While overfishing frequently is explained in terms of «the Tragedy of the
Commons» model, it is argued that the economic causes of such long-run resource problems could be more accurately characterised in terms of a «Tragedy of High Prices» due to landings prices exceeding fishing costs at
the socially optimal...
This paper reports on the valuation of the marine halibut and salmon sport fishery of central and lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. The project was designed to simulate changes in economic value and regional economic impacts for environmental analysis but has also been used in fishery allocation management. This study develops...
The United States has been collecting supplemental economic information in addition to biological catch and effort data from saltwater recreational anglers. This supplemental information was collected to enable the estimation of travel cost models of recreation demand. This paper will discuss in detail the data that is available and the...
The recent expansion of the longline commercial fishery has heightened the conflicts among various fisheries in Hawaii, especially between longliners and non-longline commercial (troll and handline) and recreational fishing boats. The recent court ruling against longline fishing on some waters around Hawaiian islands may provide an impetus for the expansion...
This paper presents the results of a 1999 survey to determine the economic value of the recreational fishery in New Zealand for five species, snapper (Chrysphrys autratus), kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi), kahawai (Arripis trutta), blue cod (Parapercis colias) and rock lobster (Jasus edwadsii and Jasus verreauxi). Contingent valuation methods were...
Fisheries resource management in Malawi, has so far gone through three types of management systems which can effectively be defined, if not more. In the pre-colonial era, fisheries resource management was under the control of traditional leaders, which fall under the Community Based Natural Resource Management System. Thereafter, up to...
In April 1997, the Council of the European Union (EU) initiated a debate about Community fishing agreements (CFAs). In its conclusions, the Council invited "the Commission to undertake an analysis of the costs and benefits of fishing agreements with the Community". The overall aim is to provide pertinent information to...
This paper focus on motivation factors for market oriented value adding (MOVA) in the fishing industry of the limited fish resources. Analytical the paper interpreter the market orientation concept into the Structure- Conduct-Performance model from industrial economics. It shows that most established fisheries management systems as Olympic style, licenses and...
The survey, commencing in May 2000, is the first broad based national recreational fishing survey of its kind in Australia. While primarily designed to provide biologic and fisher participant data, it provides a platform for the collection of data applicable to economic policy questions.
The survey methodology is based on...
Since 1979, the United States has been collecting data on marine recreational angling with the Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistical Survey (MRFSS). To enable the estimation of travel cost models of recreational demand the base MRFSS survey has been amended to include necessary data elements. Additionally, data is collected that will...
The current U.S. moratorium on implementation of new Individual Quota (IQ) programs has left fishery managers without an important tool in the quest for successful management systems. Meanwhile, many fisheries, such as the west coast groundfish fishery, are in desperate need of capacity reduction and more flexible management.
The Pacific...
The method of constructing scenarios is neither straightforward nor unproblematic. We propose first of all the term epistemic closure for representing the necessary methodological limitations of scenario construction. Whenever a particular kind of epistemic closure becomes a habit within some field of scenario-making, we use the term conventional scenarios. The...
Fisheries co-management starts with the premise that stakeholders have the innate capacity to improve resource condition as well as the welfare of the society. If this is true, there is a need for rapid and substantial devolution of fisheries management institutions. The main purpose of this study was to examine...
Coastal and inland water areas in Finland have traditionally been under private ownership in conjunction with possession of land. Most of these water areas are managed jointly by the individual owners. In the late 20th century, an authoritative top-down management regime and regional decision-making layers were established and added to...
Economic analysis of fisheries management often relies on the assumption that some form of authority exists which will be able to take up the recommendations of economists, using adequate regulatory instruments. The discussion of management measures implicitly assumes that an external intervention will be possible - usually by the State...
The diplomatic corps of Iceland has used much of its time during the third quarter of the 20. century to convince other nations that Icelanders should control and utilise the resources of the waters within 12, then 50 and finally 200 nautical miles around the island. Icelandic politicians have used...
This paper discusses the legal concepts of property and property rights and examines how the Australian courts perceive fishing entitlements (licences, ITQs and Individual Effort Units). On the basis of case law concerning the nature of other fishing entitlements, such as fishing licences, the courts are likely to find that...
The article examines the conditions under which community-based management or comanagement is likely to result in either (I)successful collaboration between a state agency and a local community or (ii) “capture” of a public agency by private or special interests. The article focuses on the role of state agencies in the...
It is often said that the reason why Community-Based Fishery Management System (CBFM) in Japan has been well practiced is due to a historical development of a fishing right system, which emerged during her feudal era. This is not always correct. Until August 1945, when Japan was defeated in the...
