California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) were studied on Hart Mountain, Oregon, during the summer and fall of 1976, and the spring of 1977. The population consisted of a minimum of 196 sheep in June, 1977. The high number of lambs observed and high lamb:ewe ratios throughout both years of...
From July 1985 to April 1987 the pelagic zooplankton community of Crater Lake, Oregon was studied to determine taxonomic structure, absolute and relative densities, and spatial and temporal distributional patterns. Samples were collected using vertically-towed zooplankton nets. The community structure consisted of two cladoceran and nine rotifer species, which were...
One of the biggest hurdles for a juvenile salmonid (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is migrating downstream from freshwater spawning grounds to the ocean. Juveniles from wild broodstock were reared from the South Santiam River for more than 1 year at the Oregon Hatchery Research Center (OHRC) in Alsea, OR. The fish were...
Despite being a highly charismatic and frequently exhibited organism,
Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) population dynamics
are poorly understood. Basic monitoring data for this species is
limited to bycatch and stomach contents of other fisheries species. An
essential step to a better estimation of population size and
productivity is to...
An exploratory study of 48-hour Pacific oyster embryo
bioassays employing spent sulfite liquor (SSL) in test
concentrations ranging from 10 to 45 ppm was made at two
incubation temperatures, 20° and 24° C. Fourteen separate
bioassays, each employing embryos originating from three to
four different parentages, were conducted at the...
A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook
salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt
to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred
in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs
the North Pacific were examined to...
The acute toxicity of Diquat (1:1-ethylene-2:2' dipyridylium
dibromide) and Dichlobenil (2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile) to six selected
pond invertebrates was determined using the median tolerance limit
estimation method. Diquat was more toxic to the amphipod, Hyalella
azeteca than to the aquatic insects Callibaetis, Limnephilus,
Enallagma, Libellula, and Tendipedidae. The addition of mud...
The fatty acids of coho salmon were identified and then a study
was conducted to determine the effects of exercise on the fatty acids
of salmon forced to swim against water velocities of 52, 54, 56, and
59 cm/sec, The shorter and lighter salmon were less competent at
a given...
The fishes of Upper Klamath Lake appeared to distribute
themselves in three general groups during the summers of 1964
and 1965: (1) the chubs--unrestricted as to distribution with slight
seasonal variations; (2) rainbow trout and yellow perch -- restricted
to certain water conditions that exist only along the northern marsh...
The effects of sublethal concentrations of kraft mill effluents
(KME) on the growth, food consumption, and swimming ability of
juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum),
were studied from February 1966 to May, 1967.
The KME used in these studies was obtained from two pulp and
paper mills producing paper from...
The black crappie was evaluated as a pond fish in four experimental
ponds in the Willamette Valley. Two ponds were stocked with
largemouth bass, bluegill sunfish, and black crappie (1:9:3), and
two ponds with largemouth bass and black crappie (1:3).
Total biomass was greatest in the three-species ponds (80 kg/...
Of 149 wild animals from two western Oregon river drainage
areas and other localities in which "salmon poisoning" disease (SPD)
is enzootic, including ten mammalian and two avian species, 79
harbored Nanophyetus salmincola, the SPD vector. The shorttail
weasel, Mustela erminea; river otter, Lutra canadensis; spotted
skunk, Spilogale putorius; Norway...
The individual stocks of sockeye salmon that make up the
annual spawning migration to the Bristol Bay region of Western
Alaska are produced in the lakes and streams of ten major river
systems, which discharge into the bay over a shoreline distance of
120 miles. The hypothesis adopted in this...
Reproductive characteristics of introduced eastern cottontail
rabbits, Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen), were determined from
486 rabbits collected between January 1, 1968 and June 30, 1969,
near Corvallis, Oregon.
Sex ratios were 1:1 for all rabbits collected and for all embryos
20 days or more gestation. On the basis of...
This thesis reports the results of a study on the influence of biologically
stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME) on the food relations and
production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
(Walbaum), in laboratory streams. Experiments were conducted at
the Oak Creek Fisheries Research Laboratory, Oregon State University,
during 1967 and...
A study of the distribution, relative abundance and diet of
fishes sympatric with juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka
(Walbaum), within the freshwater nursery areas of the Naknek River
system was undertaken from 1961 to 1963. The study was part of an
extensive investigation to determine what factors in the freshwater...
Descriptions and distributions are given of 28 species of
Liparidae occurring or possibly occurring below 200 m between San
Francisco and northern Vancouver Island, with keys for their identifications.
