By 1992, the Canadian cod populations collapsed and
a moratorium on fishing was declared, which
remains in place until today. Ecologists suspect that the marine ecosystem at the Canadian east coast
has
shifted towards a new regime, where cod stocks remain at a low level while other species biomass levels,...
Over 90% of global aquaculture production comes fro
m the Asia Pacific region. International trade in live
aquatic animals and the intensification of aquaculture practices over the past several years have led
to
emergence and spread of several aquatic animal diseases in the region. At the same time, while the...
Fish stocks are facing increasing threat of extinct
ion partly due to the use of illegal fishing methods. In developing
coastal countries where fishing activities are the
mainstay of the population along the coast, livelihoods are being
directly threatened. Although a number of studies unearthing factors determining supply of violation...
With the development of the ecosystem approach to f
isheries (EAF), fisheries management is
increasingly required to deal with multiple, often
conflicting objectives. In this context, the
stochastic co-viability approach has been proposed
as a useful modeling framework as it allows
for the combined representation of complex fisherie
s dynamics,...
Export economy has been interrupted in shrimp/prawn, the second largest earning source of Bangladesh due to detection of Nitrofuran in export ed prawns to the EU countries. Around 100 consignments of frozen prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were rejected at the EU borders between 2005 and 2009. Bangladesh exported shrimp and fish...
The “Lake Chad” is one of the world, largest and most historical Lake located in the Sahel region of
Africa (lat. 12:30 N to 14:30 N and long. 13:00E to
15:30 E ) which is one of the most vulnerable regions
to climate change bordering North-Eastern Nigeria,
North-Western Cameroon, South-Eastern...
The study was carried out in Anyigba, North central
Nigeria to analyze the distribution, marketing and
consumption
of sea food. It specifically sought to describe the
socio-economic characters of the fish marketers and consumers,
identify the distribution channel of fish, the species of fish sold and consumed‚ and preferences in...
In Europe, the United Kingdom is one of the top nine producers of trout. Scotland accounts for
approximately 50% of total production in the UK. This shows that the Scottish trout farming sector is
important both at the local and has relevance within the larger context of pan-European trout production....
Employing an experimental approach, we examine whet
her the uncertainty on the fish/outputs price affects the
choice of vessel sizes of fishers under an ITQ scheme. Our experiment consists of two parts. In the first part,
subjects answer ten questions. The purpose is to extract the risk preference of each...
As many cases of tropical small-scale fisheries, the French Guiana coastal fishery is characterized by
the
high fish biodiversity of its ecosystem, the weak selectivity of the fleets exploiting the resources,
the
heterogeneity of the vessels in term of size and fishing techniques. The traditional tools used to manage
fisheries...
Africa has traditionally depended on capture fisheries for most of its fish and fish products. However,
with capture fisheries dwindling and human population increasing, alternative sources have become
necessary. Although practiced for many decades, East African fish farming has been funded by donors
whose main interest has been on subsistence...
In aquaculture and fisheries, the value chain consists of all the various processes and activities involved in
bringing fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants to market. In some regions it can be an indicator of the
economic welfare of poor communities involved in small-scale operations. In order to maximize
smallholder participation...
The Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program (AquaFish CRSP) fosters the development of technological innovations in aquaculture and fisheries to provide direct results for increased production and decreased environmental impacts in host countries. Ensuring the availability and accessibility of successful technologies through in ventive dissemination techniques is a high...
The contribution of
fish and fisheries products in the economy of Horn
of Africa countries is substantial to food security,
livelihoods, employment and foreign currency earnings. However, production is mostly characterised by
artisanal fishermen who rely on local and cross border trading conducted through informal and unofficial
market channels and...
The trade of fish and fish products in Africa is expanding significantly as a function of increased demand for fish in
the region and across the world. Several factors which could be attributed to the rising trend include
increasing fish
consumption due to population growth, health awareness, dwindling production from...
The OECD fisheries committee is finalizing a project on the economics of rebuilding fisheries. The focus
of the study has been the economic and institutional aspects of the rebuilding process, and the main
objectives were to identify economic, social and governance components underpinning successful
rebuilding based on the experiences of...
Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) has exhibited extreme sensitivity in its abundance and distribution in the face of decadal-scale climate regime changes. Warm regimes enhance the abundance of Pacific sardine and expand its distribution. Cold regimes lessen the abundance and restrict the distribution. For instance,...
Recently the greening of fisheries has become a central theme among policymakers. The discussion on
how improved governance structures and policies can
help in achieving green growth goals is yet in its
infancy. One problem is that there is a lack of a general framework in which to address those...
The sustainable management of small-scale fisheries
in coral reef ecosystems constitutes a difficult objective
especially because these fisheries usually face several stringent pressures including demographic growth and climate
changes. The implications are crucial in term of food security as fish represents the major protein source for local
populations in those...
The central objective of fishery management is to ensure the sustainability and profitability of the resource base. The
importance of the fish stock's age-structure is increasingly recognized in economics and ecology. Still, current
policies predominately rely on the aggregate biomass. We carefully calibrate a detailed model on the North-East
Arctic...
In Zanzibar, an increasing number of women have entered fish markets acting as a link between fishers and
consumers, i.e. a middleman. However, since fisheries are traditionally male dominated, women receive little
recognition. Thus, gender analysis in the fisheries sector potentially can enhance management and development
policies as well as...
With growing concern over sustainable production, consumption and food security, new risks and
uncertainties are emerging for the seafood industry. These arise from diverse sources and multiple levels,
including supplies availability, market drivers, NGO pressures, regulation etc. In the face of this, our
traditional means of establishing ‚what is going...
Decades of social science research has shown that fisheries, particularly small-scale, are integral to
community wellbeing. They contribute to food security, men’s, women’s, and children’s livelihoods,
health, community identity, and social cohesion. These contributions need to be well-defined and
contextualized, as well as differentiated between fishing sectors, for better fisheries...
Megacities impact distant fisheries behavior by modulating seafood demand and consumption. In the last
decades, Japanese food interest has grown considerably in South American cities, and the demand for raw
fish foods‚ sashimi - categories seems to be still increasing. In Southeastern Brazil, megacities such as
São Paulo show an...
The role of small-scale fisheries in developing countries has been widely discussed in the fisheries and‚
“commons”‚ literature. However, in the conservationist debate, even small-scale fishing has often been
seen as a potential evil that indeed threatens ecosystem health and should be broadly and rapidly
eliminated. Besides the global commitments...
The abalone industry in South Africa is known as one of the largest producing farmed abalone in the world. Most of the farms are located in the Western Cape Province. The growth of abalone aquaculture is expected to continue, however, access to suitable coastal land and the dependence to a...
An investigation was carried out on Lake Geriyo in the month of April to know the pattern of
fish exploitation. The fish species sampled were mainly by using canoes as they were landed at
the landing site of the lake. A total of fourteen (14) species of thirteen (13) families...
The alien invasive red king crab in the Barents Sea represents both a threat through impacts on benthic ecosystem
functions, and a source of income for fishing communities in Northern Norway. Determining the risk the king crab
represents is central both with respect to international obligations and to determine the...
The productivity and resilience of fisheries are subject to a multitude of dynamic and interrelated influences that arise from complex coupling of fish populations with the natural and human systems of which they are a part. With few exceptions, fisheries are managed independently, ignoring important natural and human linkages among...
The rapid increase in abalone production and importing of farmed products may pose a serious threat to
wild abalone producing countries, as it could cause negative pressure on prices. This paper investigates
the price relationships for imported abalone in the Japanese market and the implications for wild abalone
producing countries,...
Short-lived fisheries stocks are subject to large fluctuations in abundance and respond rapidly to many factors
including changes in oceanographic conditions, biological interactions and fishery exploitation. Management of
such species requires a flexible, adaptive framework that responds rapidly to a changing environment, although such
schemes are rarely operationalized. In this...
Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) in multispecies fisheries create incentives for fishermen to avoid bycatch of
species for which quota is scarce. However, when bycatch is highly uncertain, individual quota demand and prices
may be volatile creating substantial financial risk for fishermen. The US Pacific Groundfish fishery recently
introduced an ITQ...
Illegal extraction is a serious issue in many renewable resource industries, such as fisheries and forestry. This traditional approach is to model the resource firm as one cohesive unit or an individual. However, in many cases violations are not committed by an individual, but by agents acting on behalf of...
