The evidence for a protective role of omega
3 fatty acids in CHD is becoming clearer and firmer,
especially for secondary prevention. Intakes of
approximately 800-1,000 mg per day appear to be a prudent
approach for the latter group of patients. The safety of
intakes of up to 3,000 mg...
The Challenger Scallop Enhancement Company is a fishery self-governing organisation based around Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) property rights. The Company has direct responsibility for managing New Zealand’s largest scallop (Pecten novaezelandiae) fishery known as the Southern Scallop Fishery and is contracted to manage several others. The management framework in the...
The transition process from the Soviet economical system to the market economy in fisheries has received
relatively little attention from fisheries researchers. This study analyze how overall changes in political and economical life
of Estonia during the last decade have affected the complex system of the environmental, economic, social and...
For more than a century, politicians, newspaper editors, tate and federal fisheries managers, and their various constituencies with an interest in salmon have complained,lobbied and petitioned, sought legislative relief, and studied to near extinction the declining runs of the Pacific Northwest’s anadromous fish runs. All to no avail, of course....
In late 1999 Artisanal Fisherman Association in Thailand requested the government to take actions in curbing destructive anchovy fishing gears. They believed that anchovy fishing was the main cause of fishery resource depletion in their fishing grounds. Main anchovy fishing gears were light luring falling net, purse seine, and scoop...
Traditional aquaculture has to a large extent used herbivore species with limited requirements for additional feeding. However, in intensive aquaculture production one farm carnivore species like salmon and also feeds herbivore species with fishmeal as this increase growth. This has lead to a growing concern that increased aquaculture production poses...
In 1999, the FAO Committee on Fisheries adopted an International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity. The paper presents this new international fisheries instrument and discusses the main issues which would need to be addressed by Nations and regional fisheries organizations worldwide to ensure its implementation. Specific...
Abstract only. For complete paper: M. C. Healey and T. Hennessey. 1998. The paradox of fairness: the impact of escalating complexity on fishery management. Marine Policy 22:109-118.
The positive relationship between innovation and an unusually high concentration of ownership is considered in relation to the Exmouth Gulf Limited Entry Prawn Fishery. Innovation has lead to the adoption of improved harvesting practices and the investigation of the potential for stock enhancement. Experiences in this fishery are consistent with...
It is impossible to place a date on the beginning of fishery research. It no doubt existed in a primitive way among the earliest civilizations. For practical reasons, the scope of this paper is limited to the four countries bordering the North Pacific--Japan, Canada, Russia and the United States--and to...
The “Protestant ethic” with its emphasis on hard work, efficiency, and frugality has influenced the values of North
American fishing communities. Many commercial fishers concur with its principle of “waste not, want not,” and believe that
discarding marketable fish is wrong. In industrialized fisheries, this ethic by itself is inadequate,...
Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Past restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable...
This paper focus on motivation factors for market oriented value adding (MOVA) in the fishing industry of the limited fish resources. Analytical the paper interpreter the market orientation concept into the Structure- Conduct-Performance model from industrial economics. It shows that most established fisheries management systems as Olympic style, licenses and...
From merely being cod liver oil taken for vitamins A and D, fish oils have moved into the center stage of fatty acids in nutrition. The analytical work starting in 1950 provided the means to recognize the long-chain and truly essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids vital for retinal, neurological and...
These experiences working on regional and national problems for fisheries managers in NMFS have given me a perspective on the role of economics in fisheries management that I am going to share with you today. I would like to stress that this perspective is unique to me and does not...
Given the fragile nature of fish stocks in the North Sea, it is of increasing importance to produce accurate and informed estimates of the state of stocks for the purpose of setting TACs. In order to do this, realistic and reliable estimates of fishing mortality and the current state of...
In this paper a real options approach is taken to natural resource contract valuation. A comparison is made between hedging with futures on developed (harvested) versus undeveloped assets. The risk-free Q martingale probability measure is obtained for the developed asset, and modified to a cost-adjusted Q martingale in the undeveloped...
Apprentice programs offer a method to encourage responsible individual behavior by laying the foundation for successful collective property rights. Apprenticeship has three purposes: to restrict the rate of entry, to affect the quality of the participant, and to create the conditions for collective action for sustainability. Apprenticeship could be an...
Economic performance of different fleet segments varies considerably from year to year, with some segments experiencing increased profitability while others experience decreased profitability. This variation is generally considered to be a consequence of the stochasticity in the industry. However, there is growing evidence that fisheries may not be as stochastic...
