The coronavirus pandemic and its associated public health response resulted in disruptions in daily life as well as financial and other insecurities. This corresponded with an increase in adverse mental health outcomes in adolescents in the United States, including a temporary increase in suicidal ideation and behaviors. The pandemic also...
Background: Against global health disparities and a shortfall of medical personnel, community health workers (CHWs) promise a solution based in lived experience and connection to the health system. To address global and upstream health determinants, CHW programs engage the perspectives of both the workers they employ and the communities they...
In 2022, the Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth noted only 24% of children ages 6 to 17 years achieved the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity daily, with a drop in physical activity as children age (Barriss, 2022). More importantly, children with disabilities have been found...
Phytochemicals from cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, contain a multitude of bioactive compounds that prevent and suppress cancer and promote optimal health. Some of the health promoting effects of cruciferous vegetables are attributed to a class of compounds known as isothiocyanates (ITCs), a potent nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2...
Skeletal muscle mitochondria are highly plastic organelles, integral to whole-body health. High-fat diet (HFD) and exercise remodel the skeletal muscle mitochondria. Whereby, altered skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is linked to decreased skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity which can be reversed by exercise. However, the mechanisms that contribute to skeletal muscle remodeling...
People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) engage in lesser physical activity (PA) and more time in sedentary activities as compared to those without disabilities. A subset of people with IDD who are most vulnerable to develop habits detrimental to health is the emerging adults who are transitioning from adolescence...
Iliotibial (IT) band syndrome is a common overuse injury which affects many runners and can result in needing to take time off from running to alleviate symptoms or allow the injury to heal. Common biomechanical characteristics of those affected by IT band syndrome include increased hip adduction, knee varus, and...
Eccentric rate of force development (ECC RFD) is a measure of the rate at which muscles can generate decelerative forces. However, it has traditionally been measured while jumping on force plates, which are not easily accessible or easy to use in a practical setting. With technology advancements it may be...
As life expectancy continues to rise, adults over 65 are one of the fastest-growing age groups in the United States. As we have made significant strides in mitigating disease, we now have to consider health states that lead to disablement and the inability to age-in-place, including falls, frailty, functional mobility,...
Early childhood is a crucial time for the holistic development of a child’s social, emotional, cognitive, and physical needs to build a solid and broad foundation for lifelong wellbeing and learning (Irwin et al., 2007). During this critical period, there is an increased demand for motor skills and executive function...
Students with disabilities are not being afforded the same access to sporting opportunities as their peers without disabilities. The purpose of this dissertation was to build on a foundation of information regarding collegiate adaptive sports through a Critical Disabilities Studies lens. Specific aims included: (1) identifying and describing intercollegiate, adaptive...
Background
Potentially, orally administered antibodies specific to enteric pathogens could be administered to infants to prevent diarrheal infections, particularly in developing countries where diarrhea is a major problem. However, to prevent infection, such antibodies would need to resist degradation within the gastrointestinal tract.
Methods
Palivizumab, a recombinant antibody specific to...
Milk contains elements of numerous proteolytic systems (zymogens, active proteases, protease inhibitors and protease activators) produced in part from blood, in part by mammary epithelial cells and in part by immune cell secretion. Researchers have examined milk proteases for decades, as they can cause major defects in milk quality and...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) against American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) women is a significant public health issue, requiring deeper understanding on how to better support Native women survivors. This mixed-methods project utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methods to examine factors associated with support-seeking behaviors and explore how women seek support and...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are complex mixtures that form when organic matter is burned. Humans are primarily exposed to PAHs via air pollution from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, such a motor vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, wood smoke, or industrial emissions; or via ingestion of PAHs bound to...
Bangladesh is a developing country with burdens of environmental pollution and disparities in maternal and child health. Arsenic, manganese, and lead are pervasive environmental contaminants throughout Bangladesh with major exposures through drinking water and ambient pollution. Chronic exposures to arsenic, manganese, and lead in sensitive populations such as pregnant women,...