The paper examines the value chain of cultured fish (Tilapia and African catfish) in central Uganda with an objective of providing information on the topic. Aquaculture has been recognized as a sector to contribute to food security and poverty alleviation in the country. However, there is dearth of information on...
The new small scale fisheries policy has created an action space for marginalised small scale fishers practice their livelihoods and create economic opportunities for their families and communities. The political action space created to formulate a new small scale policy will now be translated to economic action space. This paper...
Interactions between various uses of marine systems and between marine and terrestrially-based activities are quite well documented, and, in some cases, the negative impact of competing activities on the value of wild and farmed fisheries has also been evaluated. While such effects are usually reflected in a decline in the...
Catfish production has experienced a decline in the past two years, and farmers have been blaming international competition, exports, low prices and poor feed conversion ratios as the main causes. We evaluate the usefulness of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) as instruments for rapid...
Is there a direct link between poverty and illegal fishing in Lake Victoria? The paper argues that presenting poverty as the main driver of illegal fishing in Lake Victoria masks core underlying causes of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing practice is a significant ecological trend in Lake Victoria. It is not...
The role of Women and their rights in Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Africa. Generally speaking, the word "Gender" refers to the socially constructed roles and status of women and men, girls and boys, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Thus, In...
Abstract Fifty percent (50%) of the fish catch in Oman is estimated to be of low commercial value, which is discarded, fed to animals or marketed for very low prices. Therefore, the development and processing of fish to quality value-added fish products for local or international markets could be a...
Bluefin tuna capture today is focused on large fish caught by longline and smaller fish caught by purse seine for on-growing for between 3 months and 3 years. There has recently been the emergence of full life cycle farming in Japan with South Korea (Pacific bluefin tuna) and Australia (southern...
Motivated by the evidence that many collapsed stocks have failed to recover despite fishing mortality has been reduced, or even when a moratorium is currently in effect, we develop a spline methodological approach to analyze the stochastic population dynamics of fish stocks at low stock levels. The aim of this...
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has for years compiled prices and indexes for all major food categories, except fisheries. This gap has now been filled, and a fish price index has been developed. The FAO fish price index (FPI) relies on trade statistics because seafood...
Disease is a primary threat to the continued growth in salmon aquaculture due to its extensive effects on the sector. Aquaculture farms suffer the most direct and immediate economic losses through reduction in growth, low feed efficiency and market prices, increasing mortality rates, and expenditures on prevention and treatment measures....
Past Aquaculture CRSP and AquaFish CRSP research studies in Kenya have largely focused on fish production resulting in improved production technology in aquaculture. In 2007, total fish production was estimated to be 4,245mt valued at US$6.6 million but has since grown exponentially. In Western Kenya, initiatives by cluster fish farmers...
The western Indian Ocean coastal regions are poised to develop the great potential, largely untapped to date, for increased seafood production from marine aquaculture. The scales at which aquaculture development in the region proceeds will determine how the benefits from this economic activity are distributed. Finfish and shellfish farming can...
Ecological and economic tradeoffs of proposed management actions were assessed using the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) and Ecospace software. The model has 70 biomass pools (e.g., detritus, primary producers, invertebrates, fish, dolphins, sea birds), including multiple age-classes of key species. After mass-balancing, the model was driven using observed fishing mortality...
Production quotas can restore efficiency in industries characterized by production externalities, such as resource industries and industries with environmental regulations. However, with imperfect quota enforcement, firms may have incentives to build up excess capacity relative to their quotas. Firms with excess capacity may, in turn, have stronger incentives to violate...
While South Africa possesses a well developed marine fishery supported by policy, legislation and appropriate institutions, no inland fisheries policy exists and its potential has not been considered from a development perspective. The transfer of the mandate for fisheries to the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has opened a...
Using three years of weekly ACNielsen Scantrack data, this study aims to estimate the implicit prices of labeling retail finfish and shellfish in the U.S. with harvest-specific information, such as “wild” ‚“Atlantic”‚ “Pacific” or “imported”. Recent concerns for the availability of wild-caught supplies has led to increasing interest for labeling...
