Prior studies of modem scientific internationalism have been written primarily from
the point of view of scientists, with little regard to the influence of the state. This
study examines the state's role in international scientific relations. States sometimes
encouraged scientific internationalism; in the mid-twentieth century,t hey often
sought to restrict...
Concurrent measurements of predator and prey δ¹⁵N isotope values demonstrated that a cross-shelf
isotopic gradient can propagate through a marine food web from forage species to top-tier predators and
indicate foraging areas at a scale of tens of kilometers. We measured δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in muscle tissues of
thick-billed murres...
The lipid composition of an ammonium oxidizing bacterium isolated from Alaskan waters was examined at 2 different growth temperatures (5 and 25 °C). The composition was surprisingly simple with palmitic acid (C ₁₆:₀) and a monounsaturated isomer, palmitoleic acid, comprising about 90 % of the total lipids. There was a...
An expression for the ratio of the upwelling nadir radiance L(π, z) and the downwelling scalar irradiance Eod(Z) is derived from the following equation of radiative transfer. This expression is given by RSR(z)=[L(π, z)]/Eod(Z) = [fb(z)bb(z)]/2π[k(π, z) + c(z) – fL(z)bf(z)], where bb(z) is the backscattering coefficient, k(π, z) is...
An expression is derived for the rate at which the diffuse attenuation coefficient for vector irradiance approaches its asymptotic value in a homogeneous medium. The asymptotic approach rate is shown to be a function of boundary conditions at the surface and the asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient which is an inherent...
During the 2008 and 2009 breeding seasons of murres Uria spp., we combined visual observations of these predators with active acoustics (sonar), fish trawls, zooplankton net tows, and hydrographic measurements in the area surrounding breeding colonies in the southeastern Bering Sea. We acoustically detected thousands of bubble trails that were...
An exact expression for the remotely sensed reflectance (RSR, upwelling radiance divided by downwelling scalar irradiance) just beneath the surface of the ocean is derived from the equation of radiative transfer. It is shown that the RSR at a given depth in the ocean depends only on the inherent optical...
During the upwelling season in central California, northwesterly winds along the
coast produce a strong upwelling jet that originates at Point Año Nuevo and flows
southward across the mouth of Monterey Bay. A convergent front with a mean
temperature change of 3.77 ± 0.29°C develops between the warm interior waters...
Measurements of inherent optical properties (IOP) were conducted over bottoms with different substrates by use
of a sampling package mounted on and operated by a SCUBA diver. It was found that in areas of low ambient
currents the distribution of IOP varies with bottom type in (1) its value relative...
Two separate time series observations of light transmission in the bottom water on the Continental Rise off Nova Scotia show fluctuations of light transmission in a wide range, 0-50% transmission at λ = 660 nm. The range corresponds approximately to SPM concentrations of 12 mg/l to 150 μg/l. The former...
The reflectance of the bottom is of importance when interpreting optical data in shallow water. Closure studies of radiative transfer, interpretation of laser line scanner data, lidar, and remote sensing in shallow waters require understanding of the bottom reflectance. In the Coastal Benthic Optical Properties experiment (CoBOP), extensive measurements of...
One hundred and seventy pairs of temperature and light transmission profiles were obtained by simultaneous conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) and light transmissometer casts in three cruises on the R/V Yaquina over the continental shelf off Oregon. These were analyzed for bottom nepheloid layers (BNL) and bottom mixed layers layers (BML). Supplementing these...
There are several issues to be addressed concerning the management and effective use of information (or data), generated from nanotechnology studies in biomedical research and medicine. These data are large in volume, diverse in content, and are beset with gaps and ambiguities in the description and characterization of nanomaterials. In...
Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to determine the error in the inversion of backscattering from remotely sensed reflectance when geometrical shape factors of the light field are assumed to be unity. The results show that error in backscattering inversion can vary from a 40% overestimation to a 20% underestimation...
For a variety of infectious diseases, the richness of the community of potential host species has emerged as an important factor in pathogen transmission, whereby a higher richness of host species is associated with a lowered disease risk. The proposed mechanism driving this pattern is an increased likelihood in species-rich...
