Published July 2000. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
4-H members have the same responsibility for growing a safe, wholesome product as the livestock producer who sells hundreds of animals—and you must abide by the same laws. This publication can help you produce healthy project animals and ensure a safe, wholesome product for the consumer.
Learning how to produce...
Published July 1966. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 2008. Reviewed October 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published August 1977. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Welcome to the beginning 4-H outdoor cooking project—S’mores and More! If you haven’t yet experienced the joys of cooking outdoors, here’s your opportunity to roast marshmallows, make your own S’mores, and so much more!
Published July 1988. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog\
Reprinted January 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1988. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published September 1950. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog\
Published September 1963. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
File scanned at 300 ppi (Monochrome, 8-bit Grayscale) using ScandAll PRO 1.8.1 on a Fi-6670 in PDF format. CVista PdfCompressor 4.0 was used for pdf compression and textual OCR.
Published September 1941. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised November 1954. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
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Be in the 4-H Dollar Dinner Contest ---------------------------------------------- 40
Junior 4-H
Revised December 1956. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published 1946. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
In November-December 1984 we carried out an intensive 12-day upper ocean sampling program on
the equator at 140°W as part of the Tropic Heat Experiment. From our observations we constructed
hourly averaged profiles of temperature, salinity, σ₁, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, and horizontal
velocity. These data were used to...
This publication is adapted from 4-H Beef Project, originally prepared by Dean Frischknecht, Extension animal scientist emeritus; Guy Reynolds, Extension veterinarian emeritus; and Duane P. Johnson, Extension specialist, 4-H and Youth Development.
Portions of the fitting and showing section are reproduced with the permission of the Angus Joumai, 3201 Frederick,...
Welcome to the 4-H Sheep Project. You are joining an industry that returns millions of dollars to farmers each year, and caring for one of the oldest domesticated farm animals. Wool has been used for clothing since the days of the earlier settlers, and flocks of sheep have supplied both...
When you start your sheep project, you will become part of an industry that returns millions of dollars to farmers each year. As a 4-H member you will be caring for one of the oldest domesticated farm animal. Wool has been used for clothing since the days of the earlier...
This publication furnishes information that should be useful to 4-H Club leaders and members and other young people. It is intended to supplement subjectmatter material published by the various States and other agencies. The text emphasizes getting acquainted with forest trees and forest stands and learning their different values to...
This is a basic resource for 4-H members doing a horse project in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Book sections cover horse breeds, psychology, and how to choose a horse; the horse's health, care, and management; raising a foal and basic colt training; tack and equipment, both general and specific to...
Science is involved in many areas of dairying. The 4-H
Dairy Science Project emphasizes the "why's" of dairying. The
information you learn here should help you with other dairy projects.
You will learn some of the "why's" of selection, nutrition, milk
secretion, and reproduction as well as "how to do...
The primary purpose of this study was to determine which factors related to adult 4-H volunteer empowerment in 4-H youth development settings. This study examined the relationship of adult 4-H volunteers’ perceived leadership styles of Oregon 4-H Youth Development Educators (YDE) to the adult 4-H volunteer sense of empowerment. In...
This Instruction Memorandum (IM) directs the implementation of the land use plan adaptive management process to evaluate and apply hard and soft triggers and responses, as detailed in the Greater Sage-Grouse (GRSG) Approved Resource Management Plans and Amendments (GRSG Plans), Great Basin and Rocky Mountain GRSG Regional Records of Decision...
The 4-H Yukon River Fisheries Education and Youth Development
Program is a federally funded youth-at-risk program created to help youth
escape from the social ills of substance abuse, teen pregnancy, low
academic achievement, and suicide that plague rural Alaskan villages. By
providing youth the opportunity to learn the skills needed...
Extensive first-pass metabolism of ingested bisphenol A (BPA) in the gastro-intestinal tract and liver restricts blood concentrations of bioactive BPA to < 1% of total BPA in humans and non-human primates. Absorption of ingested BPA through non-metabolizing tissues of the oral cavity, recently demonstrated in dogs, could lead to the...
In order to quantify changes in export production and carbonate dissolution over the past 1 Myr in the
central equatorial Pacific Ocean we analyzed Ba, P, Al, Ti, and Ca in 1106 samples from five piston cores gathered from
5°S to 4°N at 140°W. We focused on Ba/Ti, Al/Ti, and...