The paper discusses compilation of economic accounts for wild fish stocks. The methods proposed in the System of National Accounting (SNA) satellite system, the System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) are discussed and their usefulness assessed in simple examples. The paper proposes some methods for estimating the value...
The question arises for fishery managers as to whether or not there are observable and measurable attributes of the skipper or vessel that fishery managers can monitor and possibly regulate to control expansions in fishing capacity from this source. This paper addresses this neglected issue of resource management through a...
Both at home and abroad concerns about genetically modified foods have disrupted food markets and raised a number of problems for international trade. This paper addresses the issue of labeling foods produced using genetically modified ingredients from an economic perspective. The wide range of consumer attitudes with respect to food...
West Coast fishery management is a product of its context, incentives, and history. The context is both regional and national. Incentives have encouraged investment and growth. The history is a progression of enclosure, expansion, and eventual contraction. A major West Coast fishery – groundfish – illustrates how fishery management has...
The marine environment is experiencing increased human-induced stress, compounded by natural and human-induced (global warming) climatic changes. “Freedom of the sea” is no longer a viable option as marine resources become increasingly scarce. Both fishermen and managers must work cooperatively and diligently to monitor the existing limited resources. In order...
Due to the immanent common property problem of water, non-point-pollution is the common feature of many inland waters and the eutrophic levels are alarmingly high. drinking water and other services are negatively affected by high eutrophic levels fisheries. Concerning causes of pollution, agriculture, subject to overuse of fertilizer and pesticides,...
A panel of food industry managers discussed the challenges of the food chain with emphasis on the retail component. Major issues identified included the supply chain with the advent of web-retail, industry image with consumers, environmental issues and workforce challenges. Panelists included Pam Lund (Momenta LLC), Lynn Wilson (Momenta LLC),...
The Venice lagoon is the largest one in the Mediterranean sea (550 km2). It is a relevant site for both professional fishing and recreation (fishing and boating). The paper estimates the recreational and sport-fishing demand using the contingent valuation method. A stratified sample-based survey has been made in order to...
We hypothesized that bycatch may affect the quality of the shrimp by causing breakage. A double-rigged commercial shrimp vessel was chartered for test fishing. One net employed a Nordmore grate BRD and the other served as a control. Bycatch was measured from each net.
The shrimp catch was kept separate...
The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing rights, limited fishing licences, and limited processing licences were tried and abandoned, usually because of social and political pressures and lack of...
The paper first introduces the fisheries management dilemma faced by many Asian developing countries including Thailand and the key elements of a transition policy towards responsible fisheries. It then analyses current fisheries management costs in Thai marine fisheries. Major cost items include fisheries research (especially stock assessment), monitoring, control and...
A new evidence for the regime shift has been found as to the tuna populations in the northwest Pacific to show that the regime shift is the universal principle throughout fish groups not only at lower trophic levels but at higher levels. The regime shift has been driven by the...
This study was sponsored by U.S. Coast Guard with the initial phase completed in 1999. The objective was to examine the deterrence effects of Coast Guard fisheries-related enforcement activities. The presentation covers a model of deterrence around drug smuggling and counterdrug operations, deterrence in fisheries law enforcement, the correlation between...
In “Landing fees vs. harvest quotas with
uncertain fish stocks”, Martin Weitzman maintains that
the conventional view among both fisheries economists
and fisheries managers is that “prices” are inferior to
“quantities” as instruments for regulating the fishing
industry. Weitzman takes the opposite position,
appealing to two well-established ideas in economics:...
Ex-vessel price formation of fish in Iceland has been a stumbling stone within the fisheries for a long period of time. Fish as a raw material for processing has been sold either in direct sales or through auction markets leading to different prices. In many cases direct sales leads to...
Using a two-stage harvesting game, I model the political and economic incentives to overfish in a regulated, restricted access common property fishery with income supplements. As variable fishing effort is regulated and effort caps appear to be binding, I argue that social choice of political lobbying effort becomes the principal...
This paper analyzes spatial patterns of exploitation in the California sea urchin fishery using two different econometric approaches: a Poisson/SUR model of monthly observations and a micro-level Nested Logit model of individual harvester daily decisions. Each model is used to simulate the spatial distribution of fishing effort. The models are...
Wiegardt Brothers is the oldest family business to continuously harvest oysters in the US, in operation since the 1970s. We are oyster growers, or aquaculturists.
