey often
sought to restrict...
The modulation transfer function (MTF) of a simple submarine viewing situation is computed as a function of range and sea-water properties. For the cases considered, we found that the MTF follows the simple exponential law, exp(-ω/ω₀), where ω is the spatial frequency in lines/deg and where ω₀ is a complicated...
The apparent optical properties of sea water are a set of measurables that describe the geometry of the submarine light field. These properties are related to the inherent optical properties—the volume attenuation coefficient and the volume scattering function—through the process of radiative transfer. A numerical approximation to the equation of...
An exact expression for the remotely sensed reflectance (RSR, upwelling radiance divided by downwelling scalar irradiance) just beneath the surface of the ocean is derived from the equation of radiative transfer. It is shown that the RSR at a given depth in the ocean depends only on the inherent optical...
We examine and compare near-forward light scattering that is caused by turbulence and typical particulate assemblages in the ocean. The near-forward scattering by particles was calculated using Mie theory for homogeneous spheres and particle size distributions representative of natural assemblages in the ocean. Direct numerical simulations of a passive scalar...
The present study extended existing research on alexithymia in men, investigating whether the deficit in processing emotions occurs early in the process, as a result of dissociation or repression, or later, as a result of suppression. We also examined the assumption in Levant’s (2011) normative male alexithymia hypothesis that men...
Measurements of inherent optical properties (IOP) were conducted over bottoms with different substrates by use
of a sampling package mounted on and operated by a SCUBA diver. It was found that in areas of low ambient
currents the distribution of IOP varies with bottom type in (1) its value relative...
Two separate time series observations of light transmission in the bottom water on the Continental Rise off Nova Scotia show fluctuations of light transmission in a wide range, 0-50% transmission at λ = 660 nm. The range corresponds approximately to SPM concentrations of 12 mg/l to 150 μg/l. The former...
The reflectance of the bottom is of importance when interpreting optical data in shallow water. Closure studies of radiative transfer, interpretation of laser line scanner data, lidar, and remote sensing in shallow waters require understanding of the bottom reflectance. In the Coastal Benthic Optical Properties experiment (CoBOP), extensive measurements of...
One hundred and seventy pairs of temperature and light transmission profiles were obtained by simultaneous conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) and light transmissometer casts in three cruises on the R/V Yaquina over the continental shelf off Oregon. These were analyzed for bottom nepheloid layers (BNL) and bottom mixed layers layers (BML). Supplementing these...
Disturbances and their interactions play major roles in sagebrush (Artemisia spp. L.) community dynamics. Although impacts of some disturbances, most notably fire, have been quantified at the landscape level, some have been ignored and rarely are interactions between disturbances evaluated. We developed conceptual state-and-transition models for each of two broad...
The solar energy flux as a function of depth (the irradiance profile) in the ocean is an important function. It influences the dynamics of the mixed layer via the heat budget as well as the biology of the euphotic zone. The following three-parameter model can take into account the very...
It is shown that the complex index of refraction of a given particle-size distribution may be calculated if the particle extinction coefficient and the particle absorption coefficient are known. If the particles are assumed to be nonabsorbing, a real index of refraction may be calculated from the ratio of light...
Optical oceanography models of attenuation and scattering properties often contain simple spectral relationships. Electromagnetic theory, however, predicts fluctuations in the spectra of the attenuation coefficients and scattering properties of substances at wavelengths near an absorption peak. We have modeled these effects for phytoplankton using homogeneous, two‐layered, and three‐layered sphere models...
In situ attenuation (488 and 660 nm), absorption (488, 676, and 750 nm), backscattering (at 488 nm), and
stimulated fluorescence were determined as functions of depth in oceanic and coastal waters off Oregon,
using both commercial instruments and recently developed prototypes. The inability to perfectly constrain
scattered light in these...
Two distinct kinds of particle maxima (nepheloid layers) were observed off Oregon in November 1977
and off Washington in October 1978 by an in situ light transmissometer: one in the thermocline in the
euphotic zone and the other at intermediate depth well below the thermocline. The thermocline nepheloid
layer is...
