Measurement of plant moisture stress of 1-2 m understory conifers
was made in "reference stands" on the H. J. Andrews Experimental
Forest in 1970-1972. Maximum stress each year (measured between midnight
and dawn) is closely correlated with the position of each community
along one axis of an ordination of the...
Variation in nutrient content of forest trees is discussed using the
data from literature plus data collected by the authors. Sections are
included on sampling and methods of expression of nutrient content. The
emphasis is on possible causes of variation, which involves nutrient
variation between years, within the year, and...
The specific objectives of the program are: (1) To understand the relative behavior of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in various environments in the biome. (2) To develop conceptual and computer simulation models that describe nutrient, carbon, and waterflows on a short-term basis (fewer than ten years) and which integrate research...
This report describes decomposition studies conducted in the H. J. Andrews
Forest, Oregon in 1973. Changes in weight loss and nutrient content of
leaves, cones, branches, and bark of Douglas-fir and leaves of big-leaf
maple, vine maple, Rhododendron, red alder, sword fern Oregon oak, and
Chinkapin were recorded in a...
The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow
oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water
model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme
has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of
It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are...
The food habits of yellow perch in Lake Washington were studied over a period
of nine months. Altogether, 549 yellow perch were examined for the stomach
contents. The food consisted mainly of cottids, mysid shrimp, and chironomid
pupae and larvae; the predominant food item being the mysid shrimp.
There was...
Macroinvertebrates were sampled on a regular basis from March to October
1973. A relationship between chironomid length and biomass was established.
Production equations to be used for these insects are reported. A similar
length/weight relationship is presently being explored for the oligochaetes.
A proposal is made for calculating their production...
A study of the phosphorus dynamics in castle Lake, California, is presented.
The approach is (1) to identify the important phosphorus parameters,
(2) to develop and apply methods measuring the parameters in the
field and (3) to develop a computer model of the phosphorus cycle. This
model will be used...
Nitrogen fixation rates were determined periodically by the acetylene
reduction technique at three depths in each of the lakes. Fixation began
in June in Lakes Washington and Sammamish and peaked during July and
August. Chester Morse and Findley Lakes did not exhibit acetylene
reduction activity until August and the rates...
Lakes Findley, Chester Morse and Sammamish, Washington, are characterized
by one major outburst of phytoplankton productivity and biomass (mainly
diatoms) with usually no or low fall activity. Vernal outbursts were
often delayed in the monomictic lakes by inadequate light because of
unfavorable climate and/or a lack of thermal stratification. Strong...
Zooplankton grazing rates and life history stage densities for secondary
production estimates were determined in three lakes in the Cedar River
watershed, Washington. Eight copepod species, seven cladoceran and nine
rotifer species were identified in the three lakes. No one species of
cladoceran or copepod occurred in all the lakes,...
A litter decomposition model was developed as part of :a watershed modeling effort. This model simulates weekly dry weight changes In woody and nonwoody litter (01), incorporated litter layer (02), and soil organic matter. Processes simulated by the model include: litterfall by component, root turnover, respiration, decomposition, and organic matter...
A convenient method of portraying functions of n dimensions to aid modeling
is needed. Unfortunately, visual representations are limited to only
two independent variables. ISO was written to partially meet the demands
of two-independent-variable graphics.
Much effort can be saved by having well-documented field notebooks and field sheets. ITABLE will produce notebook pages filling in the collector's name, dates, stations, and depths.
A steady-state phosphorus cycle was determined for the stratified period
May to November in Lake Sammamish, Washington. A steady-state. condition
for this period is considered at this time since data on some important
processes are only sufficient to estimate average values for the stratified
period. Nevertheless, such a cycle is...
Field reconnaissance, soil sampling, and laboratory analyses were
conducted to characterize the soils of the 50 by 50 meter forest community
reference stand plots in and near the H. J. Andrews Experimental
Forest. Soil descriptions, chemical and physical properties, soil classification,
and nutrient capital information for mineral soils are summarized....
Air temperatures at i m and soil temperatures at 2C cm are reported for
twenty-one forest stands in the central Western Cascader of Oregon. Records
began in 1970 for some stands, in 1971 or 1972 for most. Temperature Growth
Index for a stand, based on temperature effects on Douglas-fir seedling...