Nanotechnology is of increasing significance. Curation of nanomaterial data into electronic databases offers opportunities to better understand and predict nanomaterials’ behaviour. This supports innovation in, and regulation of, nanotechnology. It is commonly understood that curated data need to be sufficiently complete and of sufficient quality to serve their intended purpose....
The apparent optical properties of sea water are a set of measurables that describe the geometry of the submarine light field. These properties are related to the inherent optical properties—the volume attenuation coefficient and the volume scattering function—through the process of radiative transfer. A numerical approximation to the equation of...
We review theoretical models to show that contrast reduction at a specific wavelength in the horizontal direction depends directly on the beam attenuation coefficient at that wavelength. If a black target is used, the inherent contrast is always negative unity, so that the visibility of a black target in the...
It is shown that the complex index of refraction of a given particle-size distribution may be calculated if the particle extinction coefficient and the particle absorption coefficient are known. If the particles are assumed to be nonabsorbing, a real index of refraction may be calculated from the ratio of light...
Profiles of light transmission versus depth have been studied in the region of the Scotian Rise of the
North Atlantic at bottom depths between 4900 and 5000 m. A component model has been developed
and consists of three components of transmission which can be combined to duplicate accurately any
given...
The relationships between beam attenuation, absorption, suspended particle concentration, size distribution and pigment content are examined for a region where the particle concentration and pigment maxima are widely separated. Mie scattering analyses are performed on this data to predict the profiles of backscattering. It was found that absorption and scattering...
In situ attenuation (488 and 660 nm), absorption (488, 676, and 750 nm), backscattering (at 488 nm), and
stimulated fluorescence were determined as functions of depth in oceanic and coastal waters off Oregon,
using both commercial instruments and recently developed prototypes. The inability to perfectly constrain
scattered light in these...
The solar energy flux as a function of depth (the irradiance profile) in the ocean is an important function. It influences the dynamics of the mixed layer via the heat budget as well as the biology of the euphotic zone. The following three-parameter model can take into account the very...
Two distinct kinds of particle maxima (nepheloid layers) were observed off Oregon in November 1977
and off Washington in October 1978 by an in situ light transmissometer: one in the thermocline in the
euphotic zone and the other at intermediate depth well below the thermocline. The thermocline nepheloid
layer is...
This paper was published in the Journal of the Optical Society of America and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josa/Issue.cfm. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via...
Theoretical scattering computations are performed on a phytoplankton model consisting of three
concentric spheres. The outer sphere represents the wall, membrane, or frustule and is assigned a
relatively high index of refraction with no absorption. The middle layer represents the chloroplasts
and is assigned a relatively low index of refraction...
Optical oceanography models of attenuation and scattering properties often contain simple spectral relationships. Electromagnetic theory, however, predicts fluctuations in the spectra of the attenuation coefficients and scattering properties of substances at wavelengths near an absorption peak. We have modeled these effects for phytoplankton using homogeneous, two‐layered, and three‐layered sphere models...
The modulation transfer function (MTF) of a simple submarine viewing situation is computed as a function of range and sea-water properties. For the cases considered, we found that the MTF follows the simple exponential law, exp(-ω/ω₀), where ω is the spatial frequency in lines/deg and where ω₀ is a complicated...
Observations made during October and December 1971 on the Yaloc 71 Cruise of Oregon State University indicate the presence of the Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands. Light scattering, particle size distribution, nutrients, and standard hydrographic parameters were measured in water samples collected at 154 stations....
Spatial coherence between predators and prey has rarely been observed in pelagic marine ecosystems. We used measures of the environment, prey abundance, prey quality, and prey distribution to explain the observed distributions of three co-occurring predator species breeding on islands in the southeastern Bering Sea: black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), thick-billed...
The influence of anthropogenic aerosols, in the form of ship exhaust effluent, on the microphysics and radiative properties of marine stratocumulus is studied using data gathered from the U.K. Met. Office C-130 and the University of Washington C-131A aircraft during the Monterey Area Ship Track (MAST) experiment in 1994. During...
Cell lines were established from spleen and heart tissues of a juvenile white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus and designated WSS-2 and WSH-1, respectively. Isoenzyme analyses of both lines confirmed their host of origin. Both lines were hypotetraploid and possessed micro- and macrochromosomes. The modal chromosome number for the WSS-2 line was...