This paper provides an overview of use rights, that sanction fishers, fisher groups and fishing communities to access and use fishery resources. The paper first reviews the various forms of use rights, ranging from access rights (territorial use rights and limited entry) to quantitative input (effort) and output (harvest) rights....
Among the questions that ecosystem-based management raises for economists is how to partition uses of the many biological, chemical and physical attributes of marine ecosystems into sets of property rights that undergird total ocean wealth. An elemental basis of property rights for fisheries involves the interplay between ecological and technological...
Apprentice programs offer a method to encourage responsible individual behavior by laying the foundation for successful collective property rights. Apprenticeship has three purposes: to restrict the rate of entry, to affect the quality of the participant, and to create the conditions for collective action for sustainability. Apprenticeship could be an...
The research for this paper was triggered by a stunning judgement of the Icelandic Supreme Court in December 1998, which declared as unconstitutional existing fisheries laws on individual transferable quotas (ITQs), because they privileged those who derived their fishing rights from ownership of vessels during a specific period over which...
Abstract only. For complete paper: M. C. Healey and T. Hennessey. 1998. The paradox of fairness: the impact of escalating complexity on fishery management. Marine Policy 22:109-118.
Pacific Salmon are anadromous fish that cross state and international boundaries in their oceanic migrations. Fish spawned in the rivers of one jurisdiction are vulnerable to harvest in other jurisdictions. The rocky history of attempts by the United States and Canada to cooperatively manage their respective salmon harvests suggests that...
This paper considers the regulation of a natural resource within a dynamic common agency framework. In setting harvest quotas, the regulator responds to lobbying pressure (contributions) from harvesters and conservationists. The truthful Markov perfect equilibrium stock is then an increasing function of the effective political weight for conservationists. Since the...
Rent-seeking in the U.S. Atlantic sea scallop fishery is described. Resource and trade disputes caused the U.S. fishing industry, including scallopers, to lobby Congress for extended federal jurisdiction in 1977. The sea scallop fishery soon overcapitalized as fishermen captured non-exclusive resource rents. Limited entry was introduced in 1994, but an...
Abstract only. See the following for the published paper: T. Hennessey and M. Healey. 2000. Ludwig's ratchet and the collapse of New England groundfish stocks. Coastal Management 28:187-213
The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing rights, limited fishing licences, and limited processing licences were tried and abandoned, usually because of social and political pressures and lack of...
Due to the immanent common property problem of water, non-point-pollution is the common feature of many inland waters and the eutrophic levels are alarmingly high. drinking water and other services are negatively affected by high eutrophic levels fisheries. Concerning causes of pollution, agriculture, subject to overuse of fertilizer and pesticides,...
Using a two-stage harvesting game, I model the political and economic incentives to overfish in a regulated, restricted access common property fishery with income supplements. As variable fishing effort is regulated and effort caps appear to be binding, I argue that social choice of political lobbying effort becomes the principal...
After declining rapidly because of low fish stocks in the early 1970s, the Newfoundland fishery — harvesting and processing facilities, and employment — expanded severalfold during the four years following adoption of the 200-mile limit. The expansion collapsed into bankruptcy during the 1981 recession. Through government intervention the industry was...
Few doubt the need for government intervention to manage the use of fisheries resources. The nature of access to fisheries resources means that intervention is required to provide for optimal economic performance and to meet environmental objectives. Management authorities therefore spend considerable funds to conduct stock research, make decisions and...
The Challenger Scallop Enhancement Company is a fishery self-governing organisation based around Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) property rights. The Company has direct responsibility for managing New Zealand’s largest scallop (Pecten novaezelandiae) fishery known as the Southern Scallop Fishery and is contracted to manage several others. The management framework in the...
Among other mechanisms, the Chilean fishing act established a system of extraordinary fishing permits (EFP) to access the fisheries in stage of recovery or incipient stage of development. The EFP entitles its holder the right to catch during 10 years a fraction of the global annual quota. The right is...
Changes to New Zealands fisheries legislation provides for devolution of certain function duties and powers of the central government agency to the industry. Such a framework is creating considerable difficulty for decision-makers when developing implementation strategies. This paper reviews the innovations and approaches being taken to implement one of the...
Though the commercial value per pound of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) is greater than that of most target species in trawl fisheries off Alaska, halibut retention is prohibited for trawlers and individual groundfish target trawl fisheries are subject to closure if they attain either their seasonal or annual limit of...
