Dwarf mistletoes still pose management problems on the Flathead Reservation. We describe a management program, to be conducted in conjunction with the silvicultural program, which will help reduce the impact of dwarf mistletoe on Douglas-fir, western larch, and lodgepole pine. This program covers fiscal years 1986 through 1990.
A pilot project to evaluate trichlorfon and acephate for suppressing western spruce budworm populations was conducted on the Helena National Forest, Montana. Both insecticides were applied at 1 pound active ingredient per acre. Application was made with a Bell 205A helicopter using eight Beecomist Model 350 spray heads. Treatments and...
1. Defoliation by cankerworms in 1979 was significantly less in 1978 treated shelterbelts than in untreated shelterbelts. 2. Most shelterbelts treated in 1978 retained enough foliage by late June 1979 so that adjacent crops were protected from wind. 3. Aerially applied Bt at a rate of 1/2 lb./acre provided shelterbelt...
This report contains a brief history of selected mountain pine beetle infestations and the potential for infestations in high hazard stands on the Tally Lake Ranger District. Management alternatives to lessen the severity, or reduce the possibility, of infestations are discussed.
Green ash windbreaks in North Dakota were surveyed in 1972 and 1976 to determine the incidence of attacks by the carpenterworm, ash borer, and other stem-infesting wood borers. Windbreaks were stratified by age and geographic region. In 1976, about 3.1 percent of the green ash trees in North Dakota had...
The mountain pine beetle infestation on Bureau of Land Management lands in Centennial Valley has increased from about 500 acres in 1977 to more than 7,000 in 1979. Average number of trees per acre killed has more than quadrupled, increasing from 9.8 in 1977 to 47.8 in 1979. Predictions for...
Insect damage was extensive to Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western white pine, and western larch cones at most seed production areas surveyed in 1979. From 70 to 100 percent of the cones from several collecting periods were injured. Moderate damage (40-70 percent of cones injured) occurred to Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western...
An evaluation was made in 21 seed production areas and 1 seed orchard in Region 1 to identify the primary insect pests and to assess amount of injury caused. Cones from Douglas-fir, grand fir, western larch, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and western white pine were collected periodically and examined. The...
Benomyl and chlorothalonil were tested on 2-0 bareroot ponderosa pine seedlings as a means to reduce impact of Diplodia tip blight at the Fantasy Farms Nursery, Peck, Idaho. Infection levels were not adequate to assess effectiveness of the fungicides. However, techniques were developed which can be used to assess efficacy...
This document recreates an historically valuable report prepared by George A Bright in 1914 It
describes an extensive reconnaissance of the Wenaha National Forest that Bright completed in
1913 In addition to narratives about the natural resources, existing uses, and management
opportunities of the Forest, the report includes 42 black-and-white...
An evaluation was conducted at the USDA Forest Service Nursery, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, to quantify the occurrence of diseases in the spring 1984 crop of containerized Engelmann spruce seedlings. The crop included 19 separate seedlots from seven National Forests in the Northern Region. An overall production rate of 94.5 percent...
Mortality of containerized western white pine seedlings outplanted on the Bonners Ferry Ranger District, Idaho Panhandle National Forests, was probably due to extensive root infection by Fusarium oxysporum. Diseased seedlings had chlorotic foliage, needle tip dieback, and severe twisting of the needles that indicated wilting. Most root tips of diseased...
This publication describes basic principles of contract law as applied to planting; growing; maintaining; harvesting; road construction, maintenance, and repair; and selling logs and timber. Includes definitions of common contract terms and sample contracts.
Without a properly written contract, small woodland owners and Christmas tree growers may find themselves in situations resulting in costly and time-consuming attempts at personal negotiations and the possibility of court battles. They might have avoided these complications if theyʼd known more about basic contract law before they became bound...
Two blends (Natural and Phillips) of the western pine shoot borer pheromone, formulated as Hercon Luretape, were applied to six ponderosa pine plantations in northern Idaho and western Montana in 1984. The treatment was approximately 21.6 grams of pheromone per hectare. Significant reductions in damage have occurred in all treated...
During 1984, a demonstration project was established on the Crow and Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservations to determine the effectiveness of basal area cutting in second-growth ponderosa pine stands to reduce losses to the mountain pine beetle. This project will help develop management strategies for susceptible stands in eastern Montana. Four...
We conducted a combination road/plot impact survey for dwarf mistletoe in lodgepole pine on six East Side National Forests in 1978. The road survey showed infestation percentages ranging from 28.2 on the Custer to 52.4 on the Beaverhead. The plot survey showed annual cubic foot volume losses ranging from 106M...
