OBJECTIVE: Pharmacokinetic interactions exist between combined
oral contraceptives and protease inhibitors (PI). However, such
information is lacking for progestin-only oral contraception. We
sought to define the steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction between
norethindrone (NET) and PI in HIV-infected women.
METHODS AND DESIGN: We conducted an open-label, prospective,
nonrandomized trial to characterize the...
A radioactive particulate release experiment to produce a near-field ground deposition representative of small-scale venting from an underground nuclear test was conducted to gather data in support of treaty capability development activities. For this experiment, aCO₂‐driven “air cannon” was used to inject ¹⁴⁰La, a radioisotope of lanthanum with 1.7‐d half-life...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a 3-month treadmill desk intervention in eliciting changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior among overweight/obese office workers. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted among overweight/obese office workers (n=41; mean age = 40.1 ± 10.1 years) at a private workplace. Participants were randomly...
BACKGROUND: In the prenatal period, women can have sustained contact with nurses and other clinicians, forming relationships that are likely to be health enhancing both for the woman and her unborn child. Yet first trimester care use in Oregon dropped noticeably over the past decade. In comparison with Washington State,...
Acid deposition and repeated biomass harvest have decreased
soil calcium (Ca) availability in many temperate forests worldwide, yet
existing methods for assessing available soil Ca do not fully characterize
soil Ca forms. To account for discrepancies in ecosystem Ca budgets, it
has been hypothesized that the highly insoluble biomineral Ca...
From 25 April through 30 October 1992, I conducted 14 waterbird and raptor censuses at Cabell Marsh. I observed 33 waterbird taxa and seven raptor species, including hatch-year individuals of five waterbird species. The records for each census are given.
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1992 WATERBIRD AND RAPTOR RECORDS FOR CABELL MARSH, WILLIAM L. FINLEY NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE,
BENTON
I conducted 14-22 waterbird and raptor censuses each year from 1992-1995 during late April or early May through October. I observed 44 waterbird and 13 raptor species, including hatch year individuals of seven waterbird species. The records for each census are given.
As colony-specific wintering ecology of small and medium-sized seabirds is poorly understood, it has been generally assumed that winter conditions have the same effect on all individuals from any given colony. However, advances in global positioning technology now allow researchers to investigate movements of smaller seabirds. We tracked black-legged kittiwakes...
It has generally been assumed by historians and anthropologists that the indigenous groups living to the west and northwest of the Colorado River were non-horticultural with three or four exceptions: some horticulture among the eastern-most Kamia, among the Chemehuevi who settled at a late date along the Colorado River, and...
We introduce methods and software for estimating total seawater alkalinity from salinity and any combination of up to four other parameters (potential temperature, apparent oxygen utilization, total dissolved nitrate, and total silicate). The methods return estimates anywhere in the global ocean with comparable accuracy to other published alkalinity estimation techniques....
We study a class M of cyclically presented groups that includes both finite and infinite groups and is defined by a certain combinatorial condition on the defining relations. This class includes many finite metacyclic generalized Fibonacci groups that have been previously identified in the literature. By analyzing their shift extensions...
We study a class of two-generator two-relator groups, denoted J[subscript n](m, k), that arise in the study of relative asphericity as groups satisfying a transitional curvature condition. Particular instances of these groups occur in the literature as finite groups of intriguing orders. Here we find infinite families of non-elementary virtually...
A time history of the calibration coefficients for channels 1 and 2 of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA-12 and NOAA-15 spacecraft is presented. The history is based on reflectances observed for the interior zones of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets previously obtained with the...
Visible and near infrared reflectances from NOAA-14 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) daytime passes are used to derive optical depths at 0.55 μm, an index of aerosol type, continental or marine, and the direct effect of the aerosol on the top of the atmosphere and surface solar radiative fluxes...
The impact of mesoscale eddies on the spatial distribution of zooplankton biomass was analysed using data from the Arabian Sea and the Black Sea. The highest values of spatial variance of zooplankton biomass in the upper 100 to 150 m were found in regions with maximum available potential energy of...
A group defined by a finite presentation with cyclic symmetry admits a shift automorphism that is periodic and word-length preserving. It is shown that if the presentation is combinatorially aspherical and orientable, in the sense that no relator is a cyclic permutation of the inverse of any of its shifts,...
Much of our present knowledge about the species composition and distribution of (ephalopods of the Pacific Ocean is derived from collections made on cruises of the "Albatross," steamer of the U.S. Fish Commission, During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. "Albatross" collections along the west coast of North America...
