Most plant toxicology tests developed in support of environmental laws use a single stress applied to an individual plant. While tests using individual species or stresses require fewer resources and are easier to interpret, they are under increasing criticism for being unrealistic and missing important ecological interactions. The objective of...
When Newell introduced the concept of the knowledge level as a useful level of description for computer systems, he focused on the representation of knowledge. This paper applies the knowledge level notion to the problem of knowledge acquisition. Two interesting issues arise. First, some existing machine learning programs appear to...
This chapter develops a taxonomy of learning methods using techniques based on Newell’s knowledge level. Two properties of each system are defined: knowledge level predictability and knowledge level learning. A system is predictable at the knowledge level if the principle of rationality can be applied to predict its behavior. A...
Exploratory research contributes to the continued vitality of every discipline. The aim of exploratory research is to identify new tasks-tasks that cannot be solved by existing methods. Once a new task has been found, exploratory research seeks to develop a precise definition of the task and to understand the factors...
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the major food crop produced
on the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey where due to limited
rainfall the farmers follow the traditional system of fallow
farming. They are presently producing an average of 1.15
tons of grain per hectare during the crop year. This rate
of production...
Some perennial grass seed crops such as red fescue (Festuca rubra
L.) do not produce a profitable seed crop during the first growing
season. The present establishment method in Oregon for red fescue seed
crops generally entails spring planting which does not satisfy
vernalization requirements for seed production in the...
Orchardgrass and tall fescue seed crops are commonly springplanted
in Oregon, but do not produce a marketable crop during the first
growing season. Establishing orchardgrass and tall fescue with cereal
companion crops would provide income during the seeding year and could
increase seed production profits. This study was conducted to...
A miniature reciprocating expander is being developed as part of a larger program to develop a heat actuated heat pump for portable applications. By utilizing the higher energy density of liquid hydrocarbon fuels relative to batteries, a heat actuated heat pump would be able to provide cooling for much longer...
An experimental investigation into the behavior of micro-bubbles flowing
through a micro-channel has been conducted. Experiments were performed within a
rectangular micro-channel with dimensions of 5 cm x 13.2 mm x l30 jim. Bubbles
were generated in an electrolyte solution by electrolysis at the lower channel wall near
the inlet....
Canopy structure has a significant impact on the canopy hydrology of
Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Whole canopy rainfall
interception was measured for young Douglas-fir forest and compared to an
old-growth Douglas-fir forest. The old-growth forest had significantly greater
canopy water storage capacity (5) and direct throughfall fraction...
It is difficult to build intelligent computer-aided design (ICAD) programs using available expert system shells and AI programming languages. To build ICAD programs, tools are needed that support (a) generative search of design spaces, (b) deep search of design spaces to evaluate alternative designs, (c) simultaneous exploration of alternative designs...
This report describes of current research in Artificial Intelligence at Oregon State University. The five areas of active research are ( a) intelligent aids for mechanical engineering design, (b) active experimentation as a method in machine learning, ( c) techniques for combining logic programming and assumption-based truth maintenance, ( d)...
The coverage of a learning algorithm is the number of concepts that can be learned by that algorithm from samples of a given size. This paper asks whether good learning algorithms can be designed by maximizing their coverage. The paper extends a previous upper bound on the coverage of any...
This paper applies learning techniques to make engineering optimization more efficient and reliable. When the function to be optimized is highly non-linear, the search space generally forms several disjoint convex regions . Unless gradient-descent search is begun in the right region, the solution found will be suboptimal. This paper formalizes...
Multiclass learning problems involve finding a definition for an unknown function f(x) whose range is a discrete set containing k > 2 values (i.e., k "classes") . The definition is acquired by studying large collections of training examples of the form (xi, f(xi)) . Existing approaches to this problem include...
Many important application problems can be formalized as constrained non-linear optimization tasks. However, numerical methods for solving such problems are brittle and do not scale well. Furthermore, they do not provide much insight into the structure of the problem space. This paper describes a method for discovering efficient rules that...