Theoretical scattering computations are performed on a phytoplankton model consisting of three
concentric spheres. The outer sphere represents the wall, membrane, or frustule and is assigned a
relatively high index of refraction with no absorption. The middle layer represents the chloroplasts
and is assigned a relatively low index of refraction...
Profiles of light transmission versus depth have been studied in the region of the Scotian Rise of the
North Atlantic at bottom depths between 4900 and 5000 m. A component model has been developed
and consists of three components of transmission which can be combined to duplicate accurately any
given...
Observations made during October and December 1971 on the Yaloc 71 Cruise of Oregon State University indicate the presence of the Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands. Light scattering, particle size distribution, nutrients, and standard hydrographic parameters were measured in water samples collected at 154 stations....
We looked at the influence of temperature and salinity on the absorption coefficient of water with emphasis on the red and near-IR portions of the spectrum. The absorption coefficient of pure water was found to have a strong dependence on temperature and little dependence on salinity near the harmonics of...
The relationships between beam attenuation, absorption, suspended particle concentration, size distribution and pigment content are examined for a region where the particle concentration and pigment maxima are widely separated. Mie scattering analyses are performed on this data to predict the profiles of backscattering. It was found that absorption and scattering...
We tested closure between in situ radiometric and absorption coefficient measurements by using a nearly backscattering-independent remote-sensing reflectance model that employs the remote-sensing reflectance at three wavelengths. We show that only a small error is introduced into the closure model when the proper functional relationships of f/Q and the backscattering...
An experiment was conducted to investigate the sound pressure patterns on the melon of odontocetes by using four broadband hydrophones embedded in suction cups to measure echolocation signals on the surface of the forehead of two harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). It has long been hypothesized that the special lipids found...
An inertial subrange was found in spectra calculated from vertical profiles of temperature gradient recorded in the bottom boundary layer of the Oregon shelf. Spectra were calculated for 53-cm vertical segments. An ensemble average of those spectra that were fully resolved and had high Cox number was compared to the...
We derive the fundamental solution of the linearized problem of the motion of a viscous uid around a rotating body when the axis of rotation of the body is not parallel to the velocity of the uid at infinity.
The dependence of the reflectance at the surface on the vertical structure of optical parameters is derived from first principles. It is shown that the depth dependence is a function of the derivative of the round trip attenuation of the downwelling and backscattered light. Previously the depth dependence was usually...
Narrow angle light scattering measurements were made for various sizes of spherical particles suspended in water. These were compared to calculated theoretical scattering values as derived from the theory of Mie (1908). Through measurements with different particle concentrations at angles between 0.2° and 0.7° the effect of the unscattered main...
Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to determine the error in the inversion of backscattering from remotely sensed reflectance when geometrical shape factors of the light field are assumed to be unity. The results show that error in backscattering inversion can vary from a 40% overestimation to a 20% underestimation...
A fundamental relationship of inherent optical properties (IOP) is that the
beam attenuation coefficient is the sum of the volume absorption and scattering
coefficients (c = a + b). A relative calibration of a set of instruments can be provided
using this IOP closure equation. Measurement of the true beam...
Genomic libraries derived from environmental DNA (metagenomic libraries) are useful for characterizing
uncultured microorganisms. However, conventional library-screening techniques permit characterization of
relatively few environmental clones. Here we describe a novel approach for characterization of a metagenomic
library by hybridizing the library with DNA from a set of groundwater isolates, reference...
A method for predicting oceanic productivity from remotely sensed diffuse attenuation (488 nm) and
surface chlorophyll concentration is presented. The method uses a climatological approach which consists
of applying a set of regressions for each region and season to yield the depth of the chlorophyll maximum,
the exponential slope of...
A Monte Carlo model was used to study the scattering error of an absorption meter with a divergent light beam and a limited acceptance angle of the receiver. Reflections at both ends of the tube were taken into account. Calculations of the effect of varying optical properties of water as...
A pair of high-resolution oceanographic surveys in March and April 1995 revealed a large and rapid transition from late winter to spring conditions in the coastal zone off central and southern California. These data are unique in capturing the detailed three-dimensional physical structure of and biological response to the spring...