Direct numerical simulations of turbulence resulting from Kelvin{Helmholtz instability
in stratified shear flow are used to examine the geometry of the dissipation
range in a variety of flow regimes. As the buoyancy and shear Reynolds numbers that
quantify the degree of isotropy in the dissipation range increase, alignment statistics
evolve...
In 1868, the Oregon legislature designated Corvallis College as the state's land-grant agricultural school that would eventually become Oregon State University. The university was established as part of the 1862 Morrill Act, which granted states 30,000 acres to promote education in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.” William G. Robbins reveals...
The envelope function for Kelvin–Helmholtz billows growing from a point disturbance is derived on the basis of linear perturbation theory. The result describes an elliptical patch of billows that expands linearly in time as the billows grow. An analytical model of the dispersion relation is used to derive quantitative expressions...
Demersal fishes were sampled at seven stations located inshore of Heceta Bank, on Oregon's continental shelf, over a 2-yr period with a 3-m beam trawl designed to catch small fiatfishes. Two general assemblages of fishes were recognized: a shallow water 74-102 m), sandy-bottom association where Pacific sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus,was numerically...
One of the biggest advantages of remote sensing is that large areas of the earth's surface can be surveyed in short periods of time, providing nearsynoptic "pictures." Repeated surveys of one area, like time-lapse photography, can be interpreted as a movie to illustrate the dynamics of detectable features. These attributes...
Basaltic volcanism provides a window into the Earth’s mantle. Seeing through this window requires seeing through the processes of magma genesis and evolution that distort the view. Radiogenic isotope ratios, and to a lesser extent incompatible elements and stable isotope ratios, allow us to see through these distortions and infer...
Recent literature has investigated whether the welfare gains from environmental taxation are
larger or smaller in a second-best setting than in a first-best setting. This question has mainly
been addressed indirectly, by asking whether the second-best optimal environmental tax is higher
or lower than the first-best Pigouvian rate. Even this...
During July 1970, albacore boats trolling surface jigs (jig boats) had record catches in an area off the mouth of the Columbia River. The jig fishery declined suddenly in late July and was poor throughout the remainder of the summer. No obvious oceanographic changes were correlated with these drastic changes...
A workshop was held in Santa Barbara, California, associated with assessing the populations of nekton animals such as squids, shrimps and fishes. Sessions four major methods of assessing nekton populations:
(1) Net collections
(2) Acoustics
(3) Egg/larval surveys
(4) Visual methods, remote sensing and feeding habit studies
An attempt was...
A sequence of direct simulations is used to study mechanisms for the growth of secondary
circulations and turbulence in stratified shear flows. Five cases are examined, of which four deliver
Holmboe waves as the primary instability and the fifth generates Kelvin-Helmholtz billows.
Secondary circulations range in strength from weak, laminar...
More needs to be done by the private sector to optimize the drug discovery and development pipeline. In addition, significant efforts should also be focused on the understanding of mechanism of diseases, on the characterization of unexplored biochemical pathways and on the validation of new protein targets. Chemical genomics, which...
The growth of secondary vortices on the braids separating Kelvin–Helmholtz billows is investigated via numerical simulations. The similarity theory of Corcos & Sherman (1976) is extended to include mixing processes with Prandtl number greater than unity, and is shown to provide a useful description of the physics of the braid...
Our understanding of the effects of land use regulations and other aspects of urban form has been hindered by limited aggregate data and gradual temporal changes in policies. More widely available GIS data on land use and land economics presents opportunities to overcome these obstacles. This study was undertaken to...
The linear stability of a double-diffusively stratified, inflectional shear flow is investigated. Double-diffusive stratification has little effect on shear instability except when the density ratio R[subscript]ρ is close to unity. Double-diffusive instabilities have significant growth rates and can represent the fastest-growing mode even in the presence of inflectionally unstable shear...
We examined the distribution of Umpqua Chub Oregonichthys kalawatseti, an endemic, vulnerable minnow in western Oregon, and whether six ecological populations (based on distribution patterns) had sufficient genetic cohesion to be considered evolutionary populations. We also evaluated the influence of Holocene geological events and recent nonnative predator introductions on the...
Empirical estimates of the aerosol indirect radiative forcing often rely on threshold cloud retrievals applied to multispectral satellite imagery data. In such retrievals, pixels having radiances that surpass prescribed thresholds are assumed to be overcast even if they are only partially cloud covered. This assumption leads to cloud visible optical...