This paper describes efficient methods for exact and approximate implementation of the MIN-FEATURES bias, which prefers consistent hypotheses definable over as few features as possible. This bias is useful for learning domains where many irrelevant features are present in the training data.
We first introduce FOCUS-2, a new algorithm that...
This technical report reprints two articles that appeared in Proceedings of the Third International Machine Learning Workshop at Skytop, Pennsylvania, June 24-26, 1985. The first paper, The EG Project: Recent Progress, summarizes work on the EG project, which is investigating the role of active experimentation in aiding machine learning programs....
Test incorporations are program transformations that improve the performance of generate-and-test procedures by moving information out of the "test" and into the "generator." The test information is said to be "incorporated" into the generator so that items produced by the generator are guaranteed to satisfy the incorporated test. This article...
In recent papers on machine learning, the term 'operationalization' has been used to describe the purpose of the learning process. In particular, explanation-based learning systems are said to 'operationalize' the given target concept. Unfortunately, the exact meaning of this term has varied from one paper to another, and frequently the...
This paper formalizes a new learning from examples problem: identifying a correct concept definition from positive examples such that the concept is some specialization of a target concept defined by a domain theory. This paper describes an empirical study that evaluates three methods for solving this problem: explanation based generalization...
We introduce five criteria by which to judge the suitability of a method for solving the problem of learning concepts from examples: correctness (the correct concept should be identified), performance efficiency (the learned definition should be efficient to apply to the performance task), flexibility (the method should be able to...
The task of inductive learning from examples places constraints on the representation of training instances and concepts. These constraints are different from, and often incompatible with, the constraints placed on the representation by the performance task. This incompatibility explains why previous researchers have found it so difficult to construct good...
The performance of the error backpropagation (BP) and ID3 learning algorithms was compared on the task of mapping English text to phonemes and stresses. Under the distributed output code developed by Sejnowski and Rosenberg, it is shown that BP consistently out-performs 1D3 on this task by several percentage points. Three...
The performance of the error backpropagation (BP) and 1D3 learning algorithms was com- pared on the task of mapping English text to phonemes and stresses. Under the distributed output code developed by Sejnowski and Rosenberg, it is shown that BP consistently out- performs ID3 on this task by several percentage...
From 27 June to 3 September 1999, CO2 fluxes from a 5-year-old, 84.15-ha vegetated clearcut in sub-boreal British Columbia were measured using a Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) system and a second approach (the component model) that was based on scaled up CO2-flux measurements from belowground and plants (spruce seedlings...
This paper presents the initial results from an empirical study of mechanical design engineers. In this study, six engineers were video-taped solving real mechanical design problems. Preliminary analysis of this protocol data has yielded several important findings, including (a) mechanical designers progress from systematic to opportunistic behavior as the design...
Microprogramming has evolved since its introduction in 1951 by Maurice Wilkes. The most significant change that has taken place is the recent growth of interest in user microprogramming. However, user microprogramming is a difficult task because of various complex and intricate features of the host processors. A microprogrammer must be...
Dr. Eckard V. Toy, Jr., grew up in the Pacific Northwest and earned his Ph.D. in
American history at the University of Oregon. Beginning with his 1959 Master’s
thesis, “The Ku Klux Klan in Oregon: Its Charter and Program,” the Klan and
related topics were a primary focus of his...
Full Text:
, Jr.: March 19, 1931—October 7, 2013
Edwards, G. T., Robbins, W. G., Hoppes, K., & Tamura, L. (2014
Dr. Eckard V. Toy, Jr., grew up in the Pacific Northwest and earned his Ph.D. in
American history at the University of Oregon. Beginning with his 1959 Master’s
thesis, “The Ku Klux Klan in Oregon: Its Charter and Program,” the Klan and
related topics were a primary focus of his...
