Published January 1955. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published March 1956. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1957. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published June 1960. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1965. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The spatial distribution of plankton is highly aggregated, so one might expect that a vertically migrating animal enters a biotic environment that is markedly different each evening and that the changes in environment between daylight periods spent at depth are equally great. To measure the extent of these changes, as...
Axenic cultures of 25 species of unicellular marine algae were tested for their ability to utilize nine common amino acids, supplied at high concentrations in batch culture, as a nitrogen source; most species were able to use several amino acids, although growth was often slower than on nitrate nitrogen. The...
An attempt has been made to interbreed populations of Acartia clausi from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Individuals from these populations are morphologically similar, but differ somewhat in size. Cultures from both sources produced many successive generations in the laboratory, but interbreeding with production of viable offspring did...
The seasonal variation in the alongshore velocity field is inferred from direct current observations made over the Oregon continental shelf at various locations and irregular intervals since 1965. Monthly mean currents are computed and compared with earlier studies to give a description of the seasonal variation in the alongshore currents....
Particle size distributions (8-105-μm diameter), chlorophyll a, and particulate carbon
were measured off the Oregon coast during July 1973. The particle counts were transformed
to volume concentration and then subjected to characteristic vector analysis.
Ninety-two percent of the variance was accounted for by linear combinations of the first
two characteristic...
Stratified bongo net samples taken at depths between 0 and 500 m at Ocean Station “P” in the subarctic Pacific in early July 1971 have been analyzed to determine the vertical structure of the zooplankton community. Distributions for 99 categories of animals have been grouped by factor analysis into five...
Seasonal variations in the hydrography of the waters over the continental shelf off Oregon were observed in a set of hydrographic data collected along 44º39′N at intervals of a few weeks to a few months from 1961 through 1970. The temperature is determined only partly by the local heating and...
Several species of the copepod genus Acartia are shown from existing data to complete each molt-to-molt phase of the life cycle in a constant time period. This molting pattern is termed isochronal development. Increase in mass at each stage is a nearly constant fraction of the weight at the beginning...
Uptake of [14C]glycine by various size fractions of natural plankton communities was measured to determine if phytoplankton can compete effectively with other members of the plankton community for the free amino acids in seawater. The simultaneous occurrence of glycine uptake, plant pigments, and photosynthetic activity in the same size fractions,...
Horizontal transects of fluorescence measurements have been used extensively to investigate phytoplankton patchiness. Variance spectra have been calculated from these data, thus quantifying spatial heterogeneity as a function of length scale. Analysis of such fieldwork and associated theoretical investigations is based on the assumption that horizontal patchiness is isotropic. Three...
Using 15N-labeled NH4+, we assessed the time-course of NH4+ uptake, the parameters of saturation kinetics, and the rates of incorporation of NH4+ into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material by Chesapeake Bay phytoplankton. The amount of NH4+ taken up by the phytoplankton increased linearly with time for 2 h for all samples growing...
The uptake of methylammonium (MA) by Chesapeake Bay phytoplankton was measured in short term experiments by using the 14C radioisotope. This uptake was inversely related to ambient NH4+ concentrations, and the specificity for uptake of both substrates was demonstrated by competitive inhibition. At stations with low ambient NH4+, MA uptake...
Chlorophyll-temperature profiles were measured across Lake Tahoe about every 10 days from April through July 1980. Analysis of the 123 profiles and associated productivity and nutrient data identified three important processes in the formation and dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM): turbulent diffusion, nutrient supply rate, and light availability....
Rates of molting of a specific copepodite stage can be determined by sorting the stage from a new collection, waiting, then counting the number that have molted to the next stage in the interval. In principle, stage duration can be determined as the inverse of the measured rate, and molting...
The western states include a complex combination of geological, topographical, climatic, and vegetative features. The region extends through 1900 km of latitude and contains three major north-south, storm-directing mountain systems. Most of the region is arid (annual precipitation < 50 em); however, sizeable agriculturally important areas west of the Cascade...