Ship tracks appearing in both the morning and afternoon Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery for the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of the United States were used to study the morning-to-afternoon evolution of marine stratus polluted by underlying ships and nearby uncontaminated stratus. Analyzed 925-hPa winds were used...
Low-temperature combustion (LTC) engine concepts such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) offer the potential of improved efficiency and reduced emissions of NOₓ and particulates. However, engines can only successfully operate in HCCI mode for limited operating ranges that vary depending on the fuel composition. Unfortunately, traditional ratings such as...
Observations of sunlight reflected from regions of sun glint are used to check the relative calibration of spectral radiances obtained with imaging radiometers. Reflectances at different wavelengths for sun-glint regions are linearly related. Provided that the atmosphere is reasonably transparent at the wavelengths, the aerosol burden is reasonably light, 0.64-μm...
Liquid transportation fuels require costly and time-consuming tests to characterize metrics, such as Research Octane Number (RON) for gasoline. If fuel sale restrictions requiring use of standard Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) testing procedures do not apply, these tests may be avoided by using multivariate statistical models to predict RON and...
A new metric for ranking the suitability of fuels in LTC engines was recently introduced, based on the fraction of potential fuel savings achieved in the FTP-75 light-duty vehicle driving cycle. In the current study, this LTC fuel performance index was calculated computationally and analyzed for a number of fuel...
Many investigations using satellite data have determined that aerosol optical depth and cloud cover are correlated and some have interpreted the correlation as evidence of an aerosol indirect effect on clouds. This study uses in situ aircraft observations taken during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), February–March 1999, and mostly over...
To best manage Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery, negative interactions between hatchery salmonids and Endangered Species Act listed wild salmonids in the Eagle Creek Basin need to be minimized. Our objectives were: 1) to compare summer rearing densities in two similar streams, where one stream received a release of hatchery...
BACKGROUND: Previous studies report conflicting results regarding a possible association between maternal physical activity (PA) and cesarean delivery. METHODS: 7-day PA recalls were collected by telephone from n=1205 pregnant women from North Carolina, without prior cesarean, during two time windows: 17-22 weeks and 27-30 weeks completed gestation. PA was treated...
The objectives of this study were (i) to provide further evidence of a positive correlation of stand density with early growth of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii); (ii) to determine when after planting the positive growth response occurs and how long it lasts; and (iii) to use...
The island of Tahiti, the largest in French Polynesia, comprises two major volcanoes aligned NW-SE, parallel with the general trend of the Society Islands hotspot track. Rocks form this volcanic system are basalts transitional to tholeiites, alkali basalts, basanites, picrites, and evolved lavas. Through K-Ar radiometric dating we have established...
Retrievals of cloud properties from satellite imagery often invoke the assumption that the fields of view are overcast when cloud-contaminated, even though a significant fraction are only partially cloud-covered. The overcast assumption leads to biases in the retrieved cloud properties: cloud amounts and droplet effective radii are typically overestimated, while...
Reference genes are essential for studying mRNA expression with quantitative PCR (qPCR). We investigated 11 potential neutrophil reference genes (RPL19, GAPDH, ACTB, B2M, HPRT, G6PD, TFRC, PGK1, YWHAZ, SDHA and GYPC) for sheep under disease conditions of foot rot (FR) and with or without Se supplementation. Initial screening was based...
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 4-km data collected over the northeastern Atlantic off the coast of the Iberian Peninsula for May to August 1995 were used to investigate the feasibility of empirically deriving estimates of the aerosol indirect radiative forcing. A retrieval scheme was used to derive cloud visible...
We compared brood sizes among adult female Euphausia pacifica Hansen, 1911 from 3
populations in the North Pacific: Puget Sound, Washington, USA; Toyama Bay, Japan; and the Oregon coast, USA. Additionally, we used multiple linear regression models to compare the interspecific brood size as a function of female length and...
We report new major element, trace element, isotope ratio, and geochronological data on the Galapagos
Archipelago. Magmas erupted from the large western volcanos are generally moderately fractionated tholeiites of
uniform composition; those erupted on other islands are compositionally diverse, ranging from tholeiites to picritic
basanitoids. While these volcanoes do not...
Previous laboratory and field studies have presented evidence for the existence of limestone ecotypes in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Remeasurements of the range-wide 410 series of provenance trials were used for further evaluation of the existence of these ecotypes. In 2001, heights were measured of 23 provenances grown...