Nine genera are included: Careproctus, Elassodiscus,
Lipariscus, Nectoliparis, Rhinoliparis, Acantholiparis, Paraliparis,
and two new genera are described, Odontoliparis and Osteodiscus.
Eight...
Blackside dace, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus (GIRARD), were
collected from ten western Oregon streams and examined for variation
among morphological and meristic characters. Several characters were
observed to vary between populations studied. Number of vertebrae,
number of scales in and above the lateral line, length of snout, and
depth of body...
One means of evaluating the temperature requirements of an
animal is to determine changes temperature causes in the uses and
losses of energy and materials in the food the animal consumes. To
develop energy budgets for cichlids (Cichlasoma bimaculatum) at different
temperatures (20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 C) data...
The effects of three levels of dissolved oxygen (8, 5 and 3 mg/l)
upon the feeding, growth and bioenergetics of juvenile coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were determined in laboratory
studies. Experiments with individual fish were conducted during the
summer, fall and spring to measure rates of food consumption,
standard...
The production of crop-milk in band-tailed pigeons was investigated
to estimate losses of squabs that occur from hunting
pigeons during September.¹ Living birds held captive were examined
with a cystos cope and pigeons killed by hunters were examined in the
field to determine changes in gross appearance of crops and...
Biliary excretion has been of considerable interest in mammals
but has not been extensively studied in fish. To understand the
significance of biliary excretion in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri),
two studies were conducted.
The objective of the initial study was to evaluate the ability of
rainbow trout to excrete a...
The effects of discharged sewage on physico-chemical conditions
and the distribution and abundance of marine benthic animals were
studied in Shilshole Bay, a part of Puget Sound, off Seattle,
Washington. For over 50 years prior to 1965, when this study was
initiated, 87,300 pounds (32,400 pounds BOD) per day of...
A group of trout that reside in streams of the desiccating lake
basins of southeastern Oregon differ markedly from other known
Salmo. Known commonly as the red-band trout, this fish was subjected
to chromosome analysis for comparison with other species of
western North American Salmo. The karyotype of the red-banded...
Neuromuscular physiology has been extensively investigated
in several groups of vertebrates excluding fish. To
understand the nature of neuromuscular transmission in this
group, the response of the pectoral fin abductor muscle of
black bass (Micropterus salmoides) to nerve stimulation
under the influence of an anticho1inesterase agent was
studied. Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP),...
A method for predicting the harvest of commercial Dungeness
crab (Cancer magister) one year in advance of the fishing season is
described. The technique is based on the hypothesis that the relative
abundance of sub-legal crabs one year is directly proportional to the
harvest of legal crabs the following year....
Methods and utility of age determination of yellowtail rockfish
(Sebastes flavidus), canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger), and black
rockfish (Sebastes melanops) collected off Oregon during 1972 to
1975 are discussed. Structures compared on the basis of the reproducibility
of counts of annuli (consistency of readings) were the anal fin
pterygiophore, opercle,...
Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of three transferrin
genotypes (AA, AC and CC) were experimentally infected with the
causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and mortalities
observed. Six experimental and control groups were used:
(1) bacteria-infected + no Fe⁺³ ; (2) bacteria-infected + low Fe⁺³
levels; (3) bacteria-infected +...
Three products derived from shrimp processing waste (Pandalus
jordani) and a protein concentrate extracted from king crab waste
(Paralithodes camschatica) were evaluated as feed supplements for
standard dark and sapphire pelter mink (Mustela vison) replacing
approximately 10 and/or 20 percent of the protein in a standard wet
diet (33 percent...
Temporal changes in gene frequencies and genotype frequencies,
monthly densities, survival rates, growth rates, trap susceptibility
and home ranges were evaluated from 291 Nuttall's cottontails
(Sylvilagus nuttallii) captured 950 times by livetrapping and 53 cottontails
collected by shooting. Electrophoretic analyses of sera revealed
protein polymorphism at the transferrin locus in...
Effects of inbreeding coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on
survival during early life history, growth, feed efficiency, and
resistance to gas bubble disease were studied. No effect of inbreeding
could be associated with either F=0.25 or F=0.125. Tetraploidy
may help explain the absence of inbreeding depression at these
levels.
I investigated changes in plasma cortisol concentration over time in juvenile salmonids subjected to various stressors that might be encountered in their normal life cycle. This work was directed at finding a general indicator for stress in fish that could be used be used to aid fisheries research and management....
A trawling survey was conducted on Nyanza Gulf, Lake
Victoria, East Africa during March-December 1975 to investigate
association and distribution of the major fish species
and to provide information for management of the fishery.