Full Text:
Eckard V. Toy, Jr.: March 19, 1931—October 7, 2013
Edwards, G. T., Robbins, W. G., Hoppes, K., & Tamura
Dr. Eckard V. Toy, Jr., grew up in the Pacific Northwest and earned his Ph.D. in American history at the University of Oregon. Beginning with his 1959 Master’s thesis, “The Ku Klux Klan in Oregon: Its Charter and Program,” the Klan and related topics were a primary focus of his...
This report reviews the 31 papers on machine learning that were presented at the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-85) held in Los Angeles during August, 1985. The papers are grouped according to a taxonomy of the various subareas of machine learning research. The areas receiving the most...
Two powerful reasoning tools have recently appeared, logic programming and assumption based truth maintenance systems (ATMS). An ATMS offers significant advantages to a problem solver: assumptions are easily managed and the search for solutions can be carried out in the most general context first and in any order. Logic programming...
Twentieth-century land management has altered the structure and composition of mixed-conifer forests and decreased their resilience to fire, drought, and insects in many parts of the Interior West. These forests occur across a wide range of environmental settings and historical disturbance regimes, so their response to land management is likely...
This compendium contains listings of ongoing and recently completed research and administrative studies conducted in the Oregon Coast Range in the areas of fisheries, forestry, soils/hydrology, and wildlife. To assemble this compendium, requests for information were sent to about 145 individuals from various agencies, companies, and universities. Individuals and agencies...
To determine how epiphytes affect the canopy hydrology of old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Mirb.) Franco) forests, we measured rainfall interception by individual branches and an entire stand from March 2003
to May 2004. Epiphyte-laden branches at heights of 3.1, 24.8 and 46.5 m remained partially saturated for most of the...
Old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests frequently contain large populations of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes. To determine the effect these epiphytes have on canopy hydrology we measured the maximum water fraction (f(x)max; maximum mass of internal and external water stored by an epiphyte divided by its tissue dry mass)...
Seed moisture content is the most reliable indicator of seed maturity and harvest timing in grass seed crops. There are two significant times during harvest that knowledge of seed moisture is critical: at swathing and at combining. Swathing within the correct range of seed moisture content will maximize seed yield...
Remote-sensing reflectance is easier to interpret for the open ocean than for coastal regions because the optical signals are highly coupled to the phytoplankton (e.g., chlorophyll) concentrations. For estuarine or coastal waters, variable terrigenous colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), suspended sediments, and bottom reflectance, all factors that do not covary...
Small-scale turbulence is a random phenomenon, and theoretical relationships about turbulent processes are often only crude approximations. There are relatively few accurate statements that can be made about a turbulent flow without recourse to experimental evidence from flow itself (Tennekes and Lumley, 1972). In the atmosphere, turbulent flows are relatively...
We sought to improve net ecosystem exchange (NEE) estimates for a tall, dense, mature Douglas-Fir forest in the Oregon Coast range characterized by weak flows, systematic wind directional shear, and limited turbulent mixing throughout the diurnal period. We used eddy covariance (EC) observations at two levels and concurrent biological measurements...
“Substituent effects” is an important and useful concept in organic chemistry. Although there are many approaches to parametrizing the electronic and steric effects of substituents, the physical basis for the parameters is often unclear. The purpose of the present work is to explore the properties of chemical shifts in carbon...
Full Text:
Core of Carbon
Maria G. Zahl,† Randi Fossheim,† Knut J. Børve,∗,† Leif J. Sæthre,† and T.
Darrah
“Substituent effects” is an important and useful concept in organic chemistry. Although there are many approaches to parametrizing the electronic and steric effects of substituents, the physical basis for the parameters is often unclear. The purpose of the present work is to explore the properties of chemical shifts in carbon...