Shetland is currently pioneering two innovations in fisheries management. The Shetland Regulating Order and the Community Fish Quota scheme are both certainly innovative, perhaps radical and may possibly become a model for other areas.
The Shetland Islands are often described as remote, barren and peripheral. From a fisheries perspective, however,...
Collaborative research initiatives between New Zealand’s fisheries management agencies and commercial fisher organisations are commonplace. This can be attributed to a combination of fisheries management institutions and processes that on the one hand create incentives for commercial fishers to take increasing responsibility for fisheries research and on the other hand...
The positive relationship between innovation and an unusually high concentration of ownership is considered in relation to the Exmouth Gulf Limited Entry Prawn Fishery. Innovation has lead to the adoption of improved harvesting practices and the investigation of the potential for stock enhancement. Experiences in this fishery are consistent with...
The evolution of the Quota Management System of fisheries management in New Zealand has been accompanied by four innovations in the specific mechanisms used by government to collect revenue from commercial fishers and quota owners. These are: the introduction of resource rentals, the removal of resource rentals, the introduction of...
This historical survey sweeps across a thousand years, divided into five very unequal stages. Over most of the stages property in tide-water fisheries was lost. Fishers lost control of the fishstock and of the markets they served. Governments responded with fishing regulations, which have served as a basis for regaining...
Two fishery management innovations developed in New Zealand are described. The first is a programme of “self-monitoring” of the catch through the biological sampling by the skipper or a crew member on the vessel. The intent of this programme is to take a small sample of many units of effort...
This paper examines the ability of a new policy to reduce bycatch of red snapper by the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico: Fractional License as proposed by Townsend. The policy is evaluated both theoretically and using a simulation model.
The international institutional context for fishery management in the Mediterranean is changing due to the evolution of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean and the review of the Common Fisheries Policy due in 2002. This changing context offers an ideal opportunity to re-consider the fundamental fishery management strategy. It...
The objective of the paper is to analyse and to simulate fishers dis-investment behaviour especially in the context of the French buyback policy. A case study, the limited entry scallop fishery of the Saint-Brieuc bay is used to consider the problem of excess capacity and to review the impact of...
This is a summary paper on the redistribution and restructuring of the South African squid industry. Political normalisation in South Africa during 1994, and the drafting of the new Marine Living Resources Act 1998, led to the imperative to transform the fishing sector to more equitably reflect the racial demographics...
After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation by 1975. Alaska persisted in seeking limited entry largely in response to declining salmon resources coupled with increasing levels of...
Various buyout or retirement schemes are used, primarily to reduce fishing effort and capacity. Buyouts are used to provide economic aid in cases of natural disaster and to reduce the numbers of vessels, licenses, and gear in a fishery, i.e., capacity reduction. This paper is part of a larger internship...
Around 100 commercial fish species are utilized by the trawl sector of the Australian South East Fishery, of which sixteen major species were brought into an ITQ management system in 1992. A revenue function approach is used to analyze catch, price and effort data for the period 1990-96, and to...
Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans seeks to manage British Columbia’s prawn fishery by limiting the season length, vessel entry, and the number of prawn traps per vessel. However, fishers can still adjust their effort by increasing the number of trap lifts during the season.
This study examines the effect...
We hypothesized that bycatch may affect the quality of the shrimp by causing breakage. A double-rigged commercial shrimp vessel was chartered for test fishing. One net employed a Nordmore grate BRD and the other served as a control. Bycatch was measured from each net.
The shrimp catch was kept separate...
The Cuban seafood industry has long been an important supplier of certain high-valued seafood products for the world market. In addition, the industry has historically played an important role in providing seafood products for the domestic markets in Cuba. Assistance from the Soviet Union during the 1960-70s led the development...
Draft membership agreements for pollock fishery cooperatives pay particular attention to the allocation of quota among cooperative members. Since the impetus for cooperative organization among pollock fishing boats derives largely from the opportunity provided by transferable quotas, this emphasis is not surprising. However, a cooperative structure requires attention to other...
Despite their apparent economic benefits to harvesters, Individual Fishing Quotas (IFQs) have only been adopted in three U.S. fisheries: Mid-Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog; South Atlantic wreckfish; and, North Pacific halibut and sablefish. During the 1996 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Congress temporarily blocked implementation...
This paper explores the political economy of using fishery cooperatives to advance voluntary decapitalization and rationalization that the U. S. Congress intended to benefit both vessels and processors. Game theory offers insights into the likelihood of achieving congressional intent. It is argued that the American Fisheries Act introduces a potential...