FLEX1 is a general model processor, patterned after Klir's
General Sequential System Paradigm (Figure 1). Specifically, the
processor is a discrete time flux oriented realization of the general
paradigm and can process non-linear, non-stationary, environmentally
controlled state variable system models with explicit memory. The
current version is restricted to not...
Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil on a steep slope. Hydrologic properties include hydraulic conductivity, porosity, pore-size distribution, moisture characteristics, stone content, and soil depth....
A fast response meteorological instrument system for measuring parameters
used in calculating evapotranspiration above a forest stand is described.
Comprised of Gill-type propeller anemometers, Brady-array humidity sensors,
thermistor air-temperature sensors and a Metro-Data digital tape recorder,
the system was designed to measure eddy fluctuations in the range from one
to...
This is the annual report from the investigators responsible for soil
characterization at the Findley Lake watershed. Soil characterization
is complete for two soils and is in progress on six others. Site
preparation for years 3 and 4 is complete except for lysimeter
installation.
Goals in 1972 included characterization of the soils of the
Oregon IBP reference stands, development of information on the soils
throughout the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, and evaluation
of nutrient provision to the major kinds of soils. Field reconnaissance,
soil morphology studies, and sampling were carried out.
Lab analyses...
Although no formal project in mineral cycling was defined for 1972, three modeling efforts were begun: calcium cycling at Cedar River, litter decomposition, and miombo ecosystem. The calcium cycling model is a simple compartment model and was developed as a practice exercise. It demonstrates the inadequacy of linear-donor control formulation...
Research concerning the indigenous slug, ArioZimax coZumbianus G., followed
a three-pronged approach resulting in information on spatial distribution,
population dynamics, and consumer roles. Investigations were carried out
in a high slug density site at Carkeep Park, Cedar River and the laboratory.
Insects represent the most diverse and abundant group of consumers
know. The overall objective of this study was to obtain relative density
estimates of the dominant taxa and identify their primary functions in
order to assist consumer modelling efforts.
Populations of mites and.nematodes were monitored on Watershed 10, H. J.
Andrews Forest. A minimum of 50 families and 60 genera of mites are
present, the majority being Cryptostgmata. Population estimates vary
from 5000-350,000 per square meter. Nine categories of nematodes are
present, most belonging to the saprozoic, dorylaimoid, aquatic...
Stem mapping of all trees greater than 15 cm dbh has
been completed on the 10.24 hectare watershed (No. 10) at H. J.
Andrews intensive study site. Using a 25 m grid system, mapping
of vegetation into 7 plant communities and then into 4 habitat
types has also been completed....
Macrobenthos populations of the IBP lakes were sampled during October and November of 1972. Analyses of the samples revealed dominance of chrinomids and oligochaetes in both littoral and profundal regions for at least this time of year. Due to sampling difficulties the oligochaete material was not used for chemical analyses....
The feasibility and enumeration studies have led to the following conclusions: The nitrogen fixation studies should be done in 1973, using acetylene reduction technique with some verification by N15. The denitrification studies should be done with N15 technique. The decision to continue more enumeration sampling of nitrogen transforming bacteria should...
Aquatic mineral measurements and sediment characterization of the Cedar
River basin lakes and streams reveals two largely distinct physical and
chemical environments. Near the headwaters of the Cedar River Watershed
the composition of lakes and streams reflect adjacent rocks but the effects
of forest and agricultural practices and of processes...
The purpose of the past year's research was to begin measurement of the respiratory metabolism of zooplankton and phytoplankton in four lakes in the Lake Washington drainage. This was done, using an enzyme assay for the activity of the electron transport system. The lakes were sampled frequently and depth profiles...
Grazing rates and density of the crustacean zooplankton were measured
in Findley and Chester Morse Lakes and Lake Sammamish, Washington.
Sample analysis is incomplete at reporting time, thus estimates of
production from examination of life stage biomass changes was not possible.
Maximum density of crustacean zooplankton was about 10/1 in...
