The Conference Program for IIFET, held July 10-14 in Corvallis, Oregon. Program lists the sessions by date and time and includes the session titles, speakers and paper titles.
The brief historical occurrence of aquaculture introduces the science that evolved from the early studies on cod propagation in 1864, and the export of these concepts about stock enhancement through protection of early life history stages through what has always been considered the ‘critical periods’ during which the majority of...
Due to the development and change in shrimp culture technology during a period from 1985 to 1995, Thailand has made an impressive success in shrimp aquaculture development, which resulted in the dramatic increase in the number of intensive black tiger shrimp farms all along the coastal area of the country...
The valuation of the opportunity to either invest or exploit a fishery is particularly difficult because of the high uncertainty concerning the resource price. The traditional net-present-value (NPV) and other discounted-cash-flows (DCF) methods cannot properly capture the management's flexibility and strategic value aspects of a fishery, thus they may understate...
These experiences working on regional and national problems for fisheries managers in NMFS have given me a perspective on the role of economics in fisheries management that I am going to share with you today. I would like to stress that this perspective is unique to me and does not...
Potential changes in the tobacco program have prompted research of aquaculture crops in Kentucky. Using a dynamic, programming model, this paper evaluates two methods for producing pond-raised paddlefish to assess if either method is economically viable in Kentucky. Results indicate that a polyculture system with catfish is profitable.
This paper discusses the use of options as a tool to retrieve valuable information on the value and level of risk associated with owning a share in a stock of renewable resource. The objective is to show how theory on options trading can be used to obtain information on the...
In this paper a real options approach is taken to natural resource contract valuation. A comparison is made between hedging with futures on developed (harvested) versus undeveloped assets. The risk-free Q martingale probability measure is obtained for the developed asset, and modified to a cost-adjusted Q martingale in the undeveloped...
This paper analyses the factors explaining productivity and efficiency differences across salmon aquaculture farms, with an emphasis on agglomeration externalities. We specify a stochastic frontier production model with agglomeration indexes included in both the frontier production function and the technical inefficiency model. The frontier model is estimated on a rich...
A linear programming (LP) profit-maximization model and a Target MOTAD risk programming model were developed to identify optimal management strategies and associated risk levels for the aquaculture of penaeid shrimp in Honduras. Data for this study were provided by three cooperating shrimp farms and included complete production records of 1,004...
The theory of extensions to the national accounts is expressed in models in which wealth is being explicitly maximized. For the fishery, the central issue is such valuation when the policy being followed is inefficient. We begin the task of making such valuations for commercial products of a fishery. Capacity...
Bleach has been used for decades as an irritant in the British Columbia (BC) commercial octopus dive-fishery. Recently the FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization) declared that using noxious substances in any fishery is considered unlawful, under international law. Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) has asked BC...
The paper discusses compilation of economic accounts for wild fish stocks. The methods proposed in the System of National Accounting (SNA) satellite system, the System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) are discussed and their usefulness assessed in simple examples. The paper proposes some methods for estimating the value...
Traditional aquaculture has to a large extent used herbivore species with limited requirements for additional feeding. However, in intensive aquaculture production one farm carnivore species like salmon and also feeds herbivore species with fishmeal as this increase growth. This has lead to a growing concern that increased aquaculture production poses...
U. S. agriculture is at a crossroads. The value of traditional agricultural exports has fallen while imports have increased. Concerns about the environmental impacts of current agricultural practices threaten profitability. As O'Connell (1989) pointed out in Choices , one answer to U. S. farm problems might be found in the...
This paper investigates the financial and economic efficiencies of three scales of recirculation aquaculture production growing Murray Cod (Maccullochelli peelli peelli) at tonnages of 25 tonne, 50 tonne and 150 tonne. Best practice industry data is used (growth, FCR, mortality, equipment and running costs) in conjunction with AQUAFarmer feasibility software1...
Fish is the main animal source of protein for the people of Bangladesh. As a principal source of protein, the per capita production of fish is declining. The present study highlights the development of pond fish production through grassroots level organization. The study was conducted in rural areas of Bangladesh....
This paper examines the circumstances under which farmers respond to the introduction of tilapia production technology, and analyzes the manner in which the benefits from such introduction are shared and distributed among recipients. The hypothesis that the inverse relationship between yields and operational land size widely observed in agriculture is...
Following an assessment of Mexican water resources by governmental agencies in the late 1940’s, Tabasco State was identified as a potential area for aquaculture development, as the State holds 30% of National water resources and an important share of Southeast Mexican fisheries, particularly for oyster production. However, conflicts and competition...