Large areas of dwarf mistletoe-free, all-aged lodgepole pine have been identified in the West Yellowstone Basin. The option of uneven-aged management in these areas remains available to the District.
This evaluation showed that Bt provided measurable foliage protection 1 year after treatment, but no differences were evident after 2 years. We recommend future Bt tests include postspray population measurements in the pupal and/or adult, and/or egg stage, and that foliage protection be measured the following year. The effects of...
Investigations were conducted to understand the epidemiology of Fusarium on containerized Douglas-fir seedlings. Types and importance of Fusarium inoculum sources, relationships between seedling infection and symptom production, amounts and types of diseases that occurred throughout typical growth cycles, and the importance of secondary pathogen spread were investigated. Levels of Fusarium...
Thirty permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots were established in each of six areas in the state in 1979. Infestation levels ranged from 0 to 47.8 new attacks per acre. The potential for increased mortality is considered high for all areas. Each area will be evaluated for 5 years...
An economic cost analysis of 258 Forest Service developed recreation sites in Region One examined eleven different site types, including campgrounds, picnic grounds, boating and swimming sites, interpretive sites, and information sites. Costs were estimated for planning, facilities, and operation and maintenance. Averaging costs by category showed that, in general,...
A rare outbreak of hemlock sawfly, Neodiprion tsugae Middleton, was detected in August in drainages near the Canadian border in Idaho infesting several thousand acres. Some stands of western hemlock and subalpine fir were severely defoliated. Understory Engelmann spruce trees were lightly defoliated. The sawfly overwinters in the egg stage...
The mountain pine beetle infestation in Corral, Little Corral, and Cache Creeks on the Crow Indian Reservation, Montana has been increasing for the past several years. Trees killed per acre averaged 38.8 in 1979. Our predictions for the future trend of the infestation, plus management alternatives to lessen its severity,...
A mountain pine beetle infestation developed in lodgepole pine stands in the Gold Creek drainage in 1974. From 1974 to 1976 approximately 19,000 trees with an estimated volume of 10,210 cu m were killed. Based on buildup ratios, stand structure, size of trees, and residual green stand, it is predicted...
Mountain pine beetle populations developed to epidemic level in lodgepole pine stands in 1973. Approximately 426,355 trees were killed on 3,433 hectares in 1976. Infestations are expected to intensify in areas of current infestation and develop in uninfested stands. It is predicted that 1,722,288 trees will be killed in 1977....
A mountain pine beetle outbreak developed on the north face of Shook Mountain in 1972. Beetle populations increased, and have continued at an epidemic level since 1973. Surveys show 404,798 ponderosa pine containing 12,173,940 bd. ft. volume of merchantable timber; and 20,875 lodgepole pine containing 730,625 bd. ft. volume of...
Residual Douglas-fir left after harvesting are dwarf mistletoe infected and pose a threat' to regeneration in some units. Removal of residuals, coupled with planned or completed site preparation and thinnings, will effectively reduce dwarf mistletoe incidence and increase future volume yields. The benefit/cost ratio based on timber values alone is...
A granular controlled release formulation of 2 percent MCH was applied at 4.48 kg/ha to 76.9 ha of uninfested, windthrown Douglas-fir by helicopter with a modified aerial spreader of 1.12 m capacity in May 1982. Douglas-fir beetle population reduction was 96.4 percent by late June. With one exception, treated plots...
Residual Douglas-fir are dwarf mistletoe-infested and pose a threat to regeneration. Felling of these residuals will reduce dwarf mistletoe intensity and increase future volume yields. The benefit/cost ratio at 4 percent for the current rotation is 0.51/1 on the Sula RD and 0.45/1 on the Darby RD (both negative ratios)....
Residual Douglas-fir left after harvesting are dwarf mistletoe-infected and pose a threat to regeneration. Felling of residuals, coupled with planned slash disposal and thinning, will effectively reduce dwarf mistletoe intensity and increase future volume yields. The benefit/cost ratio based on timber values only, for the current rotation, is 0.041/1 at...
An evaluation during the summer of 1985 showed that parasites were still exerting control on the larch casebearer on the Flathead NF. Parasitism ranged from 4 to 60 percent and averaged 25.2 percent in the 12 areas surveyed. Four species of parasites were involved. The most abundant was Agathis pumila...
