Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs),
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in 136 fish from 14 remote
lakes in 8 western U.S. National Parks/Preserves between
2003 and 2005 and compared to human and wildlife contaminant
health thresholds. A sensitive (median detection limit, -18
pg/g wet...
Bacteriophage S-CRM01 has been isolated from a freshwater strain of Synechococcus and shown to
be present in the upper Klamath River valley in northern California and Oregon. The genome of this
lytic T4-like phage has a 178,563 bp circular genetic map with 297 predicted protein-coding genes
and 33 tRNA genes...
A retrovirus homologue gene of cellular cyclin D₁, walleye dermal sarcoma virus rv-cyclin
gene (orf A or rv-cyclin), was expressed in the livers of zebrafish under the control
of liver fatty-acid binding protein (lfabp) promoter. To prevent possible fatality caused
by over-expression of the oncogene, the GAL4/UAS system was used...
Ceratomyxa shasta is a myxozoan parasite identified as a contributor to salmon mortality in the Klamath River, USA. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving a freshwater polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa and a salmonid. As part of ongoing research on how environmental parameters influence parasite establishment and replication, we designed...
Surface disinfection of fertilized fish eggs is widely used in aquaculture to reduce
extraovum pathogens that may be released from brood fish during spawning, and this is routinely
used in zebrafish (Danio rerio) research laboratories. Most laboratories use approximately 25-50 ppm unbuffered chlorine solution for 5-10 min. Treatment of embryos...
An ecological study of a microorganism similar to that isolated
in 1956 and designated as Micrococcus radiodurans indicated
that the organism could be isolated from several different environments.
By taking advantage of its radio-resistivity, high levels of
gamma radiation were used in the isolation procedures to inactivate
most of the...
Comparatively little work has been done on bacterial lipids.
There are profound differences between bacterial lipids in general
and lipids of the higher forms of life in such respects as the absence
of sterols, phospholipids low in nitrogen but high in inositol
and carbohydrate, the presence of large proportions of...
The dairy industry relies primarily on consistent acid production
by the lactic streptococci for the manufacture of certain cheeses
and fermented dairy products. Variation in these cultures due to
genetic exchange has not been thoroughly investigated. This study
was undertaken to determine if genetic homology exists within the lactic
group,...
The terminal reactions in the biosynthetic pathway of methionine
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated in this study. Analyses
of a number of methionine auxotrophs for biochemical deficiences
established four mutant groups. It was observed from qualitative feeding
experiments that some auxotrophs were able to utilize S-adenosylmethionine
(AM) and S-adenosyl-homocysteine (AH)...
The public health and economic significance of rapid acid production
by lactic streptococci in controlled dairy fermentations is well
known. However, the fast acid-producing characteristic of these organisms
is not stable, and cultures of fast organisms have been shown
to contain slow cells. These studies were carried out to characterize...
Comparisons were made of the abilities of Streptococcus lactis,
Streptococcus cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis bacteriophages
to endure various laboratory isolation and storage treatments.
Neutralization of Cottage cheese whey containing phages offered no
survival advantage over unneutralized samples, refrigeration of
neutral and acid whey samples increased the survival of only the...
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding
sulfamethazine to chinook salmon (Oncorhyncus tshawytscha, Walbaum)
as it is used in the Oregon Moist Pellet diet (OMP) for control of
bacterial infections and to compare this drug with sulfisoxazole and
sulfadimethoxine. These drugs were compared in the following manner:
toxicity,...
Studies were conducted under controlled conditions in order
to observe the resulting survival patterns in solid crabmeat of
Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi B, and SaImonella wichita
following individual exposure to various doses of gamma radiation.
As shown in their survival curves, these species of Salmonella
exhibited in varying degrees a...
This study was carried out to compare the effects of a quaternary
ammonium compound (QAC) upon strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
which were either sensitive or resistant to the germicide. The cationic
QAC used was alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. The resistant
types were isolated from the sensitive population by selection
of mutants which...
This study was undertaken to determine the role Leuconostoc
citrovorum may play in carbon dioxide production in milk. The
ability of L. citrovorum strains to produce gas was studied by two
methods. A qualitative method used visual measurement of gas where
an agar plug was forced up the neck of...
The mechanism of transsulfuration and the role of cystathionine
in the biosynthesis of methionine in yeast were investigated.
Saccharomyces were shown to accumulate cystathionine by use
of the ³⁵S labeled compound.
Cell-free extracts of the wildtype clone as well as methionine
auxotrophs were shown to cleave cystathionine. The enzymatically
produced...