In 1990-1993 in Kapasia sub-district in central Bangladesh ICLARM introduced low-input aquaculture for pond owners to adapt into their farming systems. Impacts on production, fish consumption and markets were assessed in 1998-1999. The percentage of ponds stocked increased from 1990 to 1998, but did not differ significantly between past participants...
We argue in this paper that the present fishery policy goal of sustaining current levels of ecosystem resources will foreclose future options for the generation of food, wealth and services from ocean resources. Hence, only a policy of rebuilding of ecosystems can reverse this trend. A novel methodology, termed Back...
The presents a theoretical analysis of the operation of a commercial fishery in the presence of marine reserves. The sustainable yield and revenue curves for reserves are derived and compared to the analogous curves with no reserves. It is shown that reserves will always reduce the sustainable harvest for any...
The recent establishment of the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR) presents a unique opportunity to analyze the economic implications of using zonification as a tool to manage conflicting claims to a fragile and limited resource. Recognizing that the long-term success of the GMR depends on the cooperation of all of the...
Recently, Mediterranean lagoon environment, mainly in the North Adriatic area, has been threatened by the overexploitation of fishery. Fishing has been rapidly growing since clam (Tapes phippinarum) fishery has spread over several lagoons. Fishing growth has been accomplished by capital-intensive fishery equipments increasing harvesting beyond the sustainable biological growth. This...
The Irish Sea is a moderately discrete area with mixed fisheries targeting a fairly small number of relatively well researched but depleted fish stocks, including nephrops, cod, whiting, haddock, plaice and sole. Vessels from Belgium, England, France, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland participate. The degree of dependence of...
The role of discounting in determining the optimal harvest of natural resources has been extensively debated in the economic and natural resources literature. Differing approaches to discounting to address sustainability and intergenerational equity issues have the potential to significantly affect the allocation of resources between harvesting and conservation for this...
This paper analyzes optimal fishery management in the presence of an endangered predator that competes with humans for a commercially viable prey. Because traditional predator controls are not possible when the predator is endangered, we focus on harvest effort controls over the prey’s habitat as a means to maintain the...
An integrated model combining a wildlife population simulation model and timber harvest and growth models was developed to explore the tradeoffs between the likelihood of persistence of a hypothetical wildlife species and timber harvest volumes on a landscape in the Central Oregon Cascades. Simulated annealing, a heuristic optimization technique, was...
There is currently much national and international interest in measuring commercial fishing capacity. Two quantitative methods that will likely be used for this purpose are data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic frontier (SF) production functions. Although both methods can be used to estimate a production frontier, their underlying assumptions and...
Measurement of capacity in marine fisheries is an important activity. An economic definition of capacity is the output level corresponding to the tangency between the long-run and short-run average cost curves. A technological-engineering definition is the maximum output per unit of time provided variable inputs are unrestricted. Although cost data...
Given high levels of uncertainty associated with fish stocks, predetermined access rights to the fishery may not deliver the most efficient outcome. Real time monitoring of the fishery could allow effort to be expanded or decreased in accordance with a set of performance indicators. The potential for using real time...
This paper proposes a game theoretic modeling framework for the assessment of the trade-off between economic efficiency gains and biodiversity conservation in a fishery. It introduces a biodiversity index, and develops an application of the method couched on Namibian hake fisheries. Results from the illustrative example show that the opportunity...
It is fitting for the theme of IIFET 2000 “Microbehavior and Macroresults” that some of the smallest life forms on planet Earth (caliciviruses measuring 36 nanometers in diameter), which replicate only inside the living cells of their hosts, be examined. From their beginnings in this microscopic ecologic niche where they...
Emergy (spelled with an "m") and its economic equivalent emdollars evaluate the work done by the environment and by the human economy on a common basis. Making choices that maximize emdollar contributions of environment and economy is a useful public policy.. Emergy-emdollar evaluation of salmon pen culture is presented in...
Reducing harvesting capacity in fisheries is of international importance. In 1999, member nations of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) agreed to an International Plan of Action to reduce fishing capacity. Two initial concerns were the acceptance of a workable definition of capacity and the development of methods...
The Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA) and Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Management require restoration of fishery resources and a matching of capacity to desired resource levels. There is, thus, a need to reduce harvesting capacity throughout many of the fisheries of the world. Yet, even the term capacity is...
Using individual firm data from before and after the introduction of ITQs in the multi-species Nova Scotia mobile gear fishery, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine issues relating to capacity and capacity utilization. The paper examines how a change in the property rights regime can affect a multi-product...