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Chloromethyl as
Substituents to the Ethylene GroupViewed from the Core of
Carbon
Maria G. Zahl,† Randi
“Substituent effects” is an important and useful concept in organic chemistry. Although there are many approaches to parametrizing the electronic and steric effects of substituents, the physical basis for the parameters is often unclear. The purpose of the present work is to explore the properties of chemical shifts in carbon...
In a simulator-defined MDP, the Markovian dynamics and rewards are provided in the form of a simulator from which samples can be drawn. This paper studies MDP planning algorithms that attempt to minimize the number of simulator calls before terminating and outputting a policy that is approximately optimal with high...
Components of biodiversity in intensively managed forest stands may be reduced in comparison to naturally regenerated stands. Use of herbicides to suppress herbaceous and woody plant species that compete with planted seedlings has been implicated in negative impacts. We designed a large-scale experimental study to test the influence of intensive...
Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) has received worldwide attention in recent years as a biofuel crop and as a broadleaf option in cereal-based cropping systems. The objective of our 3-year study was to determine camelina seed yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) as affected by six applied nitrogen (N) rates...
Tropical rainforests are significant contributors to the global cycles of energy, water and carbon. As a result, monitoring of the vegetation status over regions such as Amazônia has been a long standing interest of Earth scientists trying to determine the effect of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance on the tropical...
There has been keen interest in camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) in recent years due to the unique fatty acid composition of the seed oil for human and animal consumption and, more importantly, the value of the seed oil to provide “green energy” to fuel commercial and military aircraft. The...
Violations of one or more of the assumptions made In analysis of
variance (ANOVA) or linear regression analysis may lead to erroneous
results. Often data will not conform to the assumptions implicit in the
analyses, but transforming the data to a different scale may lead to an
appropriate model. Before...
Sequential supervised learning problems involve assigning a class label to each item in a sequence. Examples include part-of-speech tagging and text-to-speech mapping. A very general-purpose strategy for solving such problems is to construct a recurrent sliding window (R.SW) classifier, which maps some window of the input sequence plus some number...
Sequential supervised learning problems involve assigning a class label to each item in a sequence. Examples include part of speech tagging and text to speech mapping. A very general-purpose strategy for solving such problems is to construct a recurrent sliding window (RSW) classifier which maps some window of the input...
Many machine learning applications require classifiers that minimize an asymmetric loss function rather than the raw misclassification rate. We study methods for modifying C4.5 to incorporate
arbitrary loss matrices. One way to incorporate loss information
into C4.5 is to manipulate the weights assigned to the examples
from different classes. For...
This report presents information on clam distribution in Oregon estuaries. It includes clam population estimates for parts of Yaquina, Tillamook and Coos bays. Gives data from a clam aging study. Permits were issued for commercial clam harvesting in Yaquina and Coos bays. Reports on plantings of clams in Netarts and...
Five years of eddy-covariance and other measurements at a mature ponderosa pine forest and a nearby young plantation are used to contrast the carbon fluxes for long-term averages, seasonal patterns, diel patterns and interannual variability, and to examine the differing responses to water-stress. The mature forest with larger leaf area...
Published April 1990. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published March 1983. Reprinted January 2000. Please check for active titles in the OSU Extension Service Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Do you like home smoked meats, fowl, and fish? Chances are they'll taste even better if you do your own smoking. This bulletin tells how to build a simple home smoker and outlines the basic smoking processes.
The general methods employed in smoking are so broad and the process so...
Carbon 1s photoelectron spectra for 2-butyne (CH3C CCH3) measured in the photon energy range from threshold to 150 eV above threshold show oscillations in the intensity ratio C2,3/C1,4. Similar oscillations have been seen in chloroethanes, where the effect has been attributed to EXAFS-type scattering from the substituent chlorine atoms. In...
Surface energy balance is a major determinant of land surface temperature and the Earth's climate. To date, there is no approach that can produce effective, physically consistent, global and multi-decadal energy–water flux data over land. Net radiation (R[subscript n]) can be quantified regionally using satellite retrievals of surface reflectance and...