The concentration of dissolved molybdenum has been determined in several profiles from the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The salinity-normalized concentration is essentially constant in all open-ocean samples (107 nM, lσ = 2.5 nM). The dissolved distribution is not significantly affected by biological cycling.
Bacteria and algae isolated from a wastewater oxidation pond were inoculated onto opposing surfaces of double-layer agar plates (Lutri plates) to determine the usefulness of such plates for studying microbial interactions. The altered growth characteristics of various algae depending on the species of bacteria on the adjacent medium surface indicated...
The relative contribution of various inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen to the nitrogen requirements of picoplankton was examined with 15N tracers. Size fractionation was used to measure uptake by <1-μM size microorganisms, and inhibitors of protein synthesis were used to separate procaryotic from eucaryotic nitrogen uptake, Picoplankton utilized mainly...
Rates of sediment community oxygen consumption determined in situ are compared to fluxes predicted from oxygen microelectrode gradients measured in cores from ~3,750-m water depth in the eastern North Pacific. Oxygen concentrations decrease exponentially over > 1.5 cm and suggest that organic matter in the sediments is degraded most rapidly...
Small, aloricate ciliates with equivalent spherical cell diameters <20 µm (biovolume <4,000 µm3) compose, on average, 4–57% of the total biomass of heterotrophic (apochlorotic) nanoplankton in diverse marine systems. Biomass production of nanoplanktonic ciliates in a southeastern U.S. estuary was also a significant part of the total production of heterotrophic...
Uptake of nitrogenous nutrients by microplankton off the Washington and Oregon coasts was measured during the 1985 upwelling period. Nitrogen uptake rates in low-NO3- waters (<5 μM) were 0.020–0.258 μmol N liter-1 h-1 and were primarily supported by regenerated nitrogen (71% of total uptake). Nitrogen uptake rates in high-NO3- waters...
Aerobic oxidation is important in the cycling of methane in the sediments of Lake Washington. About half of the methane flux from depth is oxidized to CO, in the upper 0.7 cm of the sediments and the remainder escapes into the water column. In terms of the total carbon budget...
Diel periodicity in NH4+ uptake and regeneration in the nutrient-rich environment of the oceanic subarctic Pacific was examined. Surface water was incubated in large shipboard microcosms that allowed repeated sampling of the planktonic community for NH4+ cycling rates, bacterial production rates, and population densities of the dominant autotrophs and heterotrophs....
An expression is derived for the rate at which the diffuse attenuation coefficient for vector irradiance approaches its asymptotic value in a homogeneous medium. The asymptotic approach rate is shown to be a function of boundary conditions at the surface and the asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient which is an inherent...
Thirty-two chemoheterotrophic bacteria were isolated from unsaturated subsurface soil samples obtained from ca. 70 m below land surface in a high desert in southeastern Idaho. Most isolates were gram positive (84%) and strict aerobes (79%). Acridine orange direct counts of microbes in one subsurface sample showed lower numbers than similar...
A procedure has been developed to optimize designs of metal-clad post-frame buildings using an expert system. The novel part of the study is the development of a procedure that extends the solution of an engineering problem from a conventional algorithmic Computer Aided Design (CAD) program to be used by the...
The virus-encoded proteins of tobacco etch virus (TEV), a plant potyvirus, arise by proteolytic processing of
a large polyprotein precursor. The TEV genome codes for two proteinases, a 49-kilodalton proteinase and
helper component proteinase (HC-Pro), which cleave the polyprotein at specific sites. The only known cleavage
event catalyzed by HC-Pro...
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that NH4+ uptake by heterotrophic bacteria in the subarctic Pacific is C limited. Addition of glucose (0.5–1.0 μM) stimulated NH4+ uptake in unfractionated water but had no effect on bacterial abundance. Glucose stimulation of NH4+ uptake was even greater in...