Mountain pine beetle populations reached epidemic level on the Hebgen Lake Ranger District in 1970. Infested area increased from 6,680 acres in 1970 to 78,000 acres in 1977. Buildup ratio of trees killed in 1976 to trees killed in 1977 is 1:8. Approximately 1,700,000 trees, containing 175 MMBF of merchantable...
Mountain pine beetle populations developed to epidemic level in 1970 on the Hebgen Lake Ranger District. Infested acreage increased from 78,000 in 1977 to 79,061 in 1978. More than 4 million trees (238 MMBF) were killed in 1978. Cold temperatures during December 1978 may cause a significant decline in the...
Mountain pine beetle infestations developed to epidemic level in lodgepole pine stands on the Yaak District in 1972. Approximately 56,282 trees were killed from 1973 to 1975. By 1975, 2,068 ha were infested. This increased to 7,138 ha in 1976, representing a threefold increase. Current infestation occurs on 13 percent...
Mountain pine beetle developed to epidemic levels in lodgepole pine stands in the Thompson River drainage in 1971. Approximately 506,616 trees are infested on 4,444 hectares. Based on buildup ratios, infestations are expected to intensify; develop in uninfected stands; and kill about 1,763,024 trees in 1977. Salvage logging of infested...
A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, timeliness, and cost. Within the State of Montana, aerial surveys showed about 986,000 acres of lodgepole pine infested with mountain pine beetle....
Residual lodgepole pine in older clearcuts are dwarf mistletoe-infected and pose a threat to regeneration present. Removal of these residuals coupled with planned or completed precommercial thinnings will effectively reduce dwarf mistletoe to an insignificant level and increase future volume yields. The benefit/ cost ratios based on timber values alone...
Residual Douglas-fir in older clearcuts are dwarf mistletoe-infected and pose a threat to regeneration present. Removal of these residuals coupled with planned or completed precommercial thinnings will effectively reduce dwarf mistletoe to an insignificant level and increase future volume yields. The benefit/cost ratio based on timber values alone is negative,...
Residual lodgepole pine in older clearcuts are dwarf mistletoe-infected and pose a threat to regeneration present. Removal of these residuals coupled with planned or completed precommercial thinnings will effectively reduce dwarf mistletoe to an insignificant level and increase future volume yields. The benefit/cost ratio based on timber values alone is...
Two methods attempting to stop marginal spread of a root disease center in Douglas-fir were evaluated within the Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana. The first method was to cut all living trees within a 1-chain strip outside the edge of the infestation. The second method was to uproot all trees for...
A root disease evaluation was completed for the Ducharme logging unit near the southeast corner of Flathead Lake. Extensive root disease was found on Douglas-fir throughout the unit. The major pathogen on the site was Armillaria meilea. Black stain (Verticicladiella sp.) was isolated from one tree which was also infected...
Mountain pine beetle infestation was detected in stands on the east side of Glacier National Park and the adjacent Blackfeet Indian Reservation in 1979. Infestation in the Park now encompasses an estimated 215,882 acres. About 200 acres are infested on the reservation. In areas sampled, number of trees killed per...
The Disaster Relief Act of 1974 initially established the Federal Disaster Assistance Program. It outlines the policies of the Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) and describes the procedures for requesting
FEMA grants. After the governor declares a disaster area or an emergency and requests federal aid, the President can direct...
A permanent study was established in 1970 and 1971 to measure the impact, spread, and intensification of dwarf mistletoe on precommercially thinned Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine in Montana. Mean diameter growth on all plots was reduced 21 percent in Douglas-fir, but the reduction is only significant at the 0.15 level....
Preliminary analysis of data from this study in the mountains southwest of the Anaconda Copper Smelter, an industrial source of SO2 and heavy metal particulate, reflects a complex pattern of pollutant impact. The differential effect of smelter emissions on plant life in the study area is best explained by the...
Potential problem pests found were Armillaria root disease, pocket gopher, western pine shoot borer, and white pine blister rust. Early detection of problem pests allows management actions to be taken if needed to prevent serious impacts. Unit managers should check the areas periodically and call on pest management specialists to...
Needlecast caused by Meria laricis caused serious losses of 2-0 bareroot western larch during 1983 at the USDA Forest Service Nursery, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Cool, wet weather throughout the spring and summer of 1983 was ideal for disease buildup and spread. Control attempts with fungicides were largely unsuccessful because of...
Published January 1983. Reprinted January 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
In conjunction with a proposed suppression project against the Douglas-fir tussock moth in northern Idaho, more than 1,000 larvae were collected from sample plots throughout the 32,000-acre treatment area. We had hoped to determine naturally occurring mortality factors which may have contributed to lower than anticipated population levels. Reared on...