Culture of resilient species to drought and stressed water quality conditions may be a significant part of the future of African aquaculture. Air breathing fishes potentially have a role in low-management culture systems because dissolved oxygen is not a limiting factor. The African lungfish (Protopterus spp) is advantageous because it...
Despite various studies on biological importance of Marine Protected Areas (MPA), a model used in fisheries management to minimise negative human impacts on the marine environment, less is known on how it relates with communities that depend on the utilisation of fisheries resources. Through field survey, this study has investigated...
Australia has a policy of achieving maximum economic yield (MEY) in Commonwealth fisheries, with many States also interested in the MEY target. Bioeconomic models are being developed for estimating MEY for several fisheries, supported by economic surveys of the fisheries. While most cost components can be derived directly from the...
In this work we confront, by reviewing the literature, the definition of ecosystem-based management provided in the proposal for reform of the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) with the specific measures foreseen in it. These are: the sustainability objectives, the maximum sustainable yield target, the discard ban, transferable fishing concessions...
The presence of illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing activities are considered a serious threat to the sustainable use of marine resources. This paper uses a game theoretic approach to investigate the strategic interaction between fishers and management in the presence of IUU fishing. Managers choose a combination of fines,...
Sustainability and economic efficiency are well established and defined objectives in Australian fisheries management. Many Australian States and Territories include some reference to social considerations in their fisheries legislation, but this is poorly defined and has little direct influence on policy formulation. From the literature, many fisheries social objectives are...
Cameroon is a country of Central Africa, with 402 km coastline where occur intense industrial and small scale marine, multispecies/gears fishing activities. Fishing accounts for 5.2% of GDP in the primary sector and 1.7% of GDP. The Ministry of Livestock’s, Fisheries and Animal Industries is responsible of the fisheries policy...
Acknowledging that there is stochasticity in the dynamics of a fish stock, one has a situation where the fish stock can collapse even without any fishing pressure. To derive the probability of collapse, we suggest a Monte Carlo approach because it is relatively simple model and can capture complex stock...
A study of Somaliland’s marine capture fisheries and markets was conducted in October 2010. The paper presents the results of the author’s assessment of the state of its marine capture fisheries and fresh fish markets and the prospects for adding value along the supply chain resulting from a 2 week...
Transition of fish farming from subsistence to sustainable semi commercial activity in Uganda Fish farming in Uganda has not been taken to semi commercial levels by small scale famers due to many challenges. They range from lack of fish seed, quality fish feeds, lack of market, poor infrastructure, unavailability of...
The search for effective small-scale fisheries management regime, in Tanzania, has been an on-going process since independence in 1961. Different models were tried including centralized system of governance, use of cooperative groups and setting up of environmental committees in villages. Unfortunately, nothing much was realized and thus, over-capacity, over-fishing, illegal...
Coastal resources play a significant role in supporting the livelihoods and contributing to the wellbeing of marginalised communities in South Africa. Through an analysis of four small-scale-fishing communities in South Africa, this research sought to understand how and why benefits arising from the use of coastal resources in the fisheries...
From earliest times and in practically all countries, fisheries have been of industrial and commercial importance. Fisheries and aquaculture contribute significantly to food security. Livelihoods of millions of people, across the regions of the globe depend on healthy aquatic ecosystems. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals to eliminate extreme poverty by...
Full life cycle culture of bluefin tuna has so far been achieved only for Pacific bluefin tuna by the Japanese at Kinki University in 2002 with the first fish going on sale in Japan in 2004. More recently Japan's Okinawa fisheries laboratories have also achieved the same success, with the...
Certification and eco-labelling programmes are widely recognised as a useful tool to bring about more effective management in fisheries. Evidence is also growing that real environmental benefits can result from these market based initiatives. Market benefits for certified fisheries range from better market access, price premiums for some products and...
In order to ensure sustainable aquaculture development basic elements needs to be taken into consideration, i.e. environmental, social and economic aspects. Most of the research focuses on the environmental aspects and very little of the social and economic aspects. There is no doubt that when dealing with sector development, socio-economic...
Indonesia in 2012 will catch above 0.5 million tonnes of tuna and a further 0.4 million tonnes of tuna-like species. This represents 11% of the total world tuna catch and makes Indonesia the largest catching nation, a position previously held by Japan. Indonesia plays a major role in the world...