This dissertation examined the association between HAP and respiratory health, both using simple proxy metrics, such as cooking fuel types, and actual measurements, such as household and personal measures of PM2.5 and BC. We found that simple proxy metrics can predict a portion of HAP levels, and associations with respiratory...
Climate change is causing people around the world to experience extreme temperature and air pollution events such as wildfires more frequently, and for longer periods of time. Extreme heat events have been widely associated with an increased risk of emergency room visits, occupational heat-related injuries and illnesses, and mortality overall...
Falls in older adults are an important concern due to the potential injuries associated with falling. Decreases in muscle strength as a result of natural aging could impair the ability of older adults to prevent either a backward or forward fall. Two musculoskeletal models were used to predict the effect...
Dietary nitrate (NO3-), consumed primarily from leafy green and root vegetables, lowers blood pressure, improves vascular function and aerobic exercise performance. This performance-enhancing effect of nitrate supplementation is largely attributed to the increased bioavailability of the signaling molecule, nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous free radical signaling molecule...
Farmers and migrant and seasonal farmworkers (F/MSFW) dedicate their livelihoods to the production of food for consumers, yet they may struggle to access food to feed themselves. Rural residents, immigrants, and Hispanic/Latinx individuals all have higher risk for food insecurity, yet little is known about the unique contexts through which...
There is a known relationship between total physical activity (PA) and weight status in children; however, there is a paucity of data examining the prospective relationship between school day PA and obesity among rural elementary school children. A large number of cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that higher levels of PA...
School-aged children with disabilities have difficulty in meeting current physical activity guidelines (Stanish et al., 2019). As such, there is a need for providing effective physical activity promotion programs for school-aged children with disabilities. School settings can be the right place to promote physical activity for children with disabilities because...
Physical activity is important for young children with and without disabilities. However, recent investigations have found that young children with and without disabilities spend less time in physical activity than is recommended. Family and music factors have been shown to positively affect physical activity of this population in previous studies....
Known events occur in life that are associated with steep drop-offs in physical activity behavior. One such event is the transitional period between late adolescence and early adulthood, particularly the completion of high school and start of college or university. The reduction associated with this transition has been reported to...
Children with developmental disabilities (DDs) have been observed to have delays in motor skills compared to their age-matched peers without disabilities. Empirical research suggests that children with motor skill delays experience more internalizing and externalizing behaviours and that early motor skill difficulties may be an important indicator of future increases...
Children with disabilities report some of the lowest physical activity (PA) levels among U.S. children. Estimating the magnitude of PA disparities has been previously challenged by underreporting and variability in subsampling of children with disabilities. The present research leverages the redesigned National Survey of Children’s Health to estimate population-level disparities...
Young children with developmental disabilities (< 12 years old) participate less in physical activity (PA) and experience motor skill deficits compared to young children without disabilities (Jung, Leung, Schram, & Yun, 2018; Liu, Hamilton, Davis, & ElGarhy, 2014; Whyatt & Craig, 2012). When taking account of a bi-directional relationship between...
Through this dissertation, the quality of freely available physical activity promotion web articles that lay adults would likely locate online was critically appraised and theoretically analyzed. Three broad categories were considered. They were 1) message consistency with national health guidelines for physical activity; 2) suitability for health-related communication; and 3)...
Abstract from the 2019 Oregon Academy of Science (OAS) conference held on February 23, 2019 at Linfield College, McMinville, OR. The abstract documents the process by which "Kinesiology" became a visible discipline on the OAS program for the first time in 2019. Preserving this historical moment may be important for...
Physical activity education and sports may uniquely contribute to the sufficiency economy, not just philosophically, but practically. Our chances of achieving this are optimized by understanding and applying wisdom-derived knowledge from evolution, natural law, and demography. In this presentation I hope to increase your understanding as to why regular physical...
Is it better to have a select few people serve as representatives of a nation’s health and vitality, or to have the whole of a nation be active and healthy? The answer speaks volumes about a society’s values and long-term interests in its citizens and their prosperity. If the emphasis...