The FAO International Plan of Action on the management of fishing capacity calls for all member states to provide estimates of the total capacity of their fleets by 2001. In the UK, a “capacity” measurement system is currently in place, based on vessel size and engine power. An assumption is...
This paper deals with the application of a dynamic model, combining Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Penrose’s theory of the growth of firms, under the New Institutional Economics (NIE) terms, to analyze and manage the “Agribusiness Innovation System” (SIE) coordinated by an agricultural research-development (R&D) organization in Brazil – Embrapa....
The aim of this paper is to propose a model to analyze and manage the scientific-technological innovation systems in public organizations dedicated to R&D in agribusiness, such Embrapa, under the terms of the theoretical system supplied by the New Institutional Economics. The purpose is to identify parameters that can increase...
The number of discussions about sustainable fisheries is increasing world-wide. The crisis in a lot of big fisheries, e.g. cod fishery on the Grand Banks, salmon fisheries along the pacific coast of the USA and Canada, must lead to different management regimes.
In the paper I describe different concepts for...
In this paper, we consider the transfer of environmental and cultural assets to the next generation as a potential measure of sustainability. We define net assets as the value of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources plus human-made, intellectual, social, and cultural capital, minus any debts. We apply this approach by...
This paper addresses the adequacy and perspectives of multi-agent system (MAS) models in the context of policy sup-port for agricultural policy makers. The paper starts illustrating what MAS are and how they may be used. The general presenta-tion is followed by the description of an exemplary spatial dynamic model of...
Pollution of the marine areas that support much of the world's commercial fisheries is regarded as a pressing global environmental problem. One often-cited issue is nutrient enrichment, but this may be a mixed blessing: it contributes to primary productivity and increases the sustainable fish catch, while simultaneously causing occasional and...
In this paper, a three-country dynamic bio-economic model is presented and used to simulate catch levels, stock size and profit potential of alternative management strategies for the Norwegian spring-spawning herring fishery. Management of the herring fishery is complicated by the migratory behaviour of the species moving between coastal state zones...
In this paper the Norwegian economic gains / costs of rebuilding the Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harrengus) is analysed by including the effect of the herring stock on the cod (Gadus morhua) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) fishery in the Barents Sea. The herring stock collapsed in the late 1960's and...
The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed upon several major principles which become legally binding following ratification of the Convention by the national legislature. In terms...
In recent years, payments to purchase resources or easements or to change landowner behavior have become a major vehicle for resource conservation and environmental protection. These funds use various strategies to target resources for conservation, the choice of which may lead to striking differences in economic and environmental performance. In...
An important subset of natural resource management addresses preserving and/or harvesting biological resources. Examples are policies that derive from the Endangered Species Act including habitat conservation plans, the U.S. Forest Service’s logging practices, and fishery management councils’ decisions regarding catches. To understand the effectiveness of management policies requires an understanding...
Government on all levels has actively promoted the Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) paradigm as a progressive antidote to past reliance on reactive police practices. This paper analyzes the impact of this paradigm on policing, describes examples of programs designed to implement the COPPS paradigm, and assesses some of...
This study was sponsored by U.S. Coast Guard with the initial phase completed in 1999. The objective was to examine the deterrence effects of Coast Guard fisheries-related enforcement activities. The presentation covers a model of deterrence around drug smuggling and counterdrug operations, deterrence in fisheries law enforcement, the correlation between...
Illegal behavior among fishermen is often explained using models that abstract from the moral and the political realm. These same models may also abstract from the institutional realities of law making and the behavioral realities of small businesses and families. Illegal behavior may be a result of situations where policy...
This paper presents the results of a research project, which has focused on Danish fishers’ acceptance of imposed fisheries regulations and their respect for the management system. The analytical framework developed by Raakjær Nielsen (1998) and Raakjær Nielsen and Vedsmand (1999) has been used. The research has focused on three...
Sea turtles have historically been a primary resource for many of the coastal inhabitants of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Despite their endangered status and the implementation in 1990 of Mexican laws prohibiting the harvest of sea turtles, the demand for and the supply of these animals has persisted...
The paper first introduces the fisheries management dilemma faced by many Asian developing countries including Thailand and the key elements of a transition policy towards responsible fisheries. It then analyses current fisheries management costs in Thai marine fisheries. Major cost items include fisheries research (especially stock assessment), monitoring, control and...