Suspended matter in Astoria canyon was monitored by means of an in situ nephelometer and by means of light-scattering and particle concentration measurements performed aboard ship on water samples. Nephelometer profiles obtained along the axis of the canyon in February and April 1973 indicate that the canyon is divided into...
Particle size distributions (8-105-μm diameter), chlorophyll a, and particulate carbon
were measured off the Oregon coast during July 1973. The particle counts were transformed
to volume concentration and then subjected to characteristic vector analysis.
Ninety-two percent of the variance was accounted for by linear combinations of the first
two characteristic...
Classical radiative transfer programs are based on the plane-parallel assumption. We show that the Gershun equation is valid if the irradiance is averaged over a sufficiently large area. We show that the equation is invalid for horizontal areas of the order of tens of meters in which horizontal gradients of...
Optical and hydrographic observations were made at two meridional sections across the Cromwell Current at 92°00’ and 91°40’W during February 1969. The distribution of hydrographic and optical properties near the Galapagos Islands is described. Beneath the thermocline the Cromwell Current is characterized by deepening of the light-scattering isolines. Above the...
A new instrument package for measuring physical (temperature, salinity, and depth) as well as optical (absorption and attenuation at nine wavelength) parameters using SCUBA is described. The package is attached to the SCUBA bottle and allows for sampling very close to the sediment–water and water–air interfaces. This package can also...
Genetic diversity within populations is an important component of adaptive evolution, and recent research has demonstrated that genetic variation within plant populations can have important ecological effects. In this study, we investigate quantitative-genetic variation in several traits within a quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) population. A common garden experiment was...
A method is described for determining the index of refraction distribution and the particle size distribution
of suspended particles. The distribution s are obtained by breaking down an observed volume
scattering function into its contributing components. The component scattering functions are calculated
using Mie theory. The component functions include all...
In organizational management, researchers and managers study separations or faultlines that occur in diverse teams when members
form subgroups based on the alignment of multiple demographic characteristics. The team faultline concept is operationalized
using multivariate cluster analysis—analysts use faultline measures to identify subgroups/clusters in a team and to quantify how...
Long-term ecological data are crucial in helping ecologists understand ecosystem function and environmental change. Nevertheless, these kinds of data sets are difficult to analyze because they are usually large, multivariate, and spatiotemporal. Although existing analysis tools such as statistical methods and spreadsheet software permit rigorous tests of pre-conceived hypotheses and...
Optical properties of dissolved (colored dissolved organic material (CDOM)) and particulate matter and hydrographic measurements were obtained at the Mid-Atlantic Bight during the fall of 1996 and the spring of 1997 as part of the Coastal Mixing and Optics experiment. To assess the temporal and spatial variability, time series were...
Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), also known as vitamin B1, serves as an enzymatic cofactor in glucose metabolism, the Krebs cycle, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in all living organisms. Unlike plants and microorganisms, humans are not able to synthesize ThDP de novo and must obtain it from their diet. Staple crops...
The distribution of suspended matter in the Panama basin was determined by means of
light scattering and Coulter counter measurements on water samples collected at 50 hydrographic
stations. The observed distribution indicates three probable sources of suspended
matter: (1) the surface waters throughout the basin; (2) erosion and runoff from...
The hypothesis that sounds produced by odontocetes can debilitate fish was examined. The effects of simulated odontocete pulsed signals on three species of fish commonly preyed on by odontocetes were examined, exposing three individuals of each species as well as groups of four fish to a high-frequency click of a...
A simple heat budget model for a radiation-dominated mixed layer of constant depth is presented. In this model the influence of the vertical irradiance (heat flux) profile is examined by means of the Jerlov [1976] optical water type classification. It is shown that the vertical irradiance profile is important in...
Though many arid and contaminated sites have high salinity, prediction of effects of salinity on water movement in soils has been based on dilute solution approximations. Here a sensitivity analysis compares predicted liquid and vapor pressure in variably saturated porous media found using both the dilute approximations and a more...
Light transmission profiles have been used to study the optical properties of the suspended particles which are characteristic of the area of the Scotian Rise in the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is typified by very strong bottom currents and a highly variable bedform morphology. A good correlation (r =...