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 4-km data were collected over the northeast Atlantic for May–August 1995–1999. Aerosol optical depth at 0.55 μm was retrieved in pixels identified as being cloud-free ocean. In pixels identified as containing clouds from single-layered, low-level cloud systems over oceans, the following cloud properties were...
Gravid adult female Euphausia pacifica were collected off Newport, Oregon, USA and transferred to the laboratory, where females spawned eggs, eggs hatched, and larvae were reared at 10.5 degrees C. We fed 4 cohorts of larvae to excess with a combination of phytoplankton species and monitored them daily until they...
When a stably stratified density interface is embedded in a region of strong velocity
shear, hydrodynamic instabilities result. Here we generalize the stratified shear layer
to allow an offset between the centre of the shear layer and the density interface. By
including this asymmetry, and keeping the density interface thin...
The zooplankton of the northern California Current are typically characterized by an abundance of lipid-rich copepods that support rapid growth and survival of ecologically, commercially, and recreationally valued fish, birds, and mammals. Disruption of this food chain and reduced ecosystem productivity are often associated with climatic variability such as El...
Streams that dry during part of the year are common throughout the world, yet studies of the macroinvertebrate assemblages in these types of streams are rare compared to those in permanent streams; and studies that assess the effects of agriculture on temporary stream invertebrates are even rarer. We studied macroinvertebrate...
Apex predators have experienced catastrophic declines throughout the world as a result of human persecution and habitat loss. These collapses in
top predator populations are commonly associated with dramatic increases in the abundance of smaller predators. Known as “mesopredator release,”
this trophic interaction has been recorded across a range of...
Subduction zone recycling of volatiles (H₂O, Cl, S, F) is controlled by the nature of subducted materials and the temperature-pressure profile of the downgoing slab. We investigate the variability in volatile and fluid-mobile trace element enrichment in the Sunda arc using melt inclusion data from Kawah Ijen and Tambora volcanoes,...
Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a shear layer with salt-fingering-favorable stratification have been performed for different Richardson numbers Ri and density ratios R[subscript]p. In the absence of shear (Ri = oo), the primary instability is square planform salt fingering, alternating cells of rising and sinking fluid. In the presence of...
In this paper the authors investigate the action of ambient turbulence on thermohaline interleaving using both theory and numerical calculations in combination with observations from Meddy Sharon and the Faroe Front. The highly simplified models of ambient turbulence used previously are improved upon by allowing turbulent diffusivities of momentum, heat,...
The dependence of mixing efficiency on time-varying forcing is studied by direct numerical simulation
(DNS) of Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability. Time-dependent forcing fields are designed to reproduce a
wavelike oscillation by solving the equations of motion in a tilted coordinate frame and allowing the tilt angle
to vary in time. Mixing...
In this study, we assessed trophic interactions between microplankton and copepods by studying the functional response of egg production rates (EPR; eggs female⁻¹day⁻¹) of the copepod Calanus marshallae to variations in microplankton biomass, species composition and community structure. Female C. marshallae and phytoplankton water samples were collected biweekly at an...
Pandalis jordani Rathbun, like many other species of pandalid shrimps, undergo regular diel changes in their vertical distribution (Tegelberg and Smith 1957; Alverson et al. 1960; Pearcy 1970, 1972; Robinson in press). Little is known, however, about the vertical distribution and diel migrations of larval and juvenile shrimp, or at...
Coastal upwelling in the northern California Current
varies seasonally, with downwelling in winter and upwelling
in summer, resulting in pronounced variability in
hydrography, nutrients, phytoplankton biomass, and species
composition. Winter was characterized by moderate concentrations
of nitrate and silicate (averages of 10 and 18 μM,
respectively) and low concentrations of...
Twenty-two steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) containing coded wire tags (CWT's) were captured in gillnets fished by the Oshoro-Maru in the Gulf of Alaska and along 180 during 1982-85. These fish originated from North American streams and hatcheries in British Columbia, Idaho, and Washington. One fish was age 0.1, 16 were...
Filtration by adult Euphausia pacifica was measured before and during the upwelling season, using both “disappearance of chlorophyll” and “disappearance of cells” techniques. Results show that feeding rates and selectivity varied with food assemblages. Filtration rate (F) was best modeled by the Ivlev function: the average F on total Chl-a...