Lakes Findley, Chester Morse and Sammamish, Washington, are characterized
by one major outburst of phytoplankton productivity and biomass (mainly
diatoms) with usually no or low fall activity. Vernal outbursts were often
delayed in some lakes and years probably by unfavorable climate (snow cover
and cloudy rainy conditions). Mean spring-summer productivity...
In the Coniferous Forest Biome, many of the understory as well as
dominant plants are evergreen and thus water uptake is a year around
process. The flow of water from the soil through plants to the atmosphere
affects the entire forest ecosystem. As water is evaporated, it absorbs
heat and...
The attack spatial pattern of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus
pseudotsugae Hopkins was shown to be regular within a given subarea
of bark on its host, Pseudotsugae menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Empirical
arguments were advanced which indicated the uniform spacing of attacks
was the result of a beetle controlled spacing mechanism dependent...
A method of measuring the dehydrogenase activity of sediments at lOC was
calibrated by direct microcalorimetry at the same temperature. Field
measurements of dehydrogenase activity of sediments in Lake Washington
were converted to rates of metabolic heat release by means of the significant
regression of dehydrogenase activity on metabolic heat...
Felled second-growth Douglas-fir trees in western Washington were used
to determine the attack distribution and develop a sampling technique
for an endemic Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonue peeudotaugae Hopk.
(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) population. The attack density varied by
circumferential position. The lowest density was on the upper bole
and the highest on one...
Sixteen propeller anemometers were placed 29 meters above a 45-year-old (approximately) Douglas-fir stand. Correlations between paired anemometers, when viewed as a function of distance between them, showed that eddies up to 5 meters in diameter were common, and indicated that larger eddies up to 9 meters across occur. Partial correlation...
Data on soil temperature at two locations and five depths, tensiometer readings, and soil moisture release curves for the soils of Findley Lake are presented in this report.
The conceptual framework of an erosion model has been designed to link processes of mass wasting, surface erosion, and channel storage and transport. A program to stimulate mass wasting will be based on a variation of the factor of safety approach which balances forces tending to drive mass movement against...
The preliminary results of a study of the insect emergence at Findley Lake in the Cascade Mountains of Washington during 1972 are presented. Bottom samples were taken from different regions of the lake to compare
the insect emergence at the surface, the physical conditions of the bottom,
and the biological...
Sample collection to define the phytoplankton biomass and productivity in Lakes Findley, Chester Morse, and Sammamish was conducted according to the schedule In Figure 1. Methods and procedures are the same as those
used in 1972 (Welch et al. 1972). The purpose of such sampling is to provide validation data...
Biome investigators are well skilled in collecting and recording numbers.
The investigators continue through description of the notebook data.
Some investigators encounter much trouble in getting the data our of
their notebooks and Interchanged among people in a usable format. This
paper describes an effort to automate the calculations done...
Direct-beam solar radiation is presented in graphical and tabular form for hourly, daily, and yearly values for 7 slopes on 16 aspects at 45 and 47.5 degrees north latitude. Theoretical equations necessary for the calculations are given. Solar altitude and azimuth during the day and year are also presented for...
This study was made to estimate seasonal abundance, growth, mortality and biomass of planktivore fish by species and age groups
on Lake Washington, Lake Sammamish, and Chester Morse Lake, and to incorporate this information with other studies to test trophic dynamics models. Work in the initial year was directed toward...
To determine productivity of fish, we will require an estimate of relative abundance that can be expanded later into estimates of biomass. Our work has shown that much of the fish production in Lake Washington is in the form of nonsalmonid and nongame species, such as peamouth and northern squawfish....
The aquatic modeling group, consisting of Davis, Donaldson, Hall, Higley, Lyford, McIntire, Mullooly, Overton, Strand, Waring, and Warren, met in four 2-hour sessions from July 7 to July 26. The charge to the group was: 1. Define an appropriate internal structure for the aquatic subsystem; 2. Define significant couplings between...
The simulation model described below is based on the assumption that the periphyton community can be treated as a unit, without a quantitative concern for the dynamics of
its many constituent populations. The function statements and parameter
estimates incorporated into the model are based on experimental work with laboratory streams...