People cannot perform at their best unless they are healthy and well. A key behavior in attaining and maintaining a high state of health and wellness is physical activity. Regular physical activity participation is widely known to provide numerous physical, psychological, and social benefits. In spite of this, very few...
Because of their new independent status as young adults, undergraduate college students are at a crucial point in the development of significant health behaviors, especially as related to physical activity. Unfortunately, in the United States, there is clear evidence that the lifestyle choices college students make are not always healthy...
For athletes and training populations, the ability to track progress and determine appropriate workloads to stimulate adaptation is vital. Measures that represent a person’s aerobic fitness such as VO2 max and blood lactate concentration are often used for these purposes. While these measures can reveal a lot about a person’s...
Increased physical activity (PA) in children has been linked to improved quality of life, as well as the establishment of life-long PA habits that lead to improved health outcomes. The literature suggests that children who participate in organized sport programs engage in more PA than children who do not. Notably,...
Introduction: Parents provide an in-depth and unique perspective on their children with developmental disabilities (DDs) experiences and involvement in physical activity. Furthermore, family pets promote physical activity and quality of life in children with DDs. An imitation based physical activity program for children with DD and their family dog took...
Purpose: Children with Down syndrome (DS) may have limited opportunities to engage in independent mobility at the same age as their typically developing peers due to motor delays. The primary purpose of this study was to examine two activity-oriented outcomes - (1) onset of independent driving, and (2) onset of...
The aims of this study were to determine university students’ reasons for enrolling in physical activity courses (PACs) at institutions with different course policy arrangements, and to determine whether those reasons were associated with students’ motivation, competence, and weekly exercise METs. University students (N = 612) enrolled at two universities...
Context: Regular physical activity has increasingly been recommended to promote human health and wellbeing. However, information on participation in physical activities by people with disabilities is relatively scarce. The aim of this article is to conduct a systematically review of studies on physical activity among people with disabilities in mainland...
Background
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between daily movement patterns and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry-determined body fat percent (DXA-BF%) among children and adolescents while applying both traditional and novel analytical procedures.
Methods
Using data from the cross-sectional 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 5607),...
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in accurately measuring physical activity levels with accelerometers. Two distinct approaches have been used to estimate physical activity levels with accelerometers are vertical axis activity counts and vector magnitude (VM). Although previous studies evaluated these two distinct approaches for individuals without...
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune condition that affects the central nervous system, and impacts the lives of over 400,000 individuals in the US. These individuals face unpredictable relapses of disabling conditions, are less active and experience poorer quality of life than the general population. Health professionals are challenged to...
Self-directed mobility is a fundamental human right. Typically developing children engage in mobility for a majority of their day, but children with disabilities do not have the same opportunities. Children with disabilities are at a disadvantage and have a greater risk for developmental delays in physical and cognitive skills, along...
Background. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social-communicative deficits and restricted and repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities (APA, 2013). While current estimates suggest 1 in 68 children are diagnosed with ASD, more alarming statistics indicate 1 in 50 school-aged children live with the disorder (Blumberg, Bramlett, Kogan,...
The promotion of out of school physical activity during physical education has received increasing attention as a tool for combating increasing sedentary time among youth. Qualitative work has shown that physical education teachers feel they lack the knowledge necessary to include physical activity promotion in their lessons and unprepared by...
The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion released the Healthy People 2020 plan in 2010 (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [ODPHP], 2010). The mission of Healthy People 2020 is focused on improving the health of all Americans. One common tool utilized to improve the health of Americans...
For more than 30 years, researchers have investigated the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) platforms on athletic performance. WBV is a modality in which an individual stands on a vibrating platform to obtain performance effects. Frequency and amplitude of the vibration are the commonly adjusted parameters. The use of...
Background: Current policy in Oregon under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) indicates that children diagnosed with developmental delay (DD) are eligible for services before school, but not eligible for the receipt of services in school-based programs. Due to this definition of eligibility, children with DD face additional barriers...
DHA (22:6,ω3), but not EPA (20:5,ω3), attenuates Western diet (WD)-induced hepatic fibrosis in a Ldlr[superscript −/−] mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We examined the molecular basis for the differential effect of dietary EPA and DHA on WD-induced hepatic fibrosis. DHA was more effective than EPA at preventing WD-induced effects on...