The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) initiated one of the most sweeping changes to forest management in the world, affecting 10 million hectares of federal land. The NWFP is a science-based plan incorporating monitoring and adaptive management and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of policy. We used >25...
Background:
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus (Togaviridae, Alphavirus) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne zoonosis that is responsible for occasional outbreaks of severe disease in humans and equines, resulting in high mortality and neurological impairment in most survivors. In the past, human disease outbreaks in the northeastern U.S. have occurred intermittently...
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Total 5 31 46 55 29 3 169
Table G. Number and percentage of avian families (N=37) based
Background:
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus (Togaviridae, Alphavirus) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne zoonosis that is responsible for occasional outbreaks of severe disease in humans and equines, resulting in high mortality and neurological impairment in most survivors. In the past, human disease outbreaks in the northeastern U.S. have occurred intermittently...
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. Armstrong1, Theodore G. Andreadis1
1 Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut
Carpogenic germination of sclerotia and infection of flowers by ascospores of Sclerotinia minor is rare and seldom documented in most hosts. During 2007–2009, S. minor isolates were obtained from surface-sterilized pyrethrum flowers collected from fields in Australia. The isolation frequency of S. minor from flowers in 2007, 2008 and 2009...
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TW, Robert VA, Schoch CL, Baker LJ, Smith A, Robich G, Mizzan L,
Garbelotto MM. 2013. Filling gaps
Carpogenic germination of sclerotia and infection of flowers by ascospores of Sclerotinia minor is rare and seldom documented in most hosts. During 2007–2009, S. minor isolates were obtained from surface-sterilized pyrethrum flowers collected from fields in Australia. The isolation frequency of S. minor from flowers in 2007, 2008 and 2009...
Full Text:
. H., Shivas, R. G., & Pethybridge,
S. J. (2015). Carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia
The clotting protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) binds to platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) when VWF is activated by chemicals, high shear stress, or immobilization onto surfaces. Activation of VWF by surface immobilization is an important problem in the failure of cardiovascular implants, but is poorly understood. Here, the authors...
Background:
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus (Togaviridae, Alphavirus) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne zoonosis that is responsible for occasional outbreaks of severe disease in humans and equines, resulting in high mortality and neurological impairment in most survivors. In the past, human disease outbreaks in the northeastern U.S. have occurred intermittently...
Free and open access to satellite imagery and value-added data products have revolutionized the role of remote sensing in Earth system science. Nonetheless, rapid changes in the global environment pose challenges to the science community that are increasingly difficult to address using data from single satellite sensors or platforms due...
The Amazon rainforest is a critical hotspot for bio-diversity, and plays an essential role in global carbon, water and energy fluxes and the earth's climate. Our ability to project the role of vegetation carbon feedbacks on future climate critically depends upon our understanding of this tropical ecosystem, its tolerance to...
Carpogenic germination of sclerotia and infection of flowers by ascospores of Sclerotinia minor is rare and seldom documented in most hosts. During 2007–2009, S. minor isolates were obtained from surface-sterilized pyrethrum flowers collected from fields in Australia. The isolation frequency of S. minor from flowers in 2007, 2008 and 2009...
Predicting biodiversity responses to climate change remains a difficult challenge, especially in climatically complex regions where precipitation is a limiting factor. Though statistical climatic envelope models are frequently used to project future scenarios for species distributions under climate change, these models are rarely tested using empirical data. We used long-term...
Bird migration occurs at the largest of global scales, but monitoring such movements can be challenging. In the US there is an operational network of weather radars providing freely accessible data for monitoring meteorological phenomena in the atmosphere. Individual radars are sensitive enough to detect birds, and can provide insight...
Vegetation carbon uptake and respiration constitute the largest carbon cycle of the planet with an annual turnover
in the order of 120 GT. Currently, neither ecosystem carbon uptake (through photosynthesis) nor ecosystem
carbon release (through respiration) can be measured directly during the daytime. Instead, flux-tower measurements
rely on nighttime respiration...
