Male Sprague Dawley rats received a single intraperitoneal dose
of BCNU in experiments designed to measure biochemical changes associated with the pulmonary toxicity described for this agent. Changes in
serum and lung lavage angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity
were measured to detect changes in pulmonary endothelial cell integrity. Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor...
We are developing a flavin-containing (Fmo) knock-out mouse for Fmo2 that will be utilized to elucidate the role of active human FMO isoform 2 (FMO2.1) in xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity. Since FMO2 is primarily expressed in lung this will provide information on how 27% of African-Americans and 5% of Hispanics...
Detection of both biological and chemical environmental toxicants is essential in the assessment of risk to human health. Cell-based biosensors are capable of activity- based detection of toxicity. Chromatophore cells, responsible for the pigmentation of poikilothermic animal, have shown immense potential as cell-based biosensors in the detection of a broad...
We are developing a flavin-containing (Fmo) knock-out mouse for Fmo2 that will be utilized to elucidate the role of active human FMO isoform 2 (FMO2.1) in xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity. Since FMO2 is primarily expressed in lung this will provide information on how 27% of African-Americans and 5% of Hispanics...
Full Text:
environmental pulmonarytoxicants. Researchers recently reported finding high levels of Fmo1, and low levels of
Epizootic mortality in several geese species, including cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii) and Canada geese (Branta
canadensis), has been recognized in the Willamette Valley of Oregon for over a decade. Birds are generally found dead on a
body of water or are occasionally observed displaying neurologic clinical signs such as an...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Full Text:
imidazole. Thioureas are often pulmonarytoxicants in mammals and, as previously
reported by our
We are developing a flavin-containing (Fmo) knock-out mouse for Fmo2 that will be utilized to elucidate the role of active human FMO isoform 2 (FMO2.1) in xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity. Since FMO2 is primarily expressed in lung this will provide information on how 27% of African-Americans and 5% of Hispanics...
Full Text:
regarding the responses to various environmental pulmonarytoxicants by 27% of African Americans and 5% of
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In...
An emerging area in environmental toxicology is the role that chemicals and chemical mixtures have on the cells of the human immune system. This is an important area of research that has been most widely pursued in relation to autoimmune diseases and allergy/asthma as opposed to cancer causation. This is...
There is increased emphasis on understanding cumulative risk from the combined effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors as it relates to public health. Recent animal studies have identified pulmonary inflammation as a possible modifier and risk factor for chemical toxicity in the lung after exposure to inhaled pollutants; however, little...
BACKGROUND: Arsenic is an epigenetic toxicant and could influence fetal developmental programming.
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the association between arsenic exposure and DNA methylation in maternal and umbilical cord leukocytes.
METHODS: Drinking-water and urine samples were collected when women were at <= 28 weeks gestation; the samples were analyzed for arsenic...
The pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and ergot alkaloids are known natural toxicants found in livestock forage. These alkaloids contribute to large economic losses in livestock throughout the world. An understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity and development of better diagnostic tools for better management practices was investigated. Variability exists in the...
Wildfires are increasing in frequency. One area of research interest centers on the pollutants within wildfire smoke, including but not limited to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These chemicals are associated with exacerbation of respiratory, cardiovascular, dermatological, reproductive, oncological, gastrointestinal, and infectious conditions. As wildfires becoming increasingly prevalent, it...
Monocrotaline (MCT) is a member of a class of naturally occurring
phytotoxins known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Exposure to PAs can result
in liver and cardiopulmonary lesions as well as lymphoid organ atrophy. In the
present study C57BI/6 (B6) mice received MCT (0-150 mg/kg/day, po) for 14
days. Overt toxicity...
The black-footed ferret is a meso-predator within the Great Plains region of North America. Before the 1900s, black-footed ferret populations were self-sustaining in large ecological patches throughout the geographical range of the Great Plains. During the 1900s, various factors such as the systematic extermination of prairie dogs (the primary food...
Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to the high reliance on sea ice for safety, transport, and social behaviors. Additionally, the walrus diet consists of predominantly bivalves, whose populations are in decline as a result of ocean acidification. We first determined the...
Objectives of this study were to examine effects of dietary pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) on copper and vitamin A metabolism in the chicken which are very susceptible to the hepatoxic effects of PA and Japanese quail which are highly resistant to PA. Also, the possible interaction between copper and vitamin A...