Political controversies associated with individual fishing quota (“IFQ”) programs have impaired IFQ implementation. As an alternative, U.S. fishermen have sought rationalization through private ordering. Their ability to do so is subject to U.S. antitrust law, under which agreements among competitors allocating resource outputs are typically considered “per se” violations. However,...
Despite increasing concerns, the progress towards better management of fisheries in Mexico has been slow. The main political, social and economic forces behind over fishing in the country remain largely at place. Among the major problems are demographic pressure, open access or ill defined property rights, excessive centralization of management...
In this paper, a bio-economic simulation model for the sea scallop fishery is established and its application in analyzing the area rotation management policy is demonstrated. Section 2 describes model specification and estimation and presents the empirical model. Section 3 evaluates two policy options using the model and the last...
Oyster relaying is one of the means by which oystermen increase the net return from their leases. Using a Poisson regression model, this research evaluates the factors affecting the demand for relaying permits by the oyster industry in Louisiana, the nation’s leading oyster producing state. Economic factors and prevailing environmental...
The Florida spiny lobster trap certificate program (TCP) is one of the oldest U.S. fisheries programs involving tradable effort permits. Under the TCP, fishers must own a certificate (and pay an associated annual fee) for each trap used. The program was created in 1992 to address overcapitalization amid growing social...
In late 1999 Artisanal Fisherman Association in Thailand requested the government to take actions in curbing destructive anchovy fishing gears. They believed that anchovy fishing was the main cause of fishery resource depletion in their fishing grounds. Main anchovy fishing gears were light luring falling net, purse seine, and scoop...
Natural resource management is a challenging undertaking in the best of circumstances. However, managing living marine resources is frequently confounded by the vast, alien, and oft-times hostile physical environment within which the organisms reside. The subtleties and complexity of the marine life-web, which in important respects have come to include...
The Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. is home to the greatest hydroelectric system in the world. Its dams provide 75 percent of the power needs of nearly 10 million people. But the dams also create numerous obstacles to the survival of what was once the...
A great deal is known about economic and social adjustments in modern societies, but the two are not well integrated in social science literature. The unique biological conditions in the fishery further complicate decision making at both the micro and macro levels. An assessment is made of how well current...
Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Past restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable...
Herring is an important stock as bait for lobster fisheries and a component of the food web of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. However, herring is very vulnerable to environmental variables such as temperature, food supply, and to the type of sediment on the bottom floor. Egg and larval stage herring...
In this paper, we use a common renewable resource model with stochastic growth to obtain three main results. First, we demonstrate that predictions of poor future environmental conditions lead to lower desired escapement (i.e., low remaining resource stock in place after harvest) and higher current harvest. At first glance, it...
A new evidence for the regime shift has been found as to the tuna populations in the northwest Pacific to show that the regime shift is the universal principle throughout fish groups not only at lower trophic levels but at higher levels. The regime shift has been driven by the...
Two developments: investigation of the relationship between climate and the size of small Pelagic fishstocks, and the extension of this relationship to include its impact on economic activity indicate the importance of specifying the linkage among changes in the environment, a profitable and stable industry and conservation of the resource...
Many records provide the bases for a clearer understanding of the roles of climate regime shifts and short-term perturbations in ecosystem dynamics, hence fisheries responses. Too few have taken the long view of the role of humans in this "Grand Fugue". As one of many predators, it is imperative that...
This paper considers the costs of fisheries management. It starts by reviewing the costs of fisheries management in Iceland, Newfoundland and Norway. The outcome of this study, as well as information from other countries, indicates that fisheries management costs are generally quite substantial relative to the value of landed catch....
This paper reports on a study of Icelandic government expenditures on fisheries and fisheries management during the period from 1990 to 1996. This study is a part of a joint Canadian, Icelandic and Norwegian project attempting to estimate consistently government expenditures on fisheries and fisheries management in these three countries...
Cost recovery has been a fundamental feature of the management of Australia's Commonwealth fisheries since the mid-1980s. The general philosophy of the current Commonwealth cost recovery model, introduced in 1994, is that the beneficiaries of government services should meet the costs of those services in accordance with the concept of...
Government financial transfers (GFTs) to the marine capture fishery sectors in OECD Member countries represent a significant policy intervention. These transfers have a variety of objectives and governments employ a number of means to implement them. This paper reviews an OECD study and discusses the findings in the context of...
This paper discusses public expenditures on fisheries in Norway. The purpose is to identify management and enforcement costs, management being defined as regulations necessary to overcome the open access problem. Management costs thus include costs of devising and enforcing fisheries regulations. They also include stock assessments and monitoring at sea,...