A total of 139 sites was sampled and all fishes caught were
counted, measured, and weighed....
Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout
(Salmo gairdneri) of different stocks and three transferrin genotypes
(AA, AC, and CC), all reared in identical or similar environments, were
experimentally infected with the causative agent of bacterial kidney
disease (BKD) or Vibrio anguillarum. Mortality due to the pathogens
was compared...
The distribution and trophic ecology of neritic reef fishes was
studied to provide biological information useful in conserving these
stocks. Houk and line fishing was conducted from July 1976 to July
1977 on neritic reefs within 5 km of the Oregon coast adjacent to
Depoe Bay. Sampling was designed to...
The results of research designed to develop a synthesized diet
as a substitute or supplement to algae for culturing the Miyagi strain
of juvenile Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) are
reported. The growth of juvenile Pacific oysters fed equal amounts
(based on ash free dry weights [AFDW]) of algae (Pseudoisochrysis...
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife trout broodstocks from Alsea, Cole Rivers, Klamath, Leaburg, Oak Springs, Roaring River and Willamette Fish Hatcheries were examined for the presence of myxosporidans. Wild fish collected from waters above these hatcheries were also examined. Seven species of myxosporidans were observed in the hatchery broodfish:...
Two hundred thirteen mammals were captured on two study areas
between April 1976 and August 1977. Samples of urine and kidney tissue
from 202 mammals were cultured on media suitable for leptospiral growth.
Leptospiral organisms were not isolated from tissue cultures. Sera
from 88 mammals were examined by the microscopic...
Coho salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were transported at low and high densities. (12 and 120 g/L) for short and long periods (4 and 12 h). Because smolts can be transplanted directly to seawater, half of the fish in each treatment were transported to tanks containing seawater and half to tanks...
Complete, identified, developmental series of larval cottids
Artedius fenestralis, A. creaseri, A. meanyi, Oligocottus snyderi,
Clinocottus embryum, and C. globiceps are described for the first
time. In addition, redescriptions of four species, Artedius harringtoni,
A. lateralis, Oligocottus maculosus, and Clinocottus acuticeps
are included that provide new and comparative information on...
Chum salmon from different stocks were bred together in two experiments. Three stocks contributed gametes to one experiment, two stocks to another. Sibling groups of eggs, alevins, and fry were maintained in a common environment. Variability of development rates, rearing performance, susceptibility to disease, and behavioral traits was partitioned into...
The objectives of this study were to determine the
location and extent of populations of pygmy rabbits in Oregon,
and to describe several biotic and physical components within
communities that include pygmy rabbits. Interpretation of
aerial photographs, and information obtained from soil maps
and interviews with biologists and area residents,...
The performance of an organism or organismic subsystem is
the result of the interaction between the performance capacity of
the system and Its environment. Environmental conditions can
stress an organism and thus affect it's performance. In this
study, three whole organism performances were examined: critical
swimming speed, fatigue time and...
Whole body accumulation and tissue distribution of dieldrin
(HEOD1) in rainbow trout was studied through oral dose disposition
tests and subchronic exposures via water (0.04 and 0.08 jig dieldrin/l)
and/or diet (0.087 jig dieldrin/g fish/day). Growth and maintenance
rations of 4 and 2% body weight/day were employed. Subchronic testing
produced...
Reproduction of salmonid fishes in acidic water was studied
using the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Adult trout were exposed
to various levels of hydrogen ion (pH levels 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and
control [6.5 to 7.1]) during the final 6 weeks of reproductive
maturation. Reduced survival rates of the progeny of...
An aspect of the genetic structure of coastal Oregon steelhead was
explored and found to gradually change in a north to south pattern for the
allelic frequencies of several enzymes. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and
superoxide dehydrogenase were the clearest examples of this pattern of
variation. This pattern was most evident in...
Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
were exposed to flows of water containing low DO concentrations
produced by bubbling nitrogen through the water. Abrupt exposure of
fish to critical DO concentrations (The standard dose response) and by
a more gradual changing of DO levels (The "stepdown" approach) were...
The Oregon chub. Oregonichthys crameri. one of
Oregon's endemic freshwater fishes. is restricted to the
Willamette and Umpqua rivers and their tributaries.
Specimens from the two rivers have traditionally been
considered the same species. The goal of this study was to
re-examine that assumption and determine if the Willamette
Oregon...
The objectives of this study were to (1) describe
physical environmental conditions and species composition
at several sites along an Upstream/downstream gradient in a
number of tributaries of the Willamette River in western
Oregon; and (2) identify possible relationships between
species distributional patterns and physical habitat
parameters using detrended correspondence...