The feeding habits of the Dover sole and rex sole (mainly juveniles) and of slender sole and Pacific sanddab were investigated at seven stations on the continental shelf off central Oregon. Dover sole had a catholic diet, feeding on a large variety of infaunal and epifaunal invertebrates. The composition of...
During 1997–1998, we investigated the influence of both the relative abundance of truffles, preferred food
items, and microhabitat structure on the occurrence of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus Shaw) in oldgrowth
forest habitat of the Sierra Nevada Range, U.S.A. Following live-trapping sessions, we searched the forest floor
for truffle diggings...
During 1997–1998, we investigated the influence of both the relative abundance of truffles, preferred food
items, and microhabitat structure on the occurrence of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus Shaw) in old-growth
forest habitat of the Sierra Nevada Range, U.S.A. Following live-trapping sessions, we searched the forest floor
for truffle diggings...
Open Educational Resources (OER) are increasingly used
in the higher education landscape as a solution for a variety of
copyright, publishing and cost-prohibiting issues. While OERs are
becoming more common, reports of usability tests that evaluate how
well learners can use them to accomplish their learning tasks have
lagged behind....
Recent trends in librarianship point to themes of crafters, artisans, and makers in library spaces. The American Library Association's Center for the Future of Libraries includes the Maker Movement as one of its trends. Librarians can support these makers and entrepreneurs by thinking of libraries as a place to create...
Background: Mangroves are ecologically important and highly threatened forest communities. Observational and genetic evidence has confirmed the long distance dispersal capacity of water-dispersed mangrove seeds, but less is known about the relative importance of pollen vs. seed gene flow in connecting populations. We analyzed 980 Avicennia germinans for 11 microsatellite...
Diets of juvenile coho Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook O. tshawytscha salmon
are made up primarily of winter-spawning fish taxa in the late-larval and early juvenile stages that
are undersampled in plankton and larger trawl nets. Although we have no direct measure of the
availability of fish prey important to juvenile...
Development of herbicide-resistant crops has resulted in significant changes to agronomic practices, one of which is the adoption of effective, simple, low-risk, crop-production systems with less dependency on tillage and lower energy requirements. Overall, the changes have had a positive environmental effect by reducing soil erosion, the fuel use for...
Polyoxoniobates are exceptional amongst polyoxometalates in that
they can potentially perform base catalysis in water, a process in
which a proton is bonded to an oxo ligand, and a hydroxyl is
released. Catalytic decomposition of chemical warfare agents such
as organofluorophosphates that were used recently in the infamous
civilian attacks...
Abstract: During recent human history, human activities such as overhunting and habitat destruction have severely impacted many large top predator populations around the world. Studies from a variety of ecosystems show that loss or diminishment of top predator populations can have serious consequences for population and community dynamics and ecosystem...
The highstanding islands of Oceania are recognized as a source of significant particulate organic carbon delivered to nearshore marine environments. The existing data on carbon export in Oceania are largely derived from small mountainous watersheds (<10,000 km2) with little or no sediment storage capacity and located in subtropical to temperate...
Light availability strongly influences stream primary production, water temperatures and resource availability at the base of stream food webs. In headwater streams, light is regulated primarily by the riparian forest, but few studies have evaluated the influence of riparian forest stand age and associated structural differences on light availability. In...
Euphausiid krill play a critical role in coastal and oceanic food webs, linking primary producers to upper trophic levels. In addition, some species support commercial fisheries worldwide. Despite their ecological importance, the genetics of these important species remain poorly described. To improve our understanding of the genetics of these ecological...
1. Genetic tools are commonly used for conservation and management of at-risk species. Individuals are often sampled from mixtures that are composed of many populations, which creates a need to assign individuals to their source. This can be problematic when the genetic divergence among source populations is weak but can...
The factors that control the explosivity of silicic volcanoes are critical for hazard assessment, but are often poorly constrained for specific volcanic systems. Mount Hood, Oregon, is a somewhat atypical arc volcano in that it is characterized by a lack of large explosive eruptions over the entire lifetime of the...
Diagnostic carbon cycle models produce estimates of net ecosystem production (NEP, the balance of net primary production
and heterotrophic respiration) by integrating information from (i) satellite-based observations of land surface
vegetation characteristics; (ii) distributed meteorological data; and (iii) eddy covariance flux tower observations of
net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (used in...
Fire performs many beneficial ecosystem functions in dry forests and rangelands across much
of North America. In the last century, however, the role of fire has been dramatically altered by numerous
anthropogenic factors acting as root causes of the current fire crisis, including widespread logging, road
building, fire suppression, habitat...