The integration of rapid assays, large datasets, informatics, and modeling can overcome current barriers in understanding nanomaterial structure–toxicity relationships by providing a weight-of-the-evidence mechanism to generate hazard rankings for nanomaterials. Here, we present the use of a rapid, low-cost assay to perform screening-level toxicity evaluations of nanomaterials in vivo. Calculated...
Full Text:
) Automated analysis of zebrafish
images for screening toxicants. In: Engineering in Medi-
cine and Biology
Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort) is a common weed in the
Pacific Northwest that contains toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids
(PAs). Jacobine, the major PA in Senecio jacobaea, was incubated
with rat liver microsomes and metabolites were isolated by high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by mass
spectrometric analysis. Metabolites included a...
The purpose of this review is to stimulate new ideas regarding low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens and their potential to promote invasion and metastasis. Whereas a number of chapters in this review are devoted to the role of lowdose environmental mixtures and carcinogens in the promotion of invasion and metastasis...
Since 2007, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) sales in the U.S. have surpassed those of tobacco cigarettes. This is due, in part, to manufacturer’s claims that they are a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. However, formaldehyde, acrolein, and diacetyl have been detected in e-cigarettes and public knowledge of e-cigarette composition and potential...
The environmental health science community recognizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a re-emerging class of environmental pollutants due to their persistence and prominence in mixtures of concern. Due to their widespread distribution in the environment, exposure to PAHs often occur as complex chemical mixtures. Exposures are linked to numerous adverse...
Published May 1987. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Once abundant in their native range, Pacific salmon species (Oncorhynchus spp.) were widely distributed across the northern Pacific Rim from South Korea and Japan to the Sacramento River in California. Remaining populations are subject to population-level threats, including pathogens. The freshwater parasitic copepod Salmincola californiensis is associated with the reduced...
Nanoparticles (NPs), defined as materials having at least one dimension (height, width, diameter) in the nanoscale, are increasingly being incorporated into a wide variety of products and are replacing traditional bulk materials in many applications. This is because they can be more efficacious, more sustainable, and can have unique characteristics...
In this study the impact of episodic events on levels of bioavailable trace metals Zn,
Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As (III) were determined for the lower Willamette River in Oregon.
In addition, a comparison among three alternative methods for estuary sampling was
conducted. Potential adverse human health risk associated...
Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures
have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of
individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions
of environmentally...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygen-substituted PAHs (OPAHs) are environmental contaminants present in urban air, dust, soil and water resulting from incomplete combustion of organic materials or fossil fuels; found in crude oil and coal; and formed through photoxidation or biotransformation of microbial. It is widely recognized that PAHs pose...
The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is tightly regulated in biological systems as overproduction can lead to oxidative stress and result in a number of diseases. Due to its negative effects, antioxidants are studied and used against ROS in medicine, pharmaceuticals and therapeutics. Because of issues with the uptake...
Current detection methods for bacterial contamination rely on structure based detection of proteins and nucleic acids. While these methods are easy to use and reliable, they cannot evaluate the toxicity of a sample and the potential to cause disease. Previously, erythrophore cells derived from Betta splendens had been suggested as...
The Construction industry is one of the most hazardous industries in the US.Construction workers, on a daily basis, are exposed to numerous risks while performing arange of activities involving construction, alteration, and or repair. Dust and diesel exhaustemissions from construction equipment are considered harmful to the workers in the longrun....
Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that...
Aquatic animals are exposed to a variety of natural and
anthropogenic xenobiotics. Biotransformation of xenobiotics was
examined in three aquatic animals: a primitive mollusc (chiton);
a shellfish which is an important human food source (oyster);
and, a lower vertebrate model for toxicological studies (rainbow
trout). Since digestive glands of Cryntochiton...
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) encompasses a spectrum of lymphoid progenitors that have undergone malignant transformation and clonal proliferation at various stages of differentiation. Some cases of ALL have been documented to have prenatal origins and in particular neonatal exposure to various environmental pollutants is associated with increased disease risk, including...
Most energy policies that are implemented in the United States dictate how energy is produced, distributed, and consumed, but policies generally neglect to fully investigate how these decisions impact population health. Individuals who live near energy sector components are often different to those that reside further away and change over...
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), the most abundant metabolite of glucobrassicins, is
found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and
cauliflower. I3C has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activity against many
chemical carcinogens in multiple target organs in animal models. However, the
anticarcinogenic activity of I3C is considered indirect since...