A method is described for determining the index of refraction distribution and the particle size distribution
of suspended particles. The distribution s are obtained by breaking down an observed volume
scattering function into its contributing components. The component scattering functions are calculated
using Mie theory. The component functions include all...
We report that the submerged microbubbles are an efficient source of diffuse radiance and may contribute to a rapid transition to the diffuse asymptotic regime. In this asymptotic regime an average cosine is easily predictable and measurable.
A new instrument package for measuring physical (temperature, salinity, and depth) as well as optical (absorption and attenuation at nine wavelength) parameters using SCUBA is described. The package is attached to the SCUBA bottle and allows for sampling very close to the sediment–water and water–air interfaces. This package can also...
We derive the fundamental solution of the linearized problem of the motion of a viscous uid around a rotating body when the axis of rotation of the body is not parallel to the velocity of the uid at infinity.
Genomic libraries derived from environmental DNA (metagenomic libraries) are useful for characterizing
uncultured microorganisms. However, conventional library-screening techniques permit characterization of
relatively few environmental clones. Here we describe a novel approach for characterization of a metagenomic
library by hybridizing the library with DNA from a set of groundwater isolates, reference...
Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), also known as vitamin B1, serves as an enzymatic cofactor in glucose metabolism, the Krebs cycle, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in all living organisms. Unlike plants and microorganisms, humans are not able to synthesize ThDP de novo and must obtain it from their diet. Staple crops...
Light transmission profiles have been used to study the optical properties of the suspended particles which are characteristic of the area of the Scotian Rise in the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is typified by very strong bottom currents and a highly variable bedform morphology. A good correlation (r =...
The dependence of the reflectance at the surface on the vertical structure of optical parameters is derived from first principles. It is shown that the depth dependence is a function of the derivative of the round trip attenuation of the downwelling and backscattered light. Previously the depth dependence was usually...
A simple heat budget model for a radiation-dominated mixed layer of constant depth is presented. In this model the influence of the vertical irradiance (heat flux) profile is examined by means of the Jerlov [1976] optical water type classification. It is shown that the vertical irradiance profile is important in...
Optical properties of dissolved (colored dissolved organic material (CDOM)) and particulate matter and hydrographic measurements were obtained at the Mid-Atlantic Bight during the fall of 1996 and the spring of 1997 as part of the Coastal Mixing and Optics experiment. To assess the temporal and spatial variability, time series were...
A pair of high-resolution oceanographic surveys in March and April 1995 revealed a large and rapid transition from late winter to spring conditions in the coastal zone off central and southern California. These data are unique in capturing the detailed three-dimensional physical structure of and biological response to the spring...
We examine and compare near-forward light scattering that is caused by turbulence and typical particulate assemblages in the ocean. The near-forward scattering by particles was calculated using Mie theory for homogeneous spheres and particle size distributions representative of natural assemblages in the ocean. Direct numerical simulations of a passive scalar...
Though many arid and contaminated sites have high salinity, prediction of effects of salinity on water movement in soils has been based on dilute solution approximations. Here a sensitivity analysis compares predicted liquid and vapor pressure in variably saturated porous media found using both the dilute approximations and a more...
Particle size distributions (8-105-μm diameter), chlorophyll a, and particulate carbon
were measured off the Oregon coast during July 1973. The particle counts were transformed
to volume concentration and then subjected to characteristic vector analysis.
Ninety-two percent of the variance was accounted for by linear combinations of the first
two characteristic...
Suspended matter in Astoria canyon was monitored by means of an in situ nephelometer and by means of light-scattering and particle concentration measurements performed aboard ship on water samples. Nephelometer profiles obtained along the axis of the canyon in February and April 1973 indicate that the canyon is divided into...
We have measured the absorption coefficient of pure and salt water at 15 wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum using WETLabs nine-wavelength absorption and attenuation meters and a three-wavelength absorption meter. The water temperature was varied between 15 and 30 °C, and the salinity was varied...
Long-term ecological data are crucial in helping ecologists understand ecosystem function and environmental change. Nevertheless, these kinds of data sets are difficult to analyze because they are usually large, multivariate, and spatiotemporal. Although existing analysis tools such as statistical methods and spreadsheet software permit rigorous tests of pre-conceived hypotheses and...