A new method for determining ion exchange equilibrium
data by liquid scintillation counting of the equilibrated solution
phase is described. This method has been applied to determine
equilibria between Dowex 50W X8, a commercial strong cation exchange
resin, and binary and ternary solution containing the varying combinations
of H⁺¹, Cs⁺¹,...
Des comptes d'exploitation par type d'exploitation de la flottille aux céphalopodes sont utilisés dans la modélisation bio-économique qui met a notre disposition des éléments d’appréciations plus centres sur des variables économiques. Ces éléments servent a des taux d'exploitation optimaux selon les critères juges pertinents par 1'adniinistration (revenus. Emploi, etc.) et...
Au Maroc, la pêche des thonidés s’effectue essentiellement lors des migrations de ces espèces le long des côtes marocaines, soit de l'Atlantique vers la Méditerranée durant la période Avril à Juin et dans le sens inverse durant la période allant de Juillet à Octobre. Les espèces de thonidés capturées par...
Certaines populations marines, de par leur capacité à réaliser des déplacements de grande envergure, marquent leur distribution spatiale d'une forte variabilité; Celle ci s'inscrit souvent dans un cycle saisonnier avec une reproductibilité interannuelle. Ces déplacements sont liés soit à une migration saisonnière entre plusieurs aires, soit à une concentration saisonnière...
Japan is both the largest producer and consumer of tuna in the world. However, Taiwan has been a major exporter to Japan of Thunnus albacares and Thunnus obesus recently. For example, the market shares of Taiwan's supply are 20% for T. albacares, and 44% for T. obesus in 1992. Hence,...
As the various mechanisms of fisheries resources management have matured, fishermen increasingly have responded by devising and developing different forms of collective representation. Within the European Union (EU), Producer's organisation (POs) provide a voluntary organisational structure which has evolved since its inception in the 1970s. During the intervening period, POs...
This study examines the status of women and their contributions to the fishing industry in West Africa with a particular emphasis on Nigeria. The existence of varied fish resources in the region can play a significant role in the nutritional and economic well being of the people as it relates...
Dans le cadre de la coopération Franco-Brésilienne, l'IFREMER, l'Etat de Bahia et la société Littoral Sul Maricultura ont développé une nouvelle technique d'élevage de crevettes pénéides (Penaeus vannamei) en utilisant des cages flottantes. Après trois années de mise au point, cette technique s'est avérée intéressante sur plusieurs aspects. La productivité...
Published April 1967. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
One deciduous cultivar of Rhododendron L., Gibraltar (AZ), and two evergreen cultivars, P.J.M. Compact (PJM) and English Roseum (ER), were grown in containers for 1 year to determine the effects of irrigation frequency during container production on plant performance the next spring when the plants were transplanted into the landscape....
Identification of new molecular targets for the treatment of breast cancer is an important clinical goal, especially for triple-negative breast cancer, which is refractory to existing targeted treatments. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor known primarily as the mediator of dioxin toxicity. However, the AhR can...
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treated with DMSO, 0.1% (v/v), TCDD (1 nM),
or raloxifene (20 and 30mM, respectively) for 4h. Bars
Published October 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1890. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
A new method is presented for estimating the vertical turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the daily mixed layer from the temperature data in the mixed layer and net solar irradiance data at the sea surface. We assume that fluctuations in the divergence of advective heat flux have longer...
Kilning, which is the drying operation in hop cultivation, is a processing step that can have a tremendous impact on hop quality. Historically, hops have been dried at temperatures ranging from 140-155°F. In the last decade, growers have moved toward kilning hops at lower temperatures averaging between 125-140°F in the...
NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc that is notable as the site where underwater explosive eruptions were first witnessed in A. D. 2004. After years of continuous low-level eruptive activity, a major landslide occurred at NW Rota-1 in August 2009, triggered by an unusually large...
American hop growers have historically dried hops in the range of 140-155°F/ 60-68°C using deep bed kilns (24 – 32 inches/ 60 – 81 cm), but over the last 10 years they have shifted to lower temperatures (125 -135 °F/ 52 – 57°C) for drying new American aroma cultivars. Reduced...
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Thomas H. Shellhammer
American hop growers have historically dried hops in the range of
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates bile acid, lipid and glucose metabolism. Here we show that treatment of mice with glycine-β-muricholic acid (Gly-MCA) inhibits FXR signalling exclusively in intestine, and improves metabolic parameters in mouse models of obesity. Gly-MCA is a selective high-affinity FXR inhibitor that can be administered orally...