Background:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health burden in western societies. The progressive form of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is characterized by hepatosteatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatic damage that can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis; risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the scope of NASH,...
Background: Early childhood is filled with incredible growth in all areas of development and offers a critical period for optimal learning (Lerner, 2002). During this critical period both motor skills (Bouffard, Watkinson, Thompson, Causgrove Dunn, & Romanow, 1996; Clark & Metcalfe, 2002; Lubans, Morgan, Cliff, Barnett, & Okely, 2010; Stodden...
Background: The Wave~Ripples for Change: Obesity Prevention in High-School Soccer Players research project is a 5-Y USDA funded project focused on building healthy nutrition, physical activity and life skills for healthy weight maintenance. The intervention includes providing face-to-face sport nutrition, physical activity and life- skills lessons, assessments of body composition,...
Children with disabilities engage in fewer social interactions than their typically developing peers (McConkey et al., 2013). The lack of social invitations may lead to many negative outcomes in the future, including poor academic performance and aggressive-disruptive behavior (Odom, 2006). Preschool-aged children (3-5 years old) without disabilities are aware that...
Decreases in glenohumeral (GH) rotation motion and rotator cuff strength have been linked to multiple pathologies in the throwing arms of baseball pitchers, but a full understanding of the shoulder mechanisms affected by a total arc of motion deficit (TAMD) has not yet been achieved. This study was designed to...
BACKGROUND: On the basis of the 2014 guidelines for hypertension therapy in the United States, many eligible adults remain untreated. We projected the cost-effectiveness of treating hypertension in U.S. adults according to the 2014 guidelines.
METHODS: We used the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model to simulate drug-treatment and monitoring costs, costs...
Over the past few decades, a primary focus has been on the negative health effects of not participating in regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MPVA). Only recently has sedentary behavior been studied as a distinct and independent risk factor for adverse health outcomes. This dissertation sought to provide new insights into...
OBJECTIVE: The associations of some risk factors with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are attenuated in
older age; whereas others appear robust. The present study aimed to compare CVD risk factors across
older age. METHODS: Participants (n = 4883) in the Cardiovascular Health Study free of prevalent CVD,
were stratified into three...
Shame is a debilitating inner experience elicited by the negative self-appraisal of one's entire self, and is characterized by a deep-seated sense of being flawed, defective, and therefore unworthy of acceptance and belonging (Brown, 2006). Although significant research has explored self-conscious emotions, including shame, little has been done to examine...
Many children with developmental disabilities are not engaging in the recommended amount of daily physical activity (Pan, 2008; Shields, Dodd, & Abblitt, 2009; Whitt-Glover et al., 2006), which can lead to additional health disparities and decreased quality of life for children in this population (Field & Jette, 2007). The relationship...
The benefits of physical activity (PA) are well established (USDDHS, 2008). Concern over the high rate of childhood obesity, however, has highlighted the emphasis of PA. Yet, children and adolescents are not obtaining the recommended amount of PA (CDC, 2011). Physical education (PE) has been recognized as an important source...
Research shows that Exercise-Associated Menstrual Dysfunction (ExMD) ranges from 6-79% of active women, depending on the sport. The primary contributor to ExMD is hypothesized to be low energy availability or relative energy deficiency in sport, due to insufficient energy intake to match exercise energy expenditure. Because many active women are...
Background: A particular health inequity that has drawn national attention is obesity in persons with disabilities (CDC, 2011). Estimates suggest that as many as 80% of adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID) are overweight or obese (Stanish & Draheim, 2005). Despite the benefits of being active (e.g. controlling...
With the growing popularity of kinesiology at the undergraduate level, one would expect the field to be influential. Kinesiology, however, appears to be in a paradox. The undergraduate popularity is not reflected in the rest of academia, or even the general public, many of whom feel kinesiology is not a...