This study sponsored in July 2011 by the Regional Commission for Fisheries of the Gulf of Guinea (PRC) and NEPAD aims to analyze the contribution of fisheries to the national economy of the DRC and to assess the potential wealth associated with fisheries. The data for the study of the...
Ivorian fishery resources are severely degraded by reason of poor state policy in the development of fisheries and aquaculture, of very degrading fishing techniques and fraudulent intensive exploitation of fish, of deforestation and its corollary erosion and industrial and agricultural pollution. This degradation, which is characterized by the decline in...
The fairness and inclusiveness of globalization in seafood trade is coming under increased scrutiny due to economic, social and environmental impacts created as trade has expanded, often leading to imbalances among nations. The European Union is the most important world market for the consumption of seafood. Despite the construction of...
Rights-based fisheries management has been a management tool in Namibian fisheries since 1991 with the objective of improving the economic performance of the fisheries. The aim is to address the common property problem of fisheries by the creation of private property rights, limiting the quantity of exploitation of fish stocks...
A theoretical model links price risks at processors market to farm supply response. Price risks at wholesale market affect processors‚ factor demand for farm-raised catfish. The fluctuation in factor demand also influence the farm-raised catfish supply response. Price risks at wholesale market reduce processors‚ factor demand for farm-raised catfish, and...
Over half of Bangladesh comprises of floodplains and most of the surrounding households depend on these floodplains for their livelihood. However, these floodplains remain unused during the monsoon season due to the lack of proper management systems. The WorldFish Center implemented an action research project through a Community Based Fish...
The rural Bangladesh is still poverty prone, the distinction between fisher and non fisher life in rural area is prominent; this is due to limited access right of rural fisher to common properties like waterbodies. To eradicate disparities between fisher and non fisher co management of inland fisheries has been...
This paper reviews New Zealand‚ orange roughly fishery management and applies a bioeconomic model to explain the seamount depletion externality by bottom trawling. The model shows that despite an upper limit on annual harvest, the potential gains in economic rent from trawling on pristine habitat, where catch rates are high,...
Catches and prices from many fisheries exhibit high inter-annual variability leading to variability in the income derived by fishery participants and communities dependent on the fisheries. The economic risk posed by this variability might be mitigated in some cases if individuals and communities participate in several different fisheries, particularly if...
The Icelandic fisheries management system has always been controversial in Iceland. In the wake of the force of the financial crisis that hit Iceland the political debate has become increasingly emotional and heated. In this debate a rational understanding of the fisheries management system‚ aims and efficiency has lacked. Previous...
Demand structure and market segmentation for seafood have been investigated intensively. However, most the researches so far applied traditional demand analysis and descriptive segmentation approach by separated models. The traditional demand analysis assuming consumer homogeneity, behavior consistence, and using aggregate data may result biased estimation, while the segmentation based on...
In most decision making involving natural resources, the achievements of the policy (e.g., better ecosystem) are rather difficult to measure in monetary units. To overcome this problem the paper develops a modified Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) to include these intangible benefits in intertemporal natural resource problems. The proposed CEA framework is...
This study applied brand choice model and stated preference data collected in French context by means of choice experiment to investigate value of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of various fresh seafood species. The estimated models show that the extrinsic attributes (i.e. product forms, production method, and product origin) and intrinsic...
Based on fieldwork on the occupational choice and the incomes of fishermen at Chilika lagoon, India, we built an overlapping generations model of a small open economy with access to a renewable common pool resource to show how the share of the workforce in the resource sector, the average income...
Climate change is expected to impact the productivity of wild and farmed fisheries worldwide. These impacts will vary by region and consequently affect differently the supply to markets. Market driven interactions between fisheries from different regions and between different target species means that changes in supply from one region or...
Climate change is generally agreed to be one of the biggest challenges facing the world today, and Australia is no exception. Marine fisheries productivity and distribution is predicted to change with ocean warming. Here, I will examine the economic consequences of climate change on the Australian fishing industry. I will...