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The aim of this work is to review current knowledge relating the established cancer hallmark, sustained cell proliferation
to the existence of chemicals present as low dose mixtures in the environment. Normal cell proliferation is under tight
control, i.e. cells respond to a signal to proliferate, and although most cells...
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~4h fol-
lowing mitosis (G1 post-mitosis or G1pm), a normal cultured cell
is in a state of
Lignocellulosic biomass is a potential source of fermentable sugars such as glucose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a viable method of solubilizing the glucose from biomass, but the cellulose fraction of native lignocellulosic material is shielded from enzymatic attack by the lignin-hemicellulose matrix surrounding it. Pretreating lignocellulosic biomass with dilute...
Aims:
While lateral root mass is readily detectable with ground penetrating radar (GPR), the roots beneath a tree (below-stump) and overlapping lateral roots near large trees are problematic for surface-based antennas operated in reflection mode. We sought to determine if tree size (DBH) effects GPR root detection proximal to longleaf...
Published April 1977. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1959. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials as anticancer agents, but some exhibit resistance mechanisms
linked to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 functions, such as BH3-only protein silencing. HDAC inhibitors that reactivate BH3-only family
members might offer an improved therapeutic approach. We show here that a novel seleno-α-keto acid triggers global histone...
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modifications, we conducted ChIP
assays in colon cancer cells at an early time point, 4h.
Consistent with the
Extracting benthic oxygen fluxes from eddy covariance time series measured in the presence of surface gravity waves requires careful consideration of the temporal alignment of the vertical velocity and the oxygen concentration. Using a model based on linear wave theory and measured eddy covariance data, we show that a substantial...
Extracting benthic oxygen fluxes from eddy covariance time series measured in the presence of surface gravity waves requires careful consideration of the temporal alignment of the vertical velocity and the oxygen concentration. Using a model based on linear wave theory and measured eddy covariance data, we show that a substantial...
Published August 1974. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
There is a lack of consensus regarding the roles of sulfide saturation versus volatile degassing on the partitioning of Cu and Ag during differentiation and eruption of convergent margin magmas. Because of their oxidized character, volatile-rich magmas from the Eastern Manus Back-arc Basin (EMBB) only reach sulfide saturation following magnetite-driven...
These are the proceedings of a short course in the management of young Douglas-fir and western hemlock conducted by the School of Forestry, Oregon State University, June 16-18, 1969.
Upon recommendations of participants in the 1968 short course, this course was designed to enlarge upon the inventory, operational, and economic...
Poaching is a major problem under the Chilean system of territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs). Organizations of artisanal fishers that are granted spatial property rights through TURFs combat poaching by establishing their own enforcement. Although an organization must protect its benthic resources against poachers from both within the organization...
High pressure processing was investigated for controlling Cheddar cheese ripening. One-month- or 4-month-old Cheddar cheeses were subjected to pressures ranging from 200 to 800 MPa for 5 min at 25 °C. The number of viable Lactococcus lactis (starter) and Lactobacillus (nonstarter) cells decreased as pressure increased. Subsequent storage of the...
The occurrence of frozen soil has a major effect on runoff and soil loss
in the Pacific Northwest. Hence, information regarding the probabilities of
occurrence of periods during which the soil may be frozen is necessary in order
to adequately forecast long-term erosion rates for this region. In order to...
Bayesian networks are probabilistic models that represent complex distributions in a modular way and have become very popular in many fields. There are many methods to build Bayesian networks from a random sample of independent and identically distributed observations. However, many observational studies are designed using some form of clustered...
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Bae1,*, Stefano Monti2, , Monty Montano3, , Martin H. Steinberg2,, Thomas T.
Perls2, , and Paola
Capturing breeding adults of colonially nesting species can entail risks of nest failure and even colony abandonment, especially in species that react strongly to human disturbance. A low-disturbance technique for capturing specific adult Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) at a ground-nesting colony was developed to reduce these risks and is described...
When precipitation falls on frozen soil, serious soil loss can
occur. In order to assign realistic probabilities to the occurrence of
this condition for use in predicting erosion rates over long time
periods, a technique for combining characteristics of precipitation and
air temperature records is applied to hourly wet season...
Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A (1°13.01'N, 83°43.39'W) is
in 3440 m of water east of the Galapagos Platform in the equatorial
eastern Pacific Ocean. At this site in 5.9 Ma crust, basement rocks
were recovered over the depth range of 195.1 meters below seafloor
(mbsf) to 469 mbsf. These rocks...