Between 1982-1984 I studied site tenacity and mate retention in Black Terns at Sycan Marsh, Lake County, Oregon. I banded 778 adult Black Terns and used this marked population to test the hypotheses that site tenacity and mate retention would be less for Black Terns which nest in variable marsh...
The effects of exposure to suspended silt, kaolin and fuller's
earth on growth and condition of Pacific oysters, 16 months of age,
were studied. The exposure apparatus maintained a continuous flow
of turbid water through chambers containing test oysters. Additional
studies measured the filtration rates of oysters exposed to suspended...
This study consisted of determining some of the conditions for
culture of young English sole (Parophrys vetulus Girard) in the laboratory.
Rearing of the larvae to the juvenile stage was attempted
unsuccessfully; techniques used and problems encountered during culture
are discussed. Growth of juveniles was studied at combinations of
temperatures...
Data were gathered on the life history of the pile perch
(Rhacochilus vacca) from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, between April,
1966, and July, 1967. Pile perch feed on the bottom and consume
mostly molluscs, barnacles and decapod crustaceans. Food habits
varied among seasons and locations within the bay, whereas the
diet...
Benthic samples were collected during the summer, winter and
spring seasons from upper Yaquina Estuary, a region used by Georgia-
Pacific Corporation for log dumping and storage. Samples came from
an active log dump and storage areas as well as areas not associated
with log handling activity. The samples were...
Traditional approaches to research and management of striped
bass have tended to be mechanistic, numerically oriented, and
based on limited life history information. In the study
presented here, comprehensive conceptual perspective was used
in a multivariate study of life history and evolutionary
adaptation of 10 striped bass populations representing the...
Atlantic menhaden, compared to gulf menhaden, exhibit
a life history pattern that appears to be adapted to a more
unpredictable reproductive environment. From experiments
on laboratory-reared eggs and larvae, Atlantic menhaden have
larger eggs with larger yolk volume. They are larger at
hatching, utilize their yolk faster, begin feeding at...
The use of some age determination methods may result in the
incorrect age structure of fish populations. This in turn may lead
to incorporation of inappropriate data into models used for stock
management. Otoliths are commonly used for determining the age of
fishes, and ages based on the whole otoliths...
A herd of re-introduced California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis
californiana) was studied from 15 June 1976 to 31 August 1977.
Thirteen major and seven minor habitats were delineated and described.
Habitat use by bighorns was observed throughout the study and
a habitat preference value (H.P.V.) was calculated based on use...
A study was conducted at Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to determine
the age-fecundity relationships in the striped seaperch Embiotoca
lateralis. A questionnaire was sent to California, Oregon, and
Washington to ascertain what regulations were in effect, and the value
of the family Embiotocidae with regard to the sport and commercial
harvest....
Studies were conducted during late winter and spring of 1970 to
establish the extent of spawning of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus
pallasi Valenciennes) in the Yaquina estuary, and to define the degree
of egg mortality on certain substrates. Routine surveillance of the
north shore of the estuary provided information on...
Experiments were carried out in fall and winter, 1990
and spring and summer, 1991 , to determine growth and
mortality of juvenile Pacific oysters {Crassostrea gigas)
in effluent from cultured coho salmon {Oncorhynchus
kisutch) , and effluent from salmon in which the red
macroalga Palmaria mollis was cultured. Ambient sea...
Eight scale characters of known hatchery and wild coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) were compared, and a linear discriminant
function was used to determine if hatchery and wild adult coho
salmon could be correctly identified by their scales. Eighty-two
percent of the hatchery and 89% of the wild fish were correctly...
The genotype frequencies of one-year-old oyster spat
(Crassostrea gigas) from parents of known genotype, are compared
to the frequencies expected with Mendelian inheritance. The genotypes
are characterized at three enzyme loci, Aspartate amino-transferase
(AAT), Phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and Leucine
aminopeptidase (LAP), and a general protein locus. In this study
expression...
Despite the fact that fishing is an inherently uncertain business, risk has rarely
been formally recognized in fisheries science or management. Few fishery
management plans include any form of risk assessment and those that do focus on
minimizing risk caused by uncertainty associated with markets and environmental
conditions. Fishermen's attitudes...
Protein microcapsules (PM) were developed as a tool for investigating aspects of dietary protein utilization by mussels, Mytilus edulis trossulus. Digestion of PM in vitro by protease, trypsin, amylase and extracts from the gut of mussels varied significantly depending on the type of protein encapsulated or whether carbohydrates were added...