The west coast oyster industry was founded on the native oyster, Ostrey Lurida, also regionally named the Olympia or Yaquina oyster. The name native stuck...
Government financial transfers (GFTs) to the marine capture fishery sectors in OECD Member countries represent a significant policy intervention. These transfers have a variety of objectives and governments employ a number of means to implement them. This paper reviews an OECD study and discusses the findings in the context of...
Government on all levels has actively promoted the Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) paradigm as a progressive antidote to past reliance on reactive police practices. This paper analyzes the impact of this paradigm on policing, describes examples of programs designed to implement the COPPS paradigm, and assesses some of...
Draft membership agreements for pollock fishery cooperatives pay particular attention to the allocation of quota among cooperative members. Since the impetus for cooperative organization among pollock fishing boats derives largely from the opportunity provided by transferable quotas, this emphasis is not surprising. However, a cooperative structure requires attention to other...
This study was aimed at assessing how efficient the small - scale fishing units in Lagos State, Nigeria use the monetary inputs: costs of gear repairs, craft repairs, fuel, fishing losses, hired labor, and the residual costs of craft and gear. Between January and December, 113 mechanized and 43 non-mechanized...
Collaborative research initiatives between New Zealand’s fisheries management agencies and commercial fisher organisations are commonplace. This can be attributed to a combination of fisheries management institutions and processes that on the one hand create incentives for commercial fishers to take increasing responsibility for fisheries research and on the other hand...
After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation by 1975. Alaska persisted in seeking limited entry largely in response to declining salmon resources coupled with increasing levels of...
A partnership project of the Bangladesh Department of Fisheries, five NGOs and ICLARM has introduced community management of inland fisheries in Bangladesh. Management arrangements and outcomes are compared in four waterbodies with different property rights. In the closed lake fishers jointly stock, guard and harvest fish, non-members are excluded. Production...
The Irish Sea is a moderately discrete area with mixed fisheries targeting a fairly small number of relatively well researched but depleted fish stocks, including nephrops, cod, whiting, haddock, plaice and sole. Vessels from Belgium, England, France, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland participate. The degree of dependence of...
Between 1988 and 1997, Japanese fish and shellfish catch dropped by 42 percent, falling to its lowest level in 31 years. Domestic prices sharply increased, but per capita fish and shellfish consumption is still higher than that of all meats. To meet rising demand, Japan became the world's largest importer,...
Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans seeks to manage British Columbia’s prawn fishery by limiting the season length, vessel entry, and the number of prawn traps per vessel. However, fishers can still adjust their effort by increasing the number of trap lifts during the season.
This study examines the effect...
Trolling (the use of lures behind a moving boat) for salmon has probably been practiced for thousands of years with oars and sails. But it was not until the advent of reliable gasoline engines and increased regulations on the estuary gillnet fisheries of San Francisco Bay and the Columbia River...
The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed upon several major principles which become legally binding following ratification of the Convention by the national legislature. In terms...
This paper evaluates evidence that fish stocks in Africa's inland waters are climate-driven and cannot be stabilized by conventional fisheries management measures. We draw on published material and our own recent and on-going research in Lake Chad and the East African Great Lakes area to propose that fisherfolk's livelihood strategies...
A primal formulation has been used to estimate a translog production function that includes fishing effort and fisherman’s skill as production factors. The selected functional form permits the analysis of the substitution possibilities among production inputs composing effort by calculating the Allen elasticity of substitution. Particular attention is paid to...
This paper analyses the factors explaining productivity and efficiency differences across salmon aquaculture farms, with an emphasis on agglomeration externalities. We specify a stochastic frontier production model with agglomeration indexes included in both the frontier production function and the technical inefficiency model. The frontier model is estimated on a rich...
Defining the fisheries management role of government as the process beginning with stock assessment, running through fisheries management proper, and concluding with surveillance and enforcement, this paper describes the marine fisheries management process in Newfoundland and itemizes the associated expenditures.
During the IIFET 2000 meeting, one session was set aside to discuss issues raised in an article by Richard H. Thaler entitled "From
Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens," in a recent (2000) issue of The Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(1): 133-141. The session
began with the following summary of some...
The article examines the conditions under which community-based management or comanagement is likely to result in either (I)successful collaboration between a state agency and a local community or (ii) “capture” of a public agency by private or special interests. The article focuses on the role of state agencies in the...