Participation in regular physical activity is important for individuals with a mobility disability to decrease risk of chronic disease, improve quality of life, and maintain and improve functional ability. Consequently, there is a need for programs that can facilitate the adoption and maintenance of regular physical activity for adults with...
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of plyometric training on both spinal and supraspinal motor control as well as the rate of torque development (RTD) in healthy active females. Thirty-one subjects were recruited to participate in the study and participated in either the training or control...
The ability to quickly generate torque of the triple extensors is critical during rapid movements, especially when there is not enough time to reach peak torque. Rate of torque development (RTD), which is the rate of rise of the torque-time curve, is a commonly used measure of rapid torque generation....
Hip fractures have high mortality and morbidity rates after incidence, with osteoporosis being a major risk factor due to the loss of bone mineral density (BMD). Lower-body resistance exercises, such as squats, can provide sufficient loading on the hip to induce osteogenic effects. However, this loading may depend on how...
Afterschool staff have been identified as a critical piece in the positive outcomes youth receive through participation in afterschool programs (Apsler, 2009; Daud & Carruthers, 2008; Riggs & Greenberg, 2004). These programs may benefit youth with disabilities but little is known about what influences staff to include youth with disabilities...
Monitoring physical activity has been a dominant topic of research for many years. Being physically active has been shown to decrease health related issues, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and even premature death. Multiple researchers have studied monitoring physical activity, but the actual method of measuring physical activity in a free-living...
Current prevalence statistics suggest 1 in 88 children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (CDC, 2012). ASDs are pervasive developmental disorders characterized by social communicative deficits and restricted interests and behaviors (APA, 2000). Children with ASD also display deficits in motor skills (Green et al., 2002: Pan, Tsai, &...
It has been hypothesized that caffeine intake can directly interfere with estrogen synthesis; it is also well documented that caffeine can increase energy expenditure. Active women with ExMD are at risk for the female athlete triad, a syndrome associated with negative energy balance, leading to menstrual dysfunction and eventually poor...
Background: Spina bifida (SB) is the most common birth defect, affecting approximately 1 to 2 in 10,000 live births. SB is a complex disability with many associated, secondary, and chronic conditions that require lifelong medical care. Individuals with spina bifida (SB) are living longer with advances in medical care, and...
The inclusion of students with disabilities in general physical education (GPE) classes has become a concept and practice that is expected if not always understood. A review of inclusion in physical education literature suggested that GPE teachers possess less than favorable feelings towards the inclusion of students with disabilities in...
Wildland firefighting is environmentally and socially a risky and complex occupation. Although much attention has been given to understanding the physical components in fighting wildland fire, much less time has been devoted to understanding and developing the capacity of wildland firefighters to handle the dynamic pressures of the physical and...
Falls are a common problem among older adults, including those who are relatively healthy and living independently. Exercise has been recommended as an intervention to reduce falls by slowing and/or reversing age-related declines in balance, strength, and mobility. However, it remains unclear which types or combinations of programs are most...
Firefighting is a very hazardous profession. Firefighters experience an injury rate that is three times higher than other physically demanding professions and the death rate in the fire service is also much higher compared to typical. Throughout the literature, data suggest the physical nature of firefighting contributes to the high...
Exercise training has consistently been shown to increase fat utilization during exercise, while conflicting results have been reported on the effects of sex and age on fuel metabolism during exercise. PURPOSE: The primary objective of this investigation was to compare fat and carbohydrate utilization during exercise among males and females...
Family Child Care Homes (FCCHs) are the second largest provider of non-relative care in the U.S. However, despite providing care for nearly 1.9 million children under the age of 5, little is known about the physical activity levels of children attending FCCHs. This dissertation sought to provide new information with...
A large body of evidence suggests physical activity is inversely associated with
several cardio-metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents. Despite these
health benefits, a majority of youth are not meeting the physical activity guidelines set
forth by the USDHHS. Schools have been identified as an ideal vehicle for interventions;...
Physical education is important to promote physical activity of adolescents with and without disabilities, but many adolescents are not active during physical education classes. Innovative instructional strategies are imperative to change this phenomenon, but it will be challenging to develop effective instructional strategies without thorough understanding of students' physical activity...