Where a legacy of aggressive wildland fire suppression has left forests in need of fuel reduction, allowing wildland fire to burn may provide fuel treatment benefits, thereby reducing suppression costs from subsequent fires. The least-cost-plus-net-value-change model of wildland fire economics includes benefits of wildfire in a framework for evaluating suppression...
The history of forest change processes is written into forest age and distribution and affects earth systems at many scales. No one data set has been able to capture the full forest disturbance and land use record through time, so in this study, we combined multiple lines of evidence to...
A significant step transition between seasonally stratified and destratified hydrographic conditions occurred during an October 2008 cruise to the Florida Panhandle Shelf along a cross-shelf transect that was sampled before and after a cold front passed through the area. Meteorological measurements from nearby ocean and land-based stations characterized the event....
In the final phase of their spawning migration, Pacific salmon use chemical cues to identify their home river, but how they navigate from the open ocean to the correct coastal area has remained enigmatic [1]. To test the hypothesis that salmon imprint on the magnetic field that exists where they...
Published December 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 1975. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
This publication incorporates 20 years of field research by OSU faculty comparing two grass-seed residue management methods: full straw load (straw is chopped and left on the field) and clean nonthermal (straw is baled and removed from the field). Comparison includes discussion of seed yield and quality, nutrient management considerations...
Genetic factors such as decreased genetic
diversity and increased homozygosity can have detrimental
effects on rare species, and may ultimately limit potential
adaptation and exacerbate population declines. The Gulf
and Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic region has the
second highest level of endemism in the continental USA,
but habitat fragmentation and...
Full Text:
., Douglas, N. A., Hoffmann, W. A., Wentworth, T. R., Gray, J. B.,
Xiang, Q. Y. J., ... & Hohmann, M. G
Genetic factors such as decreased genetic
diversity and increased homozygosity can have detrimental
effects on rare species, and may ultimately limit potential
adaptation and exacerbate population declines. The Gulf
and Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic region has the
second highest level of endemism in the continental USA,
but habitat fragmentation and...
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Drosophila suzukii (Spotted Wing Drosophila) has recently become a serious invasive pest of fruit crops in the USA, Canada, and Europe, leading to substantial economic losses. D. suzukii is a direct pest, ovipositing directly into ripe or ripening fruits; in contrast, other Drosophilids utilize decaying or blemished fruits and are...
We show that the vegetation canopy of the Amazon rainforest is
highly sensitive to changes in precipitation patterns and that
reduction in rainfall since 2000 has diminished vegetation greenness
across large parts of Amazonia. Large-scale directional
declines in vegetation greenness may indicate decreases in carbon
uptake and substantial changes in...
This guide covers key nutrient management topics related to tall fescue grown for seed in western Oregon. Crop growth and timing of nutrient uptake is covered. Specific recommendations for nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulfur, and soil pH provided. A number of appendices address micronutrients, and other research projects that are relevant...
OBJECTIVE: To establish a statewide network to detect, control, and prevent the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
in a region with a low incidence of CRE infection.
DESIGN: Implementation of the Drug Resistant Organism Prevention and Coordinated Regional Epidemiology (DROP-CRE) Network.
SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Oregon infection prevention and microbiology laboratory...
Genetic factors such as decreased genetic
diversity and increased homozygosity can have detrimental
effects on rare species, and may ultimately limit potential
adaptation and exacerbate population declines. The Gulf
and Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic region has the
second highest level of endemism in the continental USA,
but habitat fragmentation and...
Carbon 1s photoelectron asymmetry parameters β for the chlorinated and the methyl carbon atom of CH₃CH₂Cl, CH₃CHCl₂, and CH₃CCl₃ have been measured using synchrotron radiation in the 340-600 eV energy range. We provide experimental evidence that the intramolecular scattering strongly affects beta values, even far from the ionization threshold. The...