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Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments in upwelling systems in the context of carbonate chemistry co-variation with temperature and oxygen

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https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/articles/j098zc583

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  • Coastal upwelling regimes are some of the most productive ecosystems in the ocean but are also among the most vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA) due to naturally high background concentrations of CO₂. Yet our ability to predict how these ecosystems will respond to additional CO₂ resulting from anthropogenic emissions is poor. To help address this uncertainty, researchers perform manipulative experiments where biological responses are evaluated across different CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) levels. In upwelling systems, however, contemporary carbonate chemistry variability remains only partly characterized and patterns of co-variation with other biologically important variables such as temperature and oxygen are just beginning to be explored in the context of OA experimental design. If co-variation among variables is prevalent, researchers risk performing OA experiments with control conditions that are not experienced by the focal species, potentially diminishing the ecological relevance of the experiment. Here, we synthesized a large carbonate chemistry dataset that consists of carbonate chemistry, temperature, and oxygen measurements from multiple moorings and ship-based sampling campaigns from the California Current Ecosystem (CCE), and includes fjord and tidal estuaries and open coastal waters. We evaluated patterns of pCO₂ variability and highlight important co-variation between pCO₂, temperature, and oxygen. We subsequently compared environmental pCO₂–temperature measurements with conditions maintained in OA experiments that used organisms from the CCE. By drawing such comparisons, researchers can gain insight into the ecological relevance of previously published OA experiments, but also identify species or life history stages that may already be influenced by contemporary carbonate chemistry conditions. We illustrate the implications co-variation among environmental variables can have for the interpretation of OA experimental results and suggest an approach for designing experiments with pCO₂ levels that better reflect OA hypotheses while simultaneously recognizing natural co-variation with other biologically relevant variables.
  • Keywords: hypoxia, multistressor experiment, California Current, pH, climate change
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  • Reum, J. C. P., Alin, S. R., Harvey, C. J., Bednaršek, N., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., ... & Sabine, C. L. (2016). Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments in upwelling systems in the context of carbonate chemistry co-variation with temperature and oxygen. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 73(3), 582-595. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu231
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  • 73
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  • 3
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  • Funding for JCPR was provided through a National Research Council Fellowship. Funding for NOAA/PMEL contributions to the mooring time-series, underway pCO<INF>2</INF>, and spatial survey data used in these analyses were provided by NOAA's Climate Programme Office's Global Carbon Cycle Programme (grants GC05-288 and GC10-102), NOAA's Ocean Acidification Programme, and NOAA/PMEL. The Cha ba mooring off La Push, Washington, was also supported by the Murdock Charitable Trust, NANOOS (Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems, a Regional Association of NOAA's US Integrated Ocean Observing System Programme), UW/APL, UW College of the Environment, and UW Provost's Office. The PRISM cruises were supported by the State of Washington through UW Oceanography and APL. The NH10 mooring is funded by NOAA through NANOOS, and by NSF through CMOP (Science and Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation and Prediction OCE-0424602). Surface ocean pCO<INF>2</INF> data collected on the NH10 mooring were supported by NSF Chemical Oceanography OCE-0752576 awarded to BH and P.G. Strutton. This is PMEL contribution number 4100.
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