The aim of this work is to review current knowledge relating the established cancer hallmark, sustained cell proliferation
to the existence of chemicals present as low dose mixtures in the environment. Normal cell proliferation is under tight
control, i.e. cells respond to a signal to proliferate, and although most cells...
The effects of L-ascorbic acid, thiamine HC1, or L-cysteine on
acetaldehyde blood levels and disposition were investigated in acetaldehyde-
treated rats. Rats were treated with ascorbic acid (2
mmoles/kg), thiamine (0.24 mmole/kg), or cysteine (2 mmoles/kg) one
hour before the administration of acetaldehyde (6 mmoles/kg). The
results show that each...
More than 2.3 billion pounds of pesticides with a value of $4.1 billions are applied by farmworkers to agricultural crops each year. These chemicals applied to farm lands lead not only to acute and chronic health effects, they also enter the groundwater and food chain of populations. In recent years...
A sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation technique for
obtaining microsomes has been developed. This technique has
advantages over the classic differential centrifugation technique, in
that it is faster, is better suited to work with small quantities of
tissue, and offers the opportunity to work with a defined microsomal
sub-cellular fraction, rather than...
In the first experiment the minimum dietary toxic levels of vitamin A were determined in pregnant rabbits over three parities. The treatments consisted of basal diet plus 10,000, 30,000, 60,000, and 90,000 IU/Kg added vitamin A. The basal diet was formulated to be free of vitamin A and beta-carotene; rice...
A series of four trials was conducted to evaluate activated
sewage sludge (AcSS) as a protein source. In the first trial the protein
efficiency ratio (PER) of sun-dried and auto-claved, sun-dried
AcSS was measured with rats. Growth of AcSS-fed rats was extremely
poor as compared to those rats fed casein,...
Consistent with its charge under Oregon House Bill 3543, the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute (OCCRI) conducts a biennial assessment of the state of climate change science, including biological, physical, and social science, as it relates to Oregon and the likely effects of climate change on Oregon. This sixth Oregon...
The field of toxicology is challenged with a vast number of environmental chemicals and mixtures to which humans and ecosystems are exposed with limited toxicity data available. Chemical hazard assessment traditionally utilizes mammalian models and can be both cost- and time-limiting and may pose ethical concerns. To rapidly tackle this...
Consistent with its charge under Oregon House Bill 3543, the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute (OCCRI) conducts a biennial assessment of the state of climate change science, including biological, physical, and social science, as it relates to Oregon and the likely effects of climate change on Oregon. This fifth Oregon...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most widely known and studied environmental contaminants, originating from a range of natural and anthropogenic sources. PAHs are known to occur in the environment as complex mixtures, containing both unsubstituted PAHs, as well as a range of PAH derivatives. Among the less-studied of...
Human exposure to the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) is through environmental complex mixtures, such as urban dust particulate matter (UDPM) and diesel exhaust (DE), however the potency of these PAH within a mixture is not established. To determine the effect of these mixtures on...
The immune system has been identified as a very sensitive target for the toxic effects of 2,3,7,S-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Exposure to TCDD has been shown to disrupt the generation of both cell-mediated and humoral T cell-dependent immunity in laboratory animals; however, the mechanism remains unknown. In this dissertation, the hypothesis is...
In the environment, it is the unbound fraction of chemical (Cfree) which is able to diffuse across environmental interfaces and biological membranes. It is therefore Cfree which drives many important biological-environmental processes including contaminant transport, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) offer a simplified and more accurate approach for...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment as components of fossil fuels and by-products of combustion. Defining toxicity mechanisms for this large family of multi-ring structures and substituted derivatives is a substantial challenge. Several PAHs, such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), are mutagenic, toxic to wildlife, and classified as probable...
Throughout their lifetime individuals are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals. The study of chemical mixtures is an internationally recognized research priority, but seemingly complex challenge. To reduce the intricacy of studying mixtures, researchers have identified different prioritization methods based on exposure or the toxicity of chemicals. However, understanding the...
There are many links between exposure to environmental pollution and risks to human health. While advances in the fields of toxicology, exposure science, and environmental chemistry have shown light on many of these links, many more research challenges remain. One major challenge is how to accurately characterize the toxicity of...
Glutathione (GSH) is the predominant low molecular weight thiol antioxidant
in liver tissue. GSH plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular thiol redox
ratio as well as detoxification of electrophiles and xenobiotics. Aging leads to a significant decline (35%; P ≤ 0.05) in hepatocellular GSH levels. Using young (2-4...