Defining the fisheries management role of government as the process beginning with stock assessment, running through fisheries management proper, and concluding with surveillance and enforcement, this paper describes the marine fisheries management process in Newfoundland and itemizes the associated expenditures.
A recent analysis of the potential for management cost recovery in the UK suggested that such a policy would be detrimental to UK fishers if other European countries did not implement a similar charging policy. Most of the waters exploited by UK fishers are also exploited by fishers from other...
This paper discusses public expenditures on fisheries in Norway. The purpose is to identify management and enforcement costs, management being defined as regulations necessary to overcome the open access problem. Management costs thus include costs of devising and enforcing fisheries regulations. They also include stock assessments and monitoring at sea,...
Government financial transfers (GFTs) to the marine capture fishery sectors in OECD Member countries represent a significant policy intervention. These transfers have a variety of objectives and governments employ a number of means to implement them. This paper reviews an OECD study and discusses the findings in the context of...
Cost recovery has been a fundamental feature of the management of Australia's Commonwealth fisheries since the mid-1980s. The general philosophy of the current Commonwealth cost recovery model, introduced in 1994, is that the beneficiaries of government services should meet the costs of those services in accordance with the concept of...
This paper reports on a study of Icelandic government expenditures on fisheries and fisheries management during the period from 1990 to 1996. This study is a part of a joint Canadian, Icelandic and Norwegian project attempting to estimate consistently government expenditures on fisheries and fisheries management in these three countries...
This paper considers the costs of fisheries management. It starts by reviewing the costs of fisheries management in Iceland, Newfoundland and Norway. The outcome of this study, as well as information from other countries, indicates that fisheries management costs are generally quite substantial relative to the value of landed catch....
Many records provide the bases for a clearer understanding of the roles of climate regime shifts and short-term perturbations in ecosystem dynamics, hence fisheries responses. Too few have taken the long view of the role of humans in this "Grand Fugue". As one of many predators, it is imperative that...
Two developments: investigation of the relationship between climate and the size of small Pelagic fishstocks, and the extension of this relationship to include its impact on economic activity indicate the importance of specifying the linkage among changes in the environment, a profitable and stable industry and conservation of the resource...
A new evidence for the regime shift has been found as to the tuna populations in the northwest Pacific to show that the regime shift is the universal principle throughout fish groups not only at lower trophic levels but at higher levels. The regime shift has been driven by the...
In this paper, we use a common renewable resource model with stochastic growth to obtain three main results. First, we demonstrate that predictions of poor future environmental conditions lead to lower desired escapement (i.e., low remaining resource stock in place after harvest) and higher current harvest. At first glance, it...
Herring is an important stock as bait for lobster fisheries and a component of the food web of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. However, herring is very vulnerable to environmental variables such as temperature, food supply, and to the type of sediment on the bottom floor. Egg and larval stage herring...
Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Past restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable...
A great deal is known about economic and social adjustments in modern societies, but the two are not well integrated in social science literature. The unique biological conditions in the fishery further complicate decision making at both the micro and macro levels. An assessment is made of how well current...
The Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. is home to the greatest hydroelectric system in the world. Its dams provide 75 percent of the power needs of nearly 10 million people. But the dams also create numerous obstacles to the survival of what was once the...
Natural resource management is a challenging undertaking in the best of circumstances. However, managing living marine resources is frequently confounded by the vast, alien, and oft-times hostile physical environment within which the organisms reside. The subtleties and complexity of the marine life-web, which in important respects have come to include...
In late 1999 Artisanal Fisherman Association in Thailand requested the government to take actions in curbing destructive anchovy fishing gears. They believed that anchovy fishing was the main cause of fishery resource depletion in their fishing grounds. Main anchovy fishing gears were light luring falling net, purse seine, and scoop...
The Florida spiny lobster trap certificate program (TCP) is one of the oldest U.S. fisheries programs involving tradable effort permits. Under the TCP, fishers must own a certificate (and pay an associated annual fee) for each trap used. The program was created in 1992 to address overcapitalization amid growing social...
Oyster relaying is one of the means by which oystermen increase the net return from their leases. Using a Poisson regression model, this research evaluates the factors affecting the demand for relaying permits by the oyster industry in Louisiana, the nation’s leading oyster producing state. Economic factors and prevailing environmental...
In this paper, a bio-economic simulation model for the sea scallop fishery is established and its application in analyzing the area rotation management policy is demonstrated. Section 2 describes model specification and estimation and presents the empirical model. Section 3 evaluates two policy options using the model and the last...