When we talk about indigenous cultural practices we are in fact talking about responsibilities that have evolved into
unwritten tribal laws over millennia. These responsibilities and laws are directly tied to nature and is a product of the slow
integration of cultures within their environment and the ecosystems. Thus, the...
In seeking to value environmental amenities and public goods, individuals often have trouble trading off the
(vague) amenity or good against a monetary measure. Valuation in these circumstances can best be described as fuzzy—both in terms of the amenity valued, perceptions of property rights, and the numbers chosen to reflect...
Shellfish farming is the most common and the most established activity of aquaculture in France and in EU15. Such as main suppliers of mussels and oysters, mariculture production makes up the referent market for bivalves molluscs, unlike most other aquatic species for which capture fisheries are prevalent. Moreover, the specificity...
Fisheries management involves a degree of separation between ownership of the fish and associated natural resources, ownership and operation of fishing enterprises and management of the fishery as a whole. The arms length nature of some of the resulting relationships means that public reporting of a range of economic and...
This paper examines the circumstances under which farmers respond to the introduction of tilapia production technology, and analyzes the manner in which the benefits from such introduction are shared and distributed among recipients. The hypothesis that the inverse relationship between yields and operational land size widely observed in agriculture is...
This paper provides an analysis of the market potential for organic salmon, primarily in the European Union. There
has been a substantial growth in the demand for organic food products in industrialised countries in the course of the past
decade. Legislation for organic production is now being extended to aquaculture,...
This paper reports on the valuation of the marine halibut and salmon sport fishery of central and lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. The project was designed to simulate changes in economic value and regional economic impacts for environmental analysis but has also been used in fishery allocation management. This study develops...
The number of discussions about sustainable fisheries is increasing world-wide. The crisis in a lot of big fisheries, e.g. cod fishery on the Grand Banks, salmon fisheries along the pacific coast of the USA and Canada, must lead to different management regimes.
In the paper I describe different concepts for...
Despite increasing concerns, the progress towards better management of fisheries in Mexico has been slow. The main political, social and economic forces behind over fishing in the country remain largely at place. Among the major problems are demographic pressure, open access or ill defined property rights, excessive centralization of management...
The paper reports on a large-scale demand model for recreational fishing in Michigan. The model is based on the travel cost method and is specified as a four-level nested-logit. Seasonal participation is modeled by repeating the site choice logit over the course of a season. Data on anglers' trips and...
Herring is an important stock as bait for lobster fisheries and a component of the food web of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. However, herring is very vulnerable to environmental variables such as temperature, food supply, and to the type of sediment on the bottom floor. Egg and larval stage herring...
This paper presents the results of a research project, which has focused on Danish fishers’ acceptance of imposed fisheries regulations and their respect for the management system. The analytical framework developed by Raakjær Nielsen (1998) and Raakjær Nielsen and Vedsmand (1999) has been used. The research has focused on three...
The international institutional context for fishery management in the Mediterranean is changing due to the evolution of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean and the review of the Common Fisheries Policy due in 2002. This changing context offers an ideal opportunity to re-consider the fundamental fishery management strategy. It...
In the past three and a half a century since fisheries development was embarked upon in West Africa, the significant contributions of women in sustaining the socio-economic livelihoods of their families has been neglected and taken for granted. Development and support systems have paid much less attention to the economic...
Since one of the themes of this conference is to develop a better understanding between the seafood and economic communities, I thought I would address how markets and management influence each other.
The Florida spiny lobster trap certificate program (TCP) is one of the oldest U.S. fisheries programs involving tradable effort permits. Under the TCP, fishers must own a certificate (and pay an associated annual fee) for each trap used. The program was created in 1992 to address overcapitalization amid growing social...
The presents a theoretical analysis of the operation of a commercial fishery in the presence of marine reserves. The sustainable yield and revenue curves for reserves are derived and compared to the analogous curves with no reserves. It is shown that reserves will always reduce the sustainable harvest for any...
Among other mechanisms, the Chilean fishing act established a system of extraordinary fishing permits (EFP) to access the fisheries in stage of recovery or incipient stage of development. The EFP entitles its holder the right to catch during 10 years a fraction of the global annual quota. The right is...
This essay deliberates on the future of capitalism or, more specifically, the mixture of command and market likely
to characterize the modern economy two to three decades on. I start by discussing global trends in the supply and demand for
market and non-market goods and the collateral demand for institutions,...