Causes of mortality of containerized western larch seedlings at the Champion Timberlands Nursery, Plains, Montana, were investigated. Seedlings were rated for disease severity based on extent of foliar decline symptoms and fungal isolations made from their roots. Isolations were also made from selected larch seed. Consistent associations between root colonization...
The mountain pine beetle infestation existing on the Crow Indian Reservation (IR) since the early 1970's, and later developing principally in the western portion of the Northern Cheyenne IR, continued into 1984. Survey results indicate the infestation is still building on both Reservations. To help develop beetle management strategies appropriate...
This report contains an overview of the present mountain pine beetle infestation in lodgepole pine stands on Federal, State, and private lands on the Plains Ranger District. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential for beetle mortality in the Thompson River drainage where recent ground surveys show more than 21...
Mountain pine beetle populations increased in 1979 in the Thompson River drainage to levels predicted following the 1978 attack period. New attacks in 1979 averaged 27 per acre. Current estimates indicate another 25 percent of the remaining lodgepole pine could be killed in 1980.
Needlecast fungi were found on 95 percent of damage collections in a June survey of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) Christmas tree plantations in the Kalispell Basin western Montana. Western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii) and pine bark aphids (Pineus sp.) were present on 6.6 and 2.5 percent of collections, respectively. Cylcaneusma...
Eradication of Ribes spp. to control white pine blister rust in Yellowstone National Park was started in 1947. In 1968 this study was initiated to evaluate the previous control effort. Ribes eradication was suspended in 1968 in 18 white pine stands and Ribes and rust were allowed to increase within...
Investigations were conducted to determine importance of Fusarium as a pathogen on Douglas-fir seed and containerized seedlings at the Plum Creek Nursery during 1985. Fusarium oxvsnorum was occasionally isolated from necrotic lesions on young germinants that lacked foliar symptoms. Low levels of F. oxvsnorum were detected on three of four...
During December 1978 and January 1979, temperatures reached all-time lows in some parts of Montana. Overwintering mountain pine beetle populations were sampled at 11 sites during February and March 1979. Effects of the extreme cold varied from site to site, with larval mortality ranging from 6 percent to 100 percent....
Five seedlots of Colorado blue spruce and three seedlots of Black Hills spruce were sampled for Fusarium contamination. All seedlots contained some seed and/or debris with Fusarium. Levels of contamination were greatly reduced by treating seed with running water rinses for 48 hours or with chemical sterilants such as sodium...
Eighteen isolates of Fusarium comprising four species (F. oxysporum, E. avenaceum, E. acuminatum, and F. sambucinum) isolated from diseased conifer seedlings from nurseries were tested for pathogenicity on Douglas-fir germlings. Three of the most pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates on Douglas-fir germlings were also tested on ponderosa pine germlings and older...
Six Montana areas in which permanent mountain pine beetle trend plots were established in 1979 were revisited in 1980. Results of the visit show infestation intensity decreased significantly in Centennial Valley, decreased slightly in the Madison River plot area, and increased almost threefold in the Murr Creek area. Beetle populations...
The forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., began defoliating trembling aspen stands, Populus tremuloides Michx., in 1976 in the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota. Heavy defoliation was scattered through about 150,000 acres in 1978. Pupal mortality from parasites and disease was almost 100 percent in cocoons on understory shrubs and...
A needle miner, Coleotechnites sp., defoliated approximately 3,100 acres of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws. on the Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana, during 1978. Three other small areas in the Missoula Valley were infested also. Overwintering populations of larvae are low; thus, light defoliation is expected in 1979 in presently infested...
Epidemic populations of the western spruce budworm persist in the Northern Region. Aerial surveys made in August 1976 showed a decline in the acreage of aerially visible defoliation. In northern Idaho, the defoliated area dropped from 831,487 acres in 1975 to 655,711 acres in 1976, down 21 percent. Surveys in...
Ground surveys on the Hungry Horse District indicate a potential for mountain pine beetle infestation in lodgepole pine. Based on elevation-latitude, mean d.b.h. and phloem thickness, and age, stands were given a susceptibility classification of high risk. An infestation in Glacier National Park may provide the beetle source. Management alternatives...
Fire and other catastrophic disturbance events in the Douglas-fir forests of the Oregon Coast Range have been significant in determining the distribution of stand age classes and, hence, habitat. Except for the past half century, knowledge of fire in the region has largely been local and anecdotal. The Douglas-fir forests...