A recent analysis of the potential for management cost recovery in the UK suggested that such a policy would be detrimental to UK fishers if other European countries did not implement a similar charging policy. Most of the waters exploited by UK fishers are also exploited by fishers from other...
Defining the fisheries management role of government as the process beginning with stock assessment, running through fisheries management proper, and concluding with surveillance and enforcement, this paper describes the marine fisheries management process in Newfoundland and itemizes the associated expenditures.
The paper first introduces the fisheries management dilemma faced by many Asian developing countries including Thailand and the key elements of a transition policy towards responsible fisheries. It then analyses current fisheries management costs in Thai marine fisheries. Major cost items include fisheries research (especially stock assessment), monitoring, control and...
Sea turtles have historically been a primary resource for many of the coastal inhabitants of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Despite their endangered status and the implementation in 1990 of Mexican laws prohibiting the harvest of sea turtles, the demand for and the supply of these animals has persisted...
This paper presents the results of a research project, which has focused on Danish fishers’ acceptance of imposed fisheries regulations and their respect for the management system. The analytical framework developed by Raakjær Nielsen (1998) and Raakjær Nielsen and Vedsmand (1999) has been used. The research has focused on three...
Illegal behavior among fishermen is often explained using models that abstract from the moral and the political realm. These same models may also abstract from the institutional realities of law making and the behavioral realities of small businesses and families. Illegal behavior may be a result of situations where policy...
This study was sponsored by U.S. Coast Guard with the initial phase completed in 1999. The objective was to examine the deterrence effects of Coast Guard fisheries-related enforcement activities. The presentation covers a model of deterrence around drug smuggling and counterdrug operations, deterrence in fisheries law enforcement, the correlation between...
Government on all levels has actively promoted the Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) paradigm as a progressive antidote to past reliance on reactive police practices. This paper analyzes the impact of this paradigm on policing, describes examples of programs designed to implement the COPPS paradigm, and assesses some of...
An important subset of natural resource management addresses preserving and/or harvesting biological resources. Examples are policies that derive from the Endangered Species Act including habitat conservation plans, the U.S. Forest Service’s logging practices, and fishery management councils’ decisions regarding catches. To understand the effectiveness of management policies requires an understanding...
In recent years, payments to purchase resources or easements or to change landowner behavior have become a major vehicle for resource conservation and environmental protection. These funds use various strategies to target resources for conservation, the choice of which may lead to striking differences in economic and environmental performance. In...
The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed upon several major principles which become legally binding following ratification of the Convention by the national legislature. In terms...
In this paper the Norwegian economic gains / costs of rebuilding the Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harrengus) is analysed by including the effect of the herring stock on the cod (Gadus morhua) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) fishery in the Barents Sea. The herring stock collapsed in the late 1960's and...
In this paper, a three-country dynamic bio-economic model is presented and used to simulate catch levels, stock size and profit potential of alternative management strategies for the Norwegian spring-spawning herring fishery. Management of the herring fishery is complicated by the migratory behaviour of the species moving between coastal state zones...
Pollution of the marine areas that support much of the world's commercial fisheries is regarded as a pressing global environmental problem. One often-cited issue is nutrient enrichment, but this may be a mixed blessing: it contributes to primary productivity and increases the sustainable fish catch, while simultaneously causing occasional and...
This paper addresses the adequacy and perspectives of multi-agent system (MAS) models in the context of policy sup-port for agricultural policy makers. The paper starts illustrating what MAS are and how they may be used. The general presenta-tion is followed by the description of an exemplary spatial dynamic model of...
In this paper, we consider the transfer of environmental and cultural assets to the next generation as a potential measure of sustainability. We define net assets as the value of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources plus human-made, intellectual, social, and cultural capital, minus any debts. We apply this approach by...
The number of discussions about sustainable fisheries is increasing world-wide. The crisis in a lot of big fisheries, e.g. cod fishery on the Grand Banks, salmon fisheries along the pacific coast of the USA and Canada, must lead to different management regimes.
In the paper I describe different concepts for...
The aim of this paper is to propose a model to analyze and manage the scientific-technological innovation systems in public organizations dedicated to R&D in agribusiness, such Embrapa, under the terms of the theoretical system supplied by the New Institutional Economics. The purpose is to identify parameters that can increase...
This paper deals with the application of a dynamic model, combining Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Penrose’s theory of the growth of firms, under the New Institutional Economics (NIE) terms, to analyze and manage the “Agribusiness Innovation System” (SIE) coordinated by an agricultural research-development (R&D) organization in Brazil – Embrapa....