A temporal record of oxygen and NO3- concentrations in the bottom water of the Santa Barbara Basin indicates that outside waters spill over into the basin seasonally. It is proposed that an annual bottom-water cycle leads ultimately to varve production.
As evidence in support of a benthic mechanism for varve...
Seasonal and diel changes in nutrient concentrations and nitrogen assimilation rates were used to assess the effects of NH4+ on NO3- assimilation. Surface-water NO3- concentrations ranged from 6 to 17 μM while NH4+ concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.4 μM. Total N assimilation ranged from 84 to 732 nM d–1...
The RNA genome of tobacco etch virus (TEV), a plant potyvirus, functions as an mRNA for synthesis of a
346-kilodalton polyprotein that undergoes extensive proteolytic processing. The RNA lacks a normal 5' cap
structure at its terminus, which suggests that the mechanism of translational initiation differs from that of a...
A general procedure is presented for calibrating a model
for rainfall erosivity based on daily rainfall. The approach
is based on probability distributions of wet-day
precipitation amount and monthly erosivities which are
inferred from published data summaries. The calibrated
model was tested by comparisons with erosivities
computed from hourly precipitation...
It has been suggested that production in offshore waters of the subarctic Pacific is limited by availability of dissolved Fe. Although that is not yet adequately established, the functional consequences of the limitation (if it exists) can be characterized from the results of the Subarctic Pacific Ecosystem Research (SUPER) program....
A comprehensive, joint Soviet-American study of the chemistry of Lake Baikal, the world’s deepest (1,632 m) lake, was carried out in July 1988. In this paper, we report the major, minor, and preliminary trace element concentrations for three profiles obtained at or near the deepest and central part of the...
The pentacyclic tritcrpene 17β(H), 21β(H)-hop-22(29)-ene (diploptence) occurs in sediments throughout the Columbia River drainage basin and off the southern coast of Washington state in concentrations comparable to long-chain plantwax n-alkanes. The same relationship is evident for diploptene and long-chain n-alkanes in soils from the Willamette Valley. Microorganisms indigenous to soils...
The potential for particle size-dependent bioturbation rates was experimentally tested at 1,240 m in the Santa Catalina Basin (eastern Pacific). Spherical glass bead tracers in five size classes (8- 16, 17-31, 32-62, 63-125, and 126-420 μm) were spread over the sediment surface and tube cored 997 d later. Downcore concentrations...
Theoretical scattering computations are performed on a phytoplankton model consisting of three
concentric spheres. The outer sphere represents the wall, membrane, or frustule and is assigned a
relatively high index of refraction with no absorption. The middle layer represents the chloroplasts
and is assigned a relatively low index of refraction...
Active inputs of thermally and chemically enriched fluids at the bottom of Crater Lake create small vertical and horizontal heterogeneities in the deep-lake temperature and salt distribution. Using an internally recording CTD and a precise definition for salinity as a function of in situ conductivity and temperature, we assess the...
Metal-plate-connected wood trusses with semi-rigid joints were investigated by the matrix method of structural analysis. The element-stiffness matrix and fixed-end forces of an individual member with one or both ends semi-rigid were derived as modifications of the idealized cases. The case of unequal elastic connections at two ends of a...
Probability density functions (normal, lognormal, and three-parameter Weibull) were used to characterize strength data for three different types of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints (web at the bottom chord, tension splice, and heel). Modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the lumber used to fabricate the joints was also characterized. A probability-plot technique,...
Grazing by phagotrophic flagellates and ciliates is a major source of mortality for bacterioplankton in both
marine and freshwater systems. Recent studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between clearance
rate and prey size for bacterivorous protists. We tested the idea that, by selectively grazing the larger (more
actively growing or...
We looked at the influence of temperature and salinity on the absorption coefficient of water with emphasis on the red and near-IR portions of the spectrum. The absorption coefficient of pure water was found to have a strong dependence on temperature and little dependence on salinity near the harmonics of...