Prevailing concepts relating to the non-enzymatic gaseous
loss of nitrite from soil are thought to be inadequate as regards
to the mechanisms involved. The conventional explanation for
nitric oxide formation i.e., the acid decomposition of nitrite,
is held to be insufficient in substrates of only mild or slight
acidity. A...
Studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of enzymatic
control of methionine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Enzymatic studies demonstrated that, in addition to the methionine
activating enzyme, the S-adenosylmethionine:homocysteine
transmethylase enzyme was induced during cultivation in the presence
of excess methionine. A similar, though reduced effect was
observed when...
An enzyme system was prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
strain MCC, which carries out the transfer of the methyl group from
S-adenosylmethionine or methionine to the side chain of yeast sterols.
The cell-free system has been shown to be incapable of synthesizing
ergosterol but carries out the synthesis of two as...
The purpose of this research was to determine whether the transducing phage Pl picks up original bacterial chromosome segments and whether these segments are always the same size. The plan of approach was to grow the donor bacteria Escherichia coli C600 gal⁺ (galactose) in minimal media containing the heavy isotopes...
The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize any
segregants of the heterogenotes formed from sexduction by an F'
donor. Following the mating of F' W4520, carrying an F' gal₁⁺
gal₂⁺ factor, with W3350, a gal₁⁻ gal₂⁻ recipient, a number of
recombinant clones were picked and examined for...
The purpose of this research was to determine if a basic protein
was associated with the DNA of Bacillus subtilis W168, and to determine
if there was a difference in the amount and type of protein
associated with the DNA at different times during the growth cycle
of the organism....
The enzymes and pathways involved in the catabolism of
glucose by several strains of Streptococcus diacetilactis, Streptococcus
cremoris, and Streptococcus lactis, commonly called the
lactic streptococci, were studied. The presence of aldolase,
triosephosphate isomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase in these
organisms provided evidence for the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway...
The purpose of this study was to compare and test the efficiency of the leading kinds of media being used for the isolation and identification
of Clostridium botulinum type E strains, and to develop a
more reliable method and media for the differentiation of this organism
based on the "pearly...
Routine studies of bacterial fatty acid and lipid composition,
made possible by recently developed techniques, have brought about
an increasing interest in the physiological significance of these
compounds. The purpose of this study was to characterize the fatty
acids of the vegetative cells of Clostridium botulinum 33A, as the
first...
Vibrio marinus MP-1, an obligate psychrophilic marine
bacterium, was severely damaged when heat-shocked in the presence
of nutrients. Thermally induced leakage materials from cells tested
for in the medium were 260 mμ absorbing material (nucleic acids),
orcinol reacting material (RNA), ninhydrin reacting material (amino
acids), protein, malic dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate...
A report in the literature suggesting that the use of cottage
cheese dressing cultured with S. diacetilactis would afford enhanced
flavor and shelf life in the finished product prompted this study to
examine reasons for its effectiveness. The method used involved
addition of a culture of S. diacetilactis 18-16 to...
This project was initiated in an attempt to control furunculosis
(Aeromonas salmonicida) in a production hatchery rearing coho salmon.
An oral vaccine was prepared and administered to 520,000
juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) at the Siletz River Salmon
Hatchery prior to the onset of a predictable naturally occurring
epizootic of...
Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of concentrated culture
media which had supported growth of Clostridium botulinum
types A and B was shown to be effective in separating the toxin
molecules from hemagglutinating molecules. Since the hemagglutinins
of the two types are immunologically identical and are present
in toxin and toxoid preparations,...
The primary purpose of this investigation was to characterize
the lipids of the spores and vegetative cells of Cl. botulinum. A
second purpose was to explore the possibility that lipids might serve
as a means of differentiating the chiefly proteolytic Cl. botulinum
type B from the nonproteolytic Cl. botulinum types...
This project was initiated to determine the incidence, distribution
and species of fish affected by Ceratomyxa shasta in Oregon
waters. Returning adult Pacific salmon and steelhead trout were
chosen for the survey because they were known to be susceptible to
infection. The parasite was also believed to be an important...
Ten helminth-free sheep were given two doses of 10,000,
X-irradiated, H. contortus, third stage larvae 30 days apart. These
animals and a group of ten non-vaccinated sheep were challenged
with 50,000, normal, H. contortus, third stage larvae 60 days
following the second vaccination. Antibody levels were measured
in both groups...
The difficulties encountered in working with micro-quantities
of lipids have been overcome by the advent of new and improved
procedures in chromatography which have made possible better
fractionation and identification. Bacterial lipids because of their
different lipid pattern from other life forms have stimulated much
interest. Studies have been made...
