In Islam, paying and receiving interest is prohibited based on the belief that money should not be a commodity that is “rented” out; instead, Islamic lending structures arrange loans on an equity basis. This work examines the historical origins of interest prohibition and explains how different Islamic financial products provide...
This study is designed to evaluate to what degree action at the household level in WUI wildfire preparedness is influenced by targeted public information, or behaviorally informed, interventions. The desired outcome of the public information interventions is increasing the number of households taking action to reduce wildfire risk through the...
The Afghan public higher education (HE) system absorbs less than one-fifth of government education spending and per student spending declines, while the student annual enrollment is rising. This contrast may trigger challenges and inevitable tradeoffs for the public universities to
encounter. Policies concerning the diversification of financing stream need attention;...
According to the International Labor Organization, the use of migrant labor force has shown an increasing trend over the past decade. This indicates that migrant workers are potentially becoming a vital factor affecting the world’s economy and industries. Since labor productivity is important indicator of economic growth and prosperity, it...
Tax incidence involves the study of the pass-through rate of a tax. For example, does a 1 percent increase in a sales tax on a commodity cause the consumer price to go up by exactly 1 percent (full-shifting), less than 1 percent (under-shifting), or more than 1 percent (over-shifting). Theoretical...
The rising cost of higher education in the United States has created increases in tuition at colleges as well as growing demand from students and families for sources of support in attending college. Over the past decade, beginning with the creation of the Kalamazoo Promise in 2005, local governments and...
At any given time, 60% to 85% of prisoners across the United States are struggling with substance addiction and dependence. Upon release, about two-thirds of former prisoners will reoffend and return to prison. Due to the high rate of substance use and abuse in prisons, drug treatment, specifically Correctional Therapeutic...
Studies on prison violence have typically focused attention at individual level inmate-on-inmate assaults, however, there has been limited research into the rates of inmate-on-staff violence at the facility level. There also appears to be a need for further scholarship relating to the differences in various prison level predictors of inmate...
The Oregon education system at both the K-12 and Postsecondary level is strained for resources, with funding at levels far below the national average. This is due, in large part, to the small percentage of state taxes that are used to fund education. Public support for additional revenue for schools...
Economic sanctions are widely used in the international arena in order to reconcile political conflicts and retain peace between countries. Most states prefer to use economic sanctions rather than military interventions as a more efficient tool to maintain political stability and protect their own interests. Nevertheless, sanctions are not always...