We have collected data during eight separate research cruises from open ocean to estuarine oceanic environments. Inherent optical property data collected during these cruises were incorporated into a large database totaling 1914 samples. The range of each inherent optical property within this database spans over 2 orders of magnitude. Using...
The target strength as a function of aspect angle were measured for four species of fish using dolphin-like and porpoise-like echolocation signals. The polar diagram of target strength values measured from an energy flux density perspective showed considerably less fluctuation with azimuth than would a pure tone pulse. Using detection...
We have measured the absorption coefficient of pure and salt water at 15 wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum using WETLabs nine-wavelength absorption and attenuation meters and a three-wavelength absorption meter. The water temperature was varied between 15 and 30 °C, and the salinity was varied...
Here we report results from an extensive survey of
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Arctic Ocean, which
was achieved by means of a high-resolution, in situ UV fluorometer
deployed on a nuclear submarine. Based on a strong
linear correlation observed between fluorescence (320 nm excitation,
420 nm emission) and...
Isopycnal slope spectra were computed from thermistor data obtained using a microstructure platform
towed through turbulence generated by internal tidal motions near the Hawaiian Ridge. The spectra were
compared with turbulence dissipation rates ε that are estimated using shear probes. The turbulence subrange
of isopycnal slope spectra extends to surprisingly...
Direct numerical simulations of turbulence resulting from Kelvin{Helmholtz instability
in stratified shear flow are used to examine the geometry of the dissipation
range in a variety of flow regimes. As the buoyancy and shear Reynolds numbers that
quantify the degree of isotropy in the dissipation range increase, alignment statistics
evolve...
Swiss needle cast (SNC), an important fungal disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), has increased in severity throughout its natural and introduced range over the last half century. The role of climate change and forest management practices in the increase is unclear. We analyzed tree-ring chronologies from six late-successional...
Measuring coastal and oceanic absorption coefficients of dissolved and particulate matter in the visible domain usually requires a methodology for amplifying the natural signal because conventional spectrophotometers lack the necessary sensitivity. The WET Labs ac-9 is a recently developed in situ absorption and attenuation meter with a precision better than...
This study compares percent cover of benthic organisms at the species level at Pearl and Hermes
Atoll (PHA), the largest atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, in order to determine 1) the
degree of difference among sites, 2) whether wave exposure zones explain observed patterns in
benthic community structure, and...
Cell lines were established from spleen and heart tissues of a juvenile white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus and designated WSS-2 and WSH-1, respectively. Isoenzyme analyses of both lines confirmed their host of origin. Both lines were hypotetraploid and possessed micro- and macrochromosomes. The modal chromosome number for the WSS-2 line was...
The effect of drying conditions on gas permeability and preservative treatability
was assessed on western hemlock lumber. Although there were no differences in gas
permeability between lumber dried at conventional and high temperatures, there were
differences in preservative penetration. High-temperature drying was associated with
improved penetration of ammoniacal copper zinc...
The biosonar system of dolphins and porpoises has been studied for about 5 decades and much has
been learned [Au,W.W. L. )1993). The Sonar of Dolphins (Springer, New York)]. Most experiments
have involved human-made targets; little is known about odontocetes’ echolocation of prey. To
address this issue, acoustic backscatter from...
Tests of a formula derived for the cutoff wave number of vertical temperature gradient spectra, using
data taken in the upper layers of the North Pacific, show encouraging results. To derive this formula, the
cutoff wave number is assumed to be the Batchelor wave number, with kinetic energy dissipation calculated...
Terrestrial biosphere models can help identify physical processes that control carbon
dynamics, including land–atmosphere CO₂ fluxes, and have great potential to predict the terrestrial
ecosystem response to changing climate. The skill of models that provide continental-scale carbon flux
estimates, however, remains largely untested. This paper evaluates the performance of continental-scale...
PCR amplification, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and phylogenetic analysis of oxygenase genes
were used for the characterization of in situ methane- and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from free-living and
attached communities in the Eastern Snake River Plain aquifer. The following three methane monooxygenase
(MMO) PCR primer sets were used: A189-A682, which amplifies...
