The dissipation of internal wave energy in the turbulent boundary layer under pack ice is determined using a time‐varying boundary layer model with an eddy coefficient closure scheme. The magnitude of the eddy coefficient is determined by the ice drift velocity, which is assumed greater than the rms water velocity...
A thermistor chain was moored below the pack ice from 50–150 m in the Arctic Ocean for five days in 1981. Oscillations in temperature are attributed to the vertical dispalcement of internal waves. The spectral shape of isotherm dispalcement is consistent with the Garrett-Munk model and other internal wave observations,...
Internal gravity waves measured under the Arctic pack ice were strikingly different from measurements
at lower latitudes. The total wave energy, integrated over the internal wave frequency band, was lower by
a factor of 0.03-0.07, and the spectral slope at high frequency was nearly -1 in contrast to the -2...
The upper ocean current and temperature fields in the western Weddell Sea were measured from the drifting pack ice at Ice Station Weddell 1 (ISW) and nearby sites using a vertical profiler and an array of moored sensors in January–June 1992. These data document the structure and variability of the...
Hydrographic and velocity profiles were made through a small baroclinic cyclonic eddy during the Arctic Internal Wave Experiment in the Canada Basin in April 1985. The maximum measured azimuthal velocity was 0.38 m s⁻¹ at a depth of 115 m, with velocities decaying to near zero at 30 and 270...
The amount and type of carbon (C) in a forest soil reflects the past balance between C accumulation and loss. In an old-growth forest soil, C is thought to be in dynamic equilibrium between accumulations and losses. Disturbance upsets this equilibrium by altering the microclimate, the amount and type of...
The carbon system of the western Arctic Ocean is undergoing a rapid transition as sea ice extent and thickness decline. These processes are dynamically forcing the region, with unknown consequences for CO2 fluxes and carbonate mineral saturation states, particularly in the coastal regions where sensitive ecosystems are already under threat...
The accuracy of state-of-the-art global barotropic tide models is assessed using bottom
pressure data, coastal tide gauges, satellite altimetry, various geodetic data on Antarctic ice shelves, and
independent tracked satellite orbit perturbations. Tide models under review include empirical, purely
hydrodynamic (“forward”), and assimilative dynamical, i.e., constrained by observations. Ten dominant...
During the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), cloud droplets were collected and evaporated using a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI). The nonvolatile residual particles were then analyzed by various instruments. Physical and chemical properties of the below-cloud aerosol to evaluate which aerosol particles act as cloud nuclei in different environments, and their...
Optical variability occurs in the near-surface and upper ocean on very short time and space scales (e.g., milliseconds and millimeters and less) as well as greater scales. This variability is caused by solar, meteorological, and other physical forcing as well as biological and chemical processes that affect optical properties and...