Advances in forest carbon mapping have the potential
to greatly reduce uncertainties in the global carbon
budget and to facilitate effective emissions mitigation strategies
such as REDDC (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
and Forest Degradation). Though broad-scale mapping
is based primarily on remote sensing data, the accuracy of
resulting forest carbon...
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AGBD (solid grey reference line).
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Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures
have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of
individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions
of environmentally...
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in tumor therapy. Clin Cancer
Res, 18, 1561-7.
4. Airley, R.E., et al. (2007) Hypoxic regulation
When precipitation falls on frozen soil, serious soil loss can
occur. In order to assign realistic probabilities to the occurrence of
this condition for use in predicting erosion rates over long time
periods, a technique for combining characteristics of precipitation and
air temperature records is applied to more than 31...
During SHEBA, thin ice and freshening of the Arctic Ocean surface in the Beafort Sea led to speculation that perennial sea ice was disappearing [McPhee et al., 1998]. Since 1987, we have collected salinity, δ¹⁸O and Ba profiles near the initial SHEBA site and, in 1997, we ran a section...
Chemical and microbial soil properties were assessed in paired unfertilized and urea fertilized (>89 g N·m–2) plots in 13 second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands distributed throughout western Washington and Oregon. A decade following the termination of fertilization, fertilized plots averaged 28% higher total N in the O layer...
There is a lack of consensus regarding the roles of sulfide saturation versus volatile degassing on the partitioning of Cu and Ag during differentiation and eruption of convergent margin magmas. Because of their oxidized character, volatile-rich magmas from the Eastern Manus Back-arc Basin (EMBB) only reach sulfide saturation following magnetite-driven...
We investigated the use of output from Bayesian stable isotope mixing models as constraints for a linear inverse food web model of a temperate intertidal seagrass system in the Marennes-Oléron Bay, France. Linear inverse modeling (LIM) is a technique that estimates a complete network of flows in an under-determined system...
Humpback whales produce a wide range of low-to mid-frequency vocalizations throughout their migratory range. Non-song "calls" dominate this species' vocal repertoire while on high-latitude foraging grounds. The source levels of 426 humpback whale calls in four vocal classes were estimated using a four-element planar array deployed in Glacier Bay National...
In many undergraduate engineering programs, students do not synthesize content learned from multiple courses until a capstone senior design course. As an example, in undergraduate civil engineering programs, transportation engineering concepts (e.g., geometric alignment, asphalt design procedures) and geotechnical engineering concepts (e.g., shear strength of soils, soil compaction) are not...
Straying by hatchery-reared salmon is a major concern for conservation and recovery of many salmon populations. Fisheries managers have attempted to minimize negative ecological and genetic interactions between hatchery and wild fish by using parr-smolt acclimation facilities to ensure successful olfactory imprinting and homing fidelity. However, the effectiveness of offsite...
The occurrence of frozen soil has a major effect on runoff and soil loss in western Oregon. Hence, information regarding the probabilities of occurrence of periods during which the soil may be frozen is necessary in order to adequately forecast long-term erosion rates for this region. In order to assign...
Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures
have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of
individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions
of environmentally...
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the ‘missing
hallmark’ of dedifferentiation (4).
Biochemical characterization of cancers in the
When assessing differential gene expression from RNA sequencing data, commonly used statistical tests tend to have greater power to detect differential expression of genes encoding longer transcripts. This phenomenon, called "length bias", will influence subsequent analyses such as Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. In the presence of length bias, Gene Ontology...
In the last 20 years, a considerable volume of literature has emerged with respect to the efficacy of the market place in the allocation of water resources. Economists have been very willing to apply their tools of optimization in a comparative statics framework to indicate that any resource can be...
Processes that influence habitat selection in landscapes involve the interaction of habitat composition and configuration
and are particularly important for species with complex life cycles. We assessed the relative influence of landscape spatial
processes and local habitat characteristics on patterns in the distribution and abundance of spawning steelhead
(Oncorhynchus mykiss),...
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landscapes. Oikos 65: 169–175.
4. Andren H, Delin A, Seiler A (1997) Population response to landscape
The number of wildland–urban interface communities affected by wildfire is increasing, and both wildfire suppression and losses are costly. However, little is known about post-wildfire response by homeowners and communities after buildings are lost. Our goal was to characterise rebuilding and new development after wildfires across the conterminous United States....