The copepod Tigriopus californicus shows extensive population divergence and is becoming a model for understanding allopatric differentiation and the early stages of speciation. Here, we report a high-quality reference genome for one population (similar to 190 megabases across 12 scaffolds, and similar to 15,500 protein-coding genes). Comparison with other arthropods...
The influence of anthropogenic aerosols, in the form of ship exhaust effluent, on the microphysics and radiative properties of marine stratocumulus is studied using data gathered from the U.K. Met. Office C-130 and the University of Washington C-131A aircraft during the Monterey Area Ship Track (MAST) experiment in 1994. During...
The temperature and salt dependencies of absorption by liquid water (H₂O) and heavy water (D₂O) were
determined using a hyperspectral absorption and attenuation meter (WET Labs, AC-S). Sodium chloride
(NaCl) was used as a proxy for seawater salts. There was no significant temperature (ψₜ) or salt (ψₛ)
dependency of absorption...
Salmonid fish raised in hatcheries often have lower fitness (number of returning adult offspring) than wild fish when both spawn in the wild. Body size at release from hatcheries is positively correlated with survival at sea. So one explanation for reduced fitness is that hatcheries inadvertently select for trait values...
Density estimation for marine mammal species is performed primarily using
visual distance sampling or capture-recapture. Minke whales in Hawaiian waters
are very difficult to sight; however, they produce a distinctive “boing” call, making
them ideal candidates for passive acoustic density estimation. We used an array of
14 bottom-mounted hydrophones, distributed...
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil release posed the challenges of two types of spill: a familiar spill characterized by buoyant oil, fouling and killing organisms at the sea surface and eventually grounding on and damaging sensitive shoreline habitats, and a novel deepwater spill involving many unknowns. The subsurface retention of...
Direct determination of the irreversible turbulent flux of salinity in the ocean has not been possible because of the complexity of measuring salinity on the smallest scales over which it mixes. Presented is an analysis of turbulent salinity microstructure from measurements using a combined fast-conductivity/temperature probe on a slowly falling...
Four streams-Clear Fork, Lost Creek, Camp Creek and Still Creek-in northwestern Oregon's Sandy River Basin were monitored for temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and fecal bacterial concentrations in a multi-year analysis examining stream health for recreational users and anchor habitat for Pacific Salmon. Temperatures were recorded using micro -T temperature loggers...
Remote autonomous ecological acoustic recorders (EARs) were deployed in deep waters at five locations around the island of Kauai and one in waters off Ni'ihau in the main Hawaiian island chain. The EARs were moored to the bottom at depths between 400 and 800 m. The data acquisition sampling rate...
There is a great deal of evidence that altered sphingolipid metabolism is associated with fumonisin-induced
animal diseases including increased apoptotic and oncotic necrosis, and carcinogenesis in
rodent liver and kidney. The biochemical consequences of fumonisin disruption of sphingolipid
metabolism most likely to alter cell regulation are increased free sphingoid bases...
Spectral attenuation and absorption coefficients of particulate matter and collocated hydrographic measurements were obtained in the Mid-Atlantic Bight during the fall of 1996 and the spring of 1997 as part of the Coastal Mixing and Optics experiment. Within the bottom boundary layer (BBL) the magnitude of the beam attenuation decreased...
A new multi-telescope scanning Raman lidar designed to measure the water vapor mixing ratio for a complete diurnal cycle with high raw spatial (1.25 m) and temporal (1 s) resolutions is presented. The high resolution allows detailed measurements of the lower atmosphere and offers new opportunities for boundary layer research,...
In October 2007 the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown sailed southward within 300 km of the coast of Ecuador and Peru, sampling surface meteorology, air–sea turbulent and radiative fluxes, cloud properties, and upper-air soundings from the equator to 20°S. Two distinct water masses characterize the coastal region: cold-pool water below...
Direct numerical simulations are used to compare turbulent diffusivities of heat and salt during the growth and collapse of Kelvin–Helmholtz billows. The ratio of diffusivities is obtained as a function of buoyancy Reynolds number Re[subscript]b and of the density ratio R[subscript]ρ (the ratio of the contributions of heat and salt...