Despite increasing concerns, the progress towards better management of fisheries in Mexico has been slow. The main political, social and economic forces behind over fishing in the country remain largely at place. Among the major problems are demographic pressure, open access or ill defined property rights, excessive centralization of management...
Political controversies associated with individual fishing quota (“IFQ”) programs have impaired IFQ implementation. As an alternative, U.S. fishermen have sought rationalization through private ordering. Their ability to do so is subject to U.S. antitrust law, under which agreements among competitors allocating resource outputs are typically considered “per se” violations. However,...
This paper explores the political economy of using fishery cooperatives to advance voluntary decapitalization and rationalization that the U. S. Congress intended to benefit both vessels and processors. Game theory offers insights into the likelihood of achieving congressional intent. It is argued that the American Fisheries Act introduces a potential...
Despite their apparent economic benefits to harvesters, Individual Fishing Quotas (IFQs) have only been adopted in three U.S. fisheries: Mid-Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog; South Atlantic wreckfish; and, North Pacific halibut and sablefish. During the 1996 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Congress temporarily blocked implementation...
Draft membership agreements for pollock fishery cooperatives pay particular attention to the allocation of quota among cooperative members. Since the impetus for cooperative organization among pollock fishing boats derives largely from the opportunity provided by transferable quotas, this emphasis is not surprising. However, a cooperative structure requires attention to other...
The Cuban seafood industry has long been an important supplier of certain high-valued seafood products for the world market. In addition, the industry has historically played an important role in providing seafood products for the domestic markets in Cuba. Assistance from the Soviet Union during the 1960-70s led the development...
We hypothesized that bycatch may affect the quality of the shrimp by causing breakage. A double-rigged commercial shrimp vessel was chartered for test fishing. One net employed a Nordmore grate BRD and the other served as a control. Bycatch was measured from each net.
The shrimp catch was kept separate...
Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans seeks to manage British Columbia’s prawn fishery by limiting the season length, vessel entry, and the number of prawn traps per vessel. However, fishers can still adjust their effort by increasing the number of trap lifts during the season.
This study examines the effect...
Around 100 commercial fish species are utilized by the trawl sector of the Australian South East Fishery, of which sixteen major species were brought into an ITQ management system in 1992. A revenue function approach is used to analyze catch, price and effort data for the period 1990-96, and to...
Various buyout or retirement schemes are used, primarily to reduce fishing effort and capacity. Buyouts are used to provide economic aid in cases of natural disaster and to reduce the numbers of vessels, licenses, and gear in a fishery, i.e., capacity reduction. This paper is part of a larger internship...
After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation by 1975. Alaska persisted in seeking limited entry largely in response to declining salmon resources coupled with increasing levels of...
This is a summary paper on the redistribution and restructuring of the South African squid industry. Political normalisation in South Africa during 1994, and the drafting of the new Marine Living Resources Act 1998, led to the imperative to transform the fishing sector to more equitably reflect the racial demographics...
The objective of the paper is to analyse and to simulate fishers dis-investment behaviour especially in the context of the French buyback policy. A case study, the limited entry scallop fishery of the Saint-Brieuc bay is used to consider the problem of excess capacity and to review the impact of...
The international institutional context for fishery management in the Mediterranean is changing due to the evolution of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean and the review of the Common Fisheries Policy due in 2002. This changing context offers an ideal opportunity to re-consider the fundamental fishery management strategy. It...
This paper examines the ability of a new policy to reduce bycatch of red snapper by the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico: Fractional License as proposed by Townsend. The policy is evaluated both theoretically and using a simulation model.
Two fishery management innovations developed in New Zealand are described. The first is a programme of “self-monitoring” of the catch through the biological sampling by the skipper or a crew member on the vessel. The intent of this programme is to take a small sample of many units of effort...
This historical survey sweeps across a thousand years, divided into five very unequal stages. Over most of the stages property in tide-water fisheries was lost. Fishers lost control of the fishstock and of the markets they served. Governments responded with fishing regulations, which have served as a basis for regaining...
The evolution of the Quota Management System of fisheries management in New Zealand has been accompanied by four innovations in the specific mechanisms used by government to collect revenue from commercial fishers and quota owners. These are: the introduction of resource rentals, the removal of resource rentals, the introduction of...
The positive relationship between innovation and an unusually high concentration of ownership is considered in relation to the Exmouth Gulf Limited Entry Prawn Fishery. Innovation has lead to the adoption of improved harvesting practices and the investigation of the potential for stock enhancement. Experiences in this fishery are consistent with...