The objective of this study is to incorporate anticipated congestion in an individual-specific demand framework using random utility theory. In this process the notion of interdependent utility functions will be utilized and implemented in a relatively simple econometric structure. The model will be illustrated in an empirical application to wilderness...
Emergy (spelled with an "m") and its economic equivalent emdollars evaluate the work done by the environment and by the human economy on a common basis. Making choices that maximize emdollar contributions of environment and economy is a useful public policy.. Emergy-emdollar evaluation of salmon pen culture is presented in...
Fish resource management system in Malawi has undergone several changes for nearly a century. The conventional centralised fisheries management system was introduced after the colonial rule through a mandated Fisheries Department, taking over the whole responsibility of controlling exploitation of fisheries resources from the traditional powers. The major focus at...
Around 100 commercial fish species are utilized by the trawl sector of the Australian South East Fishery, of which sixteen major species were brought into an ITQ management system in 1992. A revenue function approach is used to analyze catch, price and effort data for the period 1990-96, and to...
Management of fishing effort and fishing capacity is receiving increased attention world-wide. In the Northeast region of the U. S., the principal focus has been on managing “active” fishing vessels, although concerns have increased over the magnitude of “latent” effort and its implications for resource recovery and sustainability. This paper...
In this paper, a bio-economic simulation model for the sea scallop fishery is established and its application in analyzing the area rotation management policy is demonstrated. Section 2 describes model specification and estimation and presents the empirical model. Section 3 evaluates two policy options using the model and the last...
Cost recovery has been a fundamental feature of the management of Australia's Commonwealth fisheries since the mid-1980s. The general philosophy of the current Commonwealth cost recovery model, introduced in 1994, is that the beneficiaries of government services should meet the costs of those services in accordance with the concept of...
I will present a brief history of fish processing along the Pacific Coast of California and Oregon, and recollect some childhood memories of “laying about” in fish houses and fishing boats in my “home port” of Fort Bragg. As many of you know, the past 25 years of my career...
The author highlights the many new insights that have already arisen in the rapidly emerging literature on performance and CU measurement in fisheries. She stresses two fundamental points. First, for relevant policy guidance it is crucial to seriously ponder the implications of myriad complicating factors for CU modeling and measurement,...
The brief historical occurrence of aquaculture introduces the science that evolved from the early studies on cod propagation in 1864, and the export of these concepts about stock enhancement through protection of early life history stages through what has always been considered the ‘critical periods’ during which the majority of...
Excess capacity or capacity utilization measures are presented in the multi-output case. Such measures can be either technical or economic. They may also be ray measures or revenue measures. The choice of the best measure depends on data availability and the policy use of the measure.
This paper discusses the potential contribution of an eco-theology to the management of marine resources. The claim of the Christian gospel is that God has a plan for everything in the universe and we are to live to bring it about. The Hebrew/Christian world view is significantly different from naturalism...
It is often said that the reason why Community-Based Fishery Management System (CBFM) in Japan has been well practiced is due to a historical development of a fishing right system, which emerged during her feudal era. This is not always correct. Until August 1945, when Japan was defeated in the...
Reducing harvesting capacity in fisheries is of international importance. In 1999, member nations of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) agreed to an International Plan of Action to reduce fishing capacity. Two initial concerns were the acceptance of a workable definition of capacity and the development of methods...
Economic analysis of fisheries management often relies on the assumption that some form of authority exists which will be able to take up the recommendations of economists, using adequate regulatory instruments. The discussion of management measures implicitly assumes that an external intervention will be possible - usually by the State...
This paper discusses public expenditures on fisheries in Norway. The purpose is to identify management and enforcement costs, management being defined as regulations necessary to overcome the open access problem. Management costs thus include costs of devising and enforcing fisheries regulations. They also include stock assessments and monitoring at sea,...
This paper explores the political economy of using fishery cooperatives to advance voluntary decapitalization and rationalization that the U. S. Congress intended to benefit both vessels and processors. Game theory offers insights into the likelihood of achieving congressional intent. It is argued that the American Fisheries Act introduces a potential...
Illegal behavior among fishermen is often explained using models that abstract from the moral and the political realm. These same models may also abstract from the institutional realities of law making and the behavioral realities of small businesses and families. Illegal behavior may be a result of situations where policy...
The complexity of natural resources management has challenged the most willing governments and their most
dedicated scientists. The many intangible dimensions of the environment have defeated the most creative valuation methods.
Recently, more and more professionals and researchers have turned to religious teachings about nature and society, in order to...