Aerosol sampling for major oxygenated organic compounds (dicarboxylic acids, fatty acids, and levoglucosan) was conducted from 15 March to 19 April 2001 on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration R/V Ronald H. Brown over the western North Pacific, the East China Sea, and the Sea of Japan, as part...
Cloud radars at X, Ka and W-bands have been used in the past for ocean studies of clouds, but the lack of suitable stabilization has limited their usefulness in obtaining accurate measurements of the velocity structure of cloud particles and the heights of cloud features. A 94 GHz (W-band) radar...
A near-large-eddy simulation approach with size-revolving (bin) microphysics is employed to evaluate the relative sensitivity of southeast Pacific marine boundary layer cloud properties to thermodynamic and aerosol parameters. Simulations are based on a heavily drizzling cloud system observed by the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown during the Variability of the...
Finite-difference time-domain simulations are performed on a 900 MHz band antenna inside and outside the carbon fiber body of a solar-powered electric vehicle. Data are analyzed to determine the optimal antenna placement for transmission to a receiving antenna located toward the rear of the solar vehicle. Modeling data are compared...
As computational power increases, so does the desire to use computational simulations while designing fuel plates. The downside is multi-physics simulations – or more specifically, fluid–structure interactions (FSI) as addressed herein – require a larger amount of computational resources. Current simulations of a single plate can take weeks on a...
The evolution of the covariance of two tracers involves a quantity called codissipation, proportional to the covariance of the gradients of the two tracers, and analogous to the dissipation of tracer variance. The evolution of the variance of a composite tracer—a linear combination of two simple, primary tracers—depends on the“composite...
The organic compound tracers of atmospheric particulate matter, as well as organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), have been characterized for samples acquired during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) from Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, from Sapporo, Japan, and from Chichi-jima Island in the western North Pacific,...
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) emitted from the ocean is a biogenic precursor gas for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols (SO₄²⁻). During the VAMOS-Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) in 2008, multiple instrumented platforms were deployed in the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) off the coast of Chile and Peru to study the linkage...
This report is the eighth in a series that describe recent oceanographic observations within the California Current system, from Oregon to Baja California. The emphasis here is placed on the observations conducted concurrently by the CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations), IMECOCAL (Investigaciones Mexicanas de la COrriente de CALifornia), and...
In the spring of 1992 an optical closure experiment was conducted at Lake
Pend Oreille, Idaho. A primary objective of the experiment was to compare techniques
for the measurement of the spectral absorption coefficient and other inherent optical
properties of natural waters. Daily averages of absorption coefficients measured using
six...
Studies of the effects of climate change on forests have focused on the ability of species to tolerate temperature and moisture changes and to disperse, but they have ignored the effects of disturbances caused by climate change (e.g., Ojima et al. 1991). Yet modeling studies indicate the importance of climate...
Studies of the effects of climate change on forests have focused on the ability of species to tolerate temperature
and moisture changes and to disperse, but they have ignored the effects of disturbances caused by climate change
(e.g., Ojima et al. 1991).Yet modeling studies indicate the importance of climate effects...
This report summarizes physical and biological conditions in the California Current System (CCS), from Oregon to Baja California, in 2001 and 2002. The principal sources of the observations described here are the CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations), IMECOCAL (Investigaciones Mexicanas de la Corriente de California), and U.S. GLOBECLTOP (Global...
A. Introduction pg. 781
-- B. Zostera japonica pg. 781
-- C. Intertidal Macrophyton pg. 783
-- D. Tides and Seiches pg. 786
-- E. Figure and Tables pg. 788
-- F. Acknowledgments pg. 793
Literature Cited pg. 793
Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non–lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal...
The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) is a major international effort linking the climate, crop, and economic modeling communities with cutting-edge information technology
to produce improved crop and economic models and the next generation of climate impact projections for
the agricultural sector. The goals of AgMIP are to...
A procedure for estimating thermal variance dissipation rate χ[subscript]T by scaling the inertial-convective subrange of temperature gradient spectra from thermistor measurements on a Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) equatorial mooring, maintained by NOAA’s National Data Buoy Center, is demonstrated. The inertial-convective subrange of wavenumbers/frequencies is contaminated by the vertical motion induced...