The low physical activity levels of children today are a cause for serious concern. When examining certain populations of children, such as children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), there is a possibility of even lower overall physical activity levels. However, when exploring the current literature examining the physical activity levels...
Introduction. Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes that interferes with daily living and causes severe pain. Pharmacotherapy is the accepted treatment strategy, however, this strategy is associated with high cost, minimal reductions in pain, and adverse side effects. Thus, a critical need exists to develop...
Activity‐related knee joint dysfunction is more prevalent in females than males. One explanation
for the discrepancy is differences in movement patterns between the sexes. However the underlying
mechanisms responsible for these differences remain unidentified. This study tested spinal motor
control mechanisms influencing motor neuron pool output and subsequent muscle activation...
Background: According to the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), the treatment gap of any mental disorder in India among the general population was reported to be as high as 83% (R. S. Murthy, 2017). There is insufficient evidence currently describing the treatment gap among the child and adolescent population. Given...
Alcohol is a widely consumed, nonessential, bioactive nutrient with end-organ effects on the skeleton. Moderate levels of alcohol consumption are generally associated with increased bone mineral density (BMD), whereas higher intake levels result in reduced bone formation, bone loss, and increased risk for osteoporotic fracture. Given the negative impact of...
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an accumulation of neutral lipids in the form of triglycerides and cholesterol esters accounting for >5% of liver weight. Excess neutral lipids accumulate in large lipid droplets, i.e., macrosteatosis, displacing the nucleus of cells. Current theory suggests neutral lipid accumulation is the...
The importance of physical activity is well documented (Haskell et al., 2009a; McReynolds & Rossen, 2004; Steinbeck, 2001). Despite physical activity’s benefits, many individuals are not meeting current weekly physical activity guidelines recommending ≥ 150 minutes of moderate or ≥ 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic physical activity and 2 or...
Adapted physical activity and education (APA/APE) service-learning has received considerable attention as a training tool to prepare undergraduate students, including preservice physical education teachers, to work with people with disabilities (Hodge, 1998; Rowe & Stutts, 1987; Taliaferro et al., 2015). Much of this research focuses on demonstrating the effects of...
Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) affect over 1.9 billion adults and 12.7 million youth in the US. If all of today’s obese American youth become obese adults, the total societal costs over their lifetime may exceed $1.1 trillion. We show that feeding rodents a high-fat diet supplemented with xanthohumol (XN)...
Marginalized groups in the United States are often diagnosed with hypertension at younger ages, contributing to their excess burden of cardiovascular disease. These disparities in blood pressure control do not appear to be fully accounted for by individual risk factors, such as health behaviors or genetic differences. Experiences of discrimination...
Introduction: For people with bleeding disorders pain is often a daily challenge. Despite many advancements to the standard of care in recent decades, including more effective treatments, and more effective medication schedules, pain remains highly prevalent in people with bleeding disorders: existing pain treatment practices have not adequately addressed pain...
Quantitative measurement of the urban-rural continuum for examination of U.S. rural health disparities is a relatively new research area, where only a handful of studies have investigated health disparities using quantitative rural measures and even fewer have attempted to integrate health variables within said measures. Most U.S. rural health disparity...
Premature birth interrupts the typical development of the human fetus, leaving the infant born with underdeveloped gastrointestinal and immune systems. Preterm infants have reduced stomach acidity, reduced digestive protease activity, more permeable intestinal membranes, impaired innate and adaptive immune response, and poor microbiome development. Due to these factors, preterm infants...
Most energy policies that are implemented in the United States dictate how energy is produced, distributed, and consumed, but policies generally neglect to fully investigate how these decisions impact population health. Individuals who live near energy sector components are often different to those that reside further away and change over...
The complicated nature of trauma and the epistemological discord as to what constitutes best evidence for exercise intervention programs for transient youth populations are problems that linger when creating evidence-based programs for the transient youth population predisposed to trauma. Consequently, to ensure program quality and effectiveness, it remains salient to...