Palmaria mollis (Pacific dulse) is increasingly being used in land-based marine aquaculture. This work elucidates nutrient, inorganic carbon, light, salinity, and temperature requirements of P. mollis as food for abalone species. Nutrient additions every 5 to 7 days resulted in no significant difference in P. mollis growth compared with daily...
Data are presented on the life history of snake
pricklebacks, Lumpenus sagitta, collected in Yaquina Bay,
Oregon, from June 1977 to October 1978. Specimens were
collected primarily by beach seine from four sampling sites
in the bay. Snake pricklebacks feed on algae (mainly genus
Enteromorpha), on polychaeta (mainly genus Neoamphitrite),...
Estuarine residence and growth of juvenile chum salmon
(Oncorhynchus keta) from Netarts Bay, Oregon were estimated
from daily-formed growth increments of sagittal otoliths
which are distinguishable from accretion patterns formed
during freshwater residence. Estuarine residence time was
inversely related to the average size at which juvenile chum
salmon entered Netarts...
Food habits and levels of organochlorine compounds, lead, and mercury in resident and wintering bald eagles were studied in southcentral Oregon and California, 1979-83. Food habits were assessed by examination of castings from winter communal roosts, identification of 2938 prey items found at nest sites and foraging areas, and observations...
Direct observation of a known number of black-tailed deer
(Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), within the Cedar Creek study
enclosure in the Tillamook Burn, Oregon, was carried on throughout
1964. Observations were made from three huts located outside of
the enclosure on surrounding prominences. During this period,
1,410 hours of observational time...
The objective of this research was to study the effects of increased water temperature characteristic of clearcut watersheds of Pacific coastal streams upon the growth rate of juvenile coho salmon. The natural temperature fluctuations of the stream were used in the study of growth of underyearling fish held in aquariums...
Rates of birth, death and population change were calculated for Cyclops sp. and Diaptornus forbesi in Soap Creek Ponds V-VIII near Corvallis, Oregon during the interval April, 1968 to April, 1969. An egg ratio method was used in calculating these rates. Duration of development of the eggs of both species...
Numerous fishery researchers have attempted to preserve viable fish sperm, but only three investigations were successful in the fertilization of fresh eggs with frozen and thawed sperm: Blaxter (1953); Hoyle and Idler (1968); and Graybill and Horton (1969). Significant advances reported in this thesis were: the development of suitable life...
Five species of aquatic organisms were exposed to TCDD. Lethal effects of initial exposure to coho salmon of 23.4 nanogram TCDD/gram fish wet weight (23.4 ng/g), or equivalent to 100 nanogram
per liter (100 ng/l) TCDD in water, for 24 hours were irreversible; 95% mortality occurred in 60 days. Exposure...
Ptychoptera townesi (false crane fly, Diptera) occur in high densities in an experimental stream section that has not been allowed to exceed bankfull flow for more than two decades, but are quite rare in areas both upstream and downstream from this section. By contrast, Paraleptophlebia spp. (mayfly, Epherneroptera) are relatively...
Freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) acclimated yearling coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, were subjected to severe confinement stress in FW, SW, or a medium (1/3 SW) that was approximately isosmotic to the fish's blood. Chronic stress caused osmotic imbalances in FW and SW, but not in 1/3 SW. In SW, blood...
Questions of assemblage persistence, resiliency arid continuity in time were investigated with data from seasonal bottom trawl surveys conducted by the Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts, from 1963-1978. Cluster analysis proved to be a useful statistical method for delineating assemblage boundries and corresponding resident demersal fish components from Georges...
Selected zooplankton from three oligotrophic lakes in Oregon were studied to determine whether or not their instantaneous birth rates and densities could be used in lake classification. The species of zooplankton studied in their respective lakes were Daphnia, pulex in Crater Lake, Daphnia longispina in Odell Lake, and Daphnia longispina...
The metabolism of malathion in vivo was studied by injection of adult male Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, with 0.75 [mu]g/g wet weight [³H] malathion. At selected times within 24 hours of injection, subsamples of three crabs were taken for analysis of malathion and metabolites. Malathion was extensively activated by oxidative...
Biochemical variation in 12 different chinook populations, sampled from 10 hatcheries along the Columbia River and the Oregon coast, was studied with starch gel electrophoresis. An index was
used to describe the genetic differences between pairs of populations. Differences were observed between spring and fall chinook and between Columbia River...
Precocious male coho are of limited economic value and control of their numbers returning to the hatchery or the increased survival of full-sized adults would be beneficial. Factors influencing
early sexual maturation and attempts to suppress this maturation of males through the incorporation of a hormone in the diet, treatment...