This thesis describes the viral susceptibility of two cell
cultures established from embryonic tissue of salmonid
fish, chinook salmon line CHSE-114 and steelhead trout line STE-137. The viruses used were Oregon sockeye salmon virus (OSV),
Sacramento River chinook disease virus (SRCD), Western equine
encephalitis virus (WEE) and Newcastle disease virus...
Four-fold partially purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
(G-6-PDH) from the obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium
Vibrio marinus was effected by thermally induced leakage of the
enzyme, ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography
on Sephadex G-200 gel.
The effects of temperature, pressure, salinity, and pH were
determined for the various degrees of enzyme purity....
Characterization of a virus requires that its physical, biochemical
and biological properties be determined. In this study the
Oregon sockeye salmon virus was characterized. It was isolated
in the fall of 1958 from juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus
nerka, being reared at the Oregon Fish Commission's Willamette
River Hatchery.
When inoculated...
Quantity variations in pigments and lipid classes were determined
following γ-irradiation of Micrococcus radiodurans, Sarcina
lutea, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Pigmentation was determined by extraction with organic solvents
and measured as optical density at 475 mμ for M. radiodurans
and S. lutea, and 410 mμ for Ps. E aetuginosa. Pigments of...
In an attempt to determine the natural habitat of Streptococcus
lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, and Streptococcus diacetilactis 27
different species of vegetables, 18 species of fruits and many individual
cow raw milk samples were examined.
S. lactis was found to occur on potatoes, corn, cucumbers,
peas, beans, and cantaloupe. In each...
Certain species of the orders Myxobacterales and Pseudo-monadales are well-known antagonists. Pseudomonas fluorescens
and Pseudomonas putida have been reported to produce bacteriostatic
and bactericidal substances. Among the myxobacteria there
are various species which are known for their ability to produce
lytic enzymes and antibiotics. Organisms from both of these groups...
Experiments were carried out to purify and characterize the
galactosidase of the Streptococcus lactis 7962. Purification was
accomplished using standard procedures; however the lability of
the enzyme to numerous treatments limited the techniques that could
be used and the amount of active enzyme recovered. Gel filtration
revealed that the enzyme...
Some enzymes of the citric acid cycle and glycolytic pathway
in cell-free extracts of Vibrio marinus MP-1 were compared for
thermal lability. After one hour of moderate temperature exposure,
enzymes of both pathways rapidly lost catalytic activity. For all
but one enzyme, 50 percent remaining activity occurred near an
averaged...
Factors influencing diacetyl production by the aroma bacteria
Leuconostoc citrovorum and Streptococcus diacetilactis were investigated.
When grown in association with lactic streptococci, L. citrovorum
strain 91404 decreased in cell numbers from 10⁸ to 10⁶ over
two weeks of daily subculturing in sterile non-fat milk incubated at
21°C. The ability to...
The presented study was undertaken to determine the
operational catabolic carbohydrate pathway(s) contributing
to the synthesis of the DNA of the actinophage for
Streptomyces griseus. The incorporation of glucose-6-¹⁴C versus glucose-1-¹⁴C was determined for the
deoxyribose and purine and pyrimidine bases of the phage
DNA. The specific activities of the...
The regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast has been
studied. The system has been examined for the presence of an end-product inhibition. Both anaerobically and aerobically grown cells
have been examined for this effect. A feedback inhibition of sterol
synthesis has been shown, but it appears to be a secondary...
The association of other materials with DNA has been studied
extensively in higher organisms and more recently in bacteria.
However, investigation of these complexes in bacteria have for the
most part been restricted to the study of a specific function this association
may serve, or a specific kind of association....
The role of nematodes (Diplogaster lheritieri Maupas 1919) as
excretors of pathogenic organisms was studied. Salmonella typhi and
Salmonella wichita were fed to nematodes for two days. The nematodes
were surface sterilized with free chlorine. The activity of the
chlorine was stopped by the addition of sodium thiosulfate followed by...
The mycorrhizal rootlets of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) were extensively investigated. A jet-black mycorrhiza was found to be dominant on Douglas-fir rootlets. The fungal symbiont was identified as Cenococcum graniforme (Sow.) Ferd. and Winge. Two forms of mycorrhizae predominated on root systems of...
The effect of Endothal (3, 6-endoxyhexahydrophthalic acid),
sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) and TD-47 (di-N, N-dimethylcocoamine
salt of Endothal) on the microbial populations, ammonification,
nitrification and respiration in six different soils was investigated.
It was found that Endothal at 20 and 200 ppm had no adverse
effect on the microbial population, ammonification,...