The community of trophically transmitted marine parasites of juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon across 8 years (2002–2009) was related to indices of physical and biological ocean conditions
and adult returns. When the biomass of lipid-poor, southern origin copepods in the coastal ocean was high during juvenile...
Linus Pauling played a key role in creating valence-bond theory, one of two competing theories of the chemical bond that appeared in the first half of the 20th century. While the chemical community preferred his theory over molecular-orbital theory for a number of years, valence-bond theory began to fall into...
Phylogenetic relationships of the Antiperyphanes Complex of the genus Bembidion are inferred using DNA
sequences from seven genes (two nuclear ribosomal, four nuclear protein coding, and one mitochondrial
protein coding). Redefined subgenera within the complex are each well-supported as monophyletic. Most
striking was the discovery that a small set of...
The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) is the first spaceborne hyperspectral sensor designed specifically for the coastal ocean and estuarial, riverine, or other shallow-water areas. The HICO generates hyperspectral images, primarily over the 400–900 nm spectral range, with a ground sample distance of ≈90 m (at nadir) and a high...
The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) is the first spaceborne hyperspectral sensor
designed specifically for the coastal ocean and estuarial, riverine, or other shallow-water areas. The
HICO generates hyperspectral images, primarily over the 400–900nm spectral range, with a ground
sample distance of ≈90m (at nadir) and a high...
Reconciling rates of organic carbon export from the euphotic zone with the consumption of organic material in the dark ocean remains one of the major quantitative uncertainties of the ocean carbon cycle. Euphotic zone net community production (NCP) provides one broad constraint on export flux and potential carbon drawdown. However,...
Resource managers at the state, federal, and tribal levels make decisions on a weekly to quarterly basis, and fishers operate on a similar timeframe. To determine the potential of a support tool for these efforts, a seasonal forecast system is experimented with here. JISAO’s Seasonal Coastal Ocean Prediction of the...
Marine environments, key life-support systems for the earth, are under severe threat. Issues
associated with managing these common property resources are complex and interrelated.
Networks of marine reserves can be valuable for mitigating threats to marine systems, yet the
successful design and implementation of such networks has been limited. Efficient...
We examined the incidental catches of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) taken during research cruises and in commercial and recreational landings along the Pacific coast of North America during over 30 years of sampling. Shad, an introduced species, was mainly found over the shallow continental shelf, and largest catches and highest...
Sixteen species of oceanic shrimps, seven Penaeidea and nine Caridea, appeared in 244 collections made within the upper 1500 m at one station in the northeast Pacific off Oregon. Most of the species were primarily mesopelagic in distribution. The most abundant species, Sergestes similis, was the only shrimp common in...
Direct numerical simulations of turbulence resulting from Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in stably
stratified shear flow are used to study sources of anisotropy in various spectral ranges. The set of
simulations includes various values of the initial Richardson and Reynolds numbers, as well as
Prandtl numbers ranging from 1 to 7. We...
Turbulence resulting from Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in layers of localized stratification and shear is studied by means of direct numerical simulation. Our objective is to present a comprehensive description of the turbulence evolution in terms of simple, conceptual pictures of shear–buoyancy interaction that have been developed previously based on assumptions of...
Three general types of swimbladders were found in the eight species of myctophids studied: gas-filled, fat-invested, and atrophied or reduced. Small specimens of all species had thin-walled, gas-filled swimbladders. Large specimens of Stenobrachius leucopsarus had fat-invested swim-bladders and large Diaphus theta had either gas-filled or atrophied swimbladders, as found by...
Gray wolves (Canis lupus) were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995-96, thus completing the park’s large predator guild. In the fall of 2010, approximately 15 years after wolf reintroduction, we sampled ten genera/species of berry-producing shrubs within 97 aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands in the park’s northern ungulate winter range....
Phytoplankton species were enumerated from 72 samples collected biweekly during the upwelling season (May to August) of 2001−2010 to test for effects of interannual variations in upwelling and decadal basin-scale variability on phytoplankton species composition and community structure. Cluster analysis of phytoplankton community structure identified 7 groups; 1 group was...
This paper examines biofuels from an economic perspective and evaluates the merits of promoting biofuel production in the context of the policies’ multiple objectives, life-cycle implications, pecuniary externalities, and other unintended consequences. The policy goals most often cited are to reduce fossil fuel use and to lower greenhouse gas emissions....