There is worsening nutritional deficiency in Nigeria due to the inability of the country‚ food production rate to meet food demand rate, manifesting in widespread hunger and malnutrition. Nigerians are high fish consumers and offer the largest market for fisheries products in Africa because fish is the cheapest source of...
This study considers a cross sectional data of 210 farms to analyze the technical efficiency levels of intensive and semi-intensive fish farms in Ghana using the meta-frontier approach. This technique takes into consideration farms that operate under different technologies. It estimates technology gap that measures output from the frontier production...
Biologists have criticized traditional biomass models in fishery economics for being oversimplified. Biological stock assessment models are more sophisticated with regard to biological content, but rarely account for economic objectives. Recently, age-structured models of fish stocks have increasingly been used in fisheries economics, but applications have so far mainly been...
Using renewable resources can provide society with (i) resource rent, (ii) consumer surplus and (iii) worker surplus in resource harvesting. In a dynamic analysis we show that privatization increases the present value of consumer surplus and worker surplus if harvesting productivity does not depend on the resource stock. If it...
The World Bank has constructed wealth accounts for nearly 15 years, most recently in The Changing Wealth of Nations. The accounts include produced capital, natural capital and human and social capital. Natural capital includes agricultural land, forests, subsoil assets and protected areas, but omit a number of critical natural capital...
Two major institutional revolutions are impacting fisheries around the globe -- sustainability and property rights. The sustainability revolution ensures that fisheries and supporting ecosystems are conserved so that future generations can access healthy fishery resources. The second revolution creates institutions in the form of economic incentives and privileges that are...
Session #504 A Benefit-Cost Analysis using ratios of annual costs and benefits was calculated for fish farmers (aquaculture) and fish marketers (including distributors, processors and retailers). Forty five of the 86 respondents had a benefit cost ratio higher than 1. Further analysis investigated effects of selected variables on ratios. Relative...
Identifying fishing vessel affiliations, which are groups of vessels connected by common owners or other factors such as ties to another business or contractual relationships, is important for two reasons. The first reason is that it allows for assessments of potential market power and/or equity considerations in catch share fisheries....
This study analyzes the determinants of the choice of remuneration systems and examines their influence on the economic performance of fisheries. The purse seine fisheries in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, are used as the study case, with data collected from 162 fishing households in 2005 and 2008. The principal‚ agent...
The notion of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) has permeated the fisheries economics literature over the last 40 years. The most long-standing prediction about ITQs has been extensively documented, namely that transferable property rights to harvest induce changes along the extensive margin via consolidation of quota among a smaller number of...
To keep pace with growing demand, wild fisheries are subject to high pressure. An increasing trend in the percentage of overexploited, depleted and recovering stocks is observed since the mid-1970s. In contrast, the aquaculture sector has been the fastest growing food industry since 1970. It has become a substantial source...
Multispecies fisheries add additional complexity for rights-based management implementation. Imperfectly selective fishing gear may make it difficult for fishermen to match their catch composition with the portfolio of total allowable catches chosen by management. If fishermen can perfectly target their catch, the problem of matching catches with quota allocations declines...
Disease control decisions at a sector level often reflect different types of goals and incentives between various stakeholders. While government may pursue policy objectives to eliminate disease at any cost, for example, the success of such initiatives relies on the capability and desire of industry to adopt such measures as...
Economic growth is accompanied with a shift of labor away from the natural resource sector. In developing countries some people have to leave fisheries as a way of making it possible for those who remain in fisheries to share in the productivity gains of the entire economy. Increased investment in...
From the view point of several policy makers, open access inshore fishery is bad and needed to build up a new management plan. This study proves that the vessel owners‚ surplus still exist even under open access equilibrium, by looking at the level of rent being generated in the fishery....
The aquaculture of Holothuria scabra has been identified as a highly potential alternative livelihood for the coastal communities of Southwest Madagascar. Despite the fact that the projects‚ results continue to improve, poaching in the pens remains a major threat to the future sustainability of the sector. With well-established market prices...
Fishery scientists distinguish between recruitment overfishing (i.e. suboptimally low reproduction because the spawning stock is fished down) and growth overfishing (i.e. catching fish at an inefficiently young age). We use an age-structured bio-economic model to study how important the (endogenous) recruitment is compared to the growth of individual fish under...