Published July 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised July 1995. Reprinted November 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Most dairies need no commercial fertilizer if they use manure properly. In most cases, manure can supply all the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and several other nutrients needed for forage production.
Spreading livestock and poultry manure on crop and pastureland is a way to reclaim the value of the plant nutrients in manure. This practice is the most popular and widely recommended way to utilize these manures. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the nutrients of greatest value in manure and are the...
Interactions between children and the frail elderly can benefit both generations. Children can gain an understanding of
aging and develop meaningful relationships with older persons. Frail elders can enjoy the happiness and satisfaction of a
relationship with a child.
Published May 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Laboratory soil tests will help you develop
and maintain more productive soil and
increase crop production by providing
information on the available nutrient content of
your soil. Soil testing helps you select the
correct kind and amount of fertilizer and liming
material. Recommendations are based on the
results of fertilizer...
Published April 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Children are naturally curious and have a strong desire to
be independent. They may go beyond the rules and limits
parents set. Sometimes parents aren’t sure how to respond to
children’s behavior. Parents may react angrily, rather than warmly
and firmly.
In a growing number of families, all the adults in the
family are employed in the labor market. This has the
potential for increasing work and family stress.
Why is problem solving important for families? Naturally, conflicts arise
for children every day. Children who learn to figure out solutions
to their problems are better able to work and play with others. The
ability to solve difficult situations also builds positive self-esteem,
self-confidence, and relationships with others.
Many parents want their children to have positive feelings about themselves and to believe they can succeed. Children often evaluate their selfworth and make judgments about their abilities based on experiences they have at home. Families can provide numerous
opportunities every day to develop children’s self-confidence.
Potatoes are an excellent choice for the home garden. They emerge quickly and grow rapidly. Potatoes yield well under most soil and growing conditions and can be stored for long periods without canning, drying or freezing.
Four speedwell species are important weeds in the Pacific Northwest:
• Ivyleaf speedwell (Veronica hederaefolia L.)
• Persian, birdseye, or winter speedwell (Veronica persica Poir.)
• Creeping speedwell (Veronica filiformis Sm.)
• Purslane speedwell (Veronica peregrina L.)
Published August 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published June 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published June 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Reprinted January 1995. Revised from two publications from two publications prepared by several OSU Extension specialists and agents. This publication replaces FG 61, Using Wood Ashes in the Home Garden, and FG 66, Fertilizing Home Gardens.
This publication focuses on even aged, fully stocked, Douglas-fir
stands. Because of fire history and past harvesting patterns, such stands
dominate west of the Cascades throughout much of Oregon, Washington,
and northern California. Stand volumes and dollar values will be
different for other species.
Published January 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The first decision to be made is whether to incubate eggs naturally or artificially. Natural incubation uses a broody hen to incubate eggs by sitting on them in a nest. Broody hens, when available, work best for small clutches of eggs.
Bypass protein is an important part of the diet of lactating cattle. The National Research Council recommends that bypass protein make up 34 to 36 percent of the total crude protein consumed by lactating cattle.
Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) and Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria
dalmatica) are members of the figwort (Scrophulariaceae) family.
They were introduced into North America as ornamental plants because of their showy, snapdragon-like flowers. Yellow toadflax was brought from Wales in the mid-1800s as a garden flower by Ranstead, a Welsh Quaker who...
Revised November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) is a member of the knapweed
(Centaurea L.) complex. It is poor forage for all livestock and causes
“chewing disease,” a nervous disorder, in horses. Yellow starthistle infests
millions of acres in California and the Pacific Northwest. Infestations range
from scattered plants to dense stands...
Published November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Declared out of print July 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The common name powderpost beetle loosely applies to three closely related beetle families, Lyctidae, Anobiidae, and Bostrichidae. Powderpost beetles breed in dead wood, as well as dried and cured lumber. It is their larvae’s feeding that reduces wood to what scientists call frass—a fine powder or a mass of small...
These principles are relatively few and direct. For odor detection to occur, odorous compounds must be (a) formed,
(b) released to the atmosphere, and
(c) transported to the place of detection.
When you prevent or inhibit any of these steps, you reduce or remove the odor problem.
Published October 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published September 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Cover crops planted in late summer are an inexpensive way to build better soil for gardening. Cover crops often are
called green manure crops. They are grains, grasses, or legumes that will grow during fall and winter and that you
can plow, spade, or till under in the spring.
Communication is basic to a relationship. What is communication? The word means “to make common.” It is the process of interacting, of creating and negotiating meanings. Your feelings,
communication style, family of origin,gender, and culture all affect your communication.
Squarrose knapweed, introduced from southwest Asia and the Middle East, became weedy in northern California and Utah by the early 1950s. How it
was originally introduced is not known, but its spread in California
and Utah was associated with the trailing of range sheep. Squarrose knapweed grows in the Klamath,...
Published September 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens L.) probably is the most troublesome of several members of the buttercup family that are weeds in the Pacific Northwest. There are many native species of buttercup in the Pacific Northwest, but the weedy species are of European origin. It’s likely that they were introduced as...
Measuring the flow rate of water is the first step to good water management. All water right holders in the State of Oregon must be able to measure the flow rate of the water being diverted.
This publication gives basic information on choosing your
planting site, selecting the right species for the site, proper planting
techniques, and first-year care. Although you may be buying a tree
to add beauty to your home landscape,trees also serve other important
functions in your landscape.
Parents play many roles as they guide their children’s developing food habits: model, teacher, mediator, provider, stage manager, and director. We’ll discuss these in the four lessons of Food for Tots.
The Horsetail (Equisetaceae) family comprises 30 species, all in the ancient genus Equisetum. During the Carboniferous age (more than 230 million years ago), the Horsetail family was the dominant plant group in the world, with plants reaching gigantic size. Two basic forms of horsetails survive today. One is the hollow,...
Bulbous bluegrass is another example of an introduced
European plant that escaped to become weedy. The first reports
of its growth in the United States were experimental
plantings at Arlington, Virginia, in 1907, and one at Pullman,
Washington, at about the same time. It was produced commercially
in southern Oregon...
The Douglas-fir needle midge can be a very destructive pest of
Douglas-fir. Infestation of new needles can be as high as 100 per-cent. Severe infestations can cause intolerable needle loss, and trees may take several years to recover. Needle loss is an especially serious problem in Christmas trees because of...
Reprinted July 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Cash commodity sales from Oregon farms and
ranches were an estimated $2.7 billion in 1992.
Total cash receipts in Oregon’s agricultural sector have shown
steady increases over the pastdecade—sales have climbed about
50 percent over the past 10 years.
Blue mustard (Chorispora tenella) is a native of Russia or
southwest Asia. It first was documented in this country in
Lewiston, Idaho in 1929, and has spread throughout the
western plains states, the western portion of the United States,
and southern Canada.
Although many people enjoy deer, these animals can be destructive to gardens, orchards, and landscaped areas. Deer damage to ornamental plants is associated with a variety of factors including increasing numbers of deer, human population shifts to rural and suburban areas, and landowners prohibiting deer hunting.
Common groundsel, native to Europe, is now common throughout the temperate regions of the world. It is widespread in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, but most common west of the Cascade Mountains. This weed is found in many crops, including forages, cereals, mint, berries, and row crops, as well as in...
Moisture problems can occur in many places in homes and for many reasons: when high levels of moisture enter building cavities or get inside, when excessive moisture is produced indoors, or
when indoor air comes into contact with cold surfaces such as single-pane windows or uninsulated walls. Excess moisture often...
Published May 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
A family meeting is a prearranged time when family
members come together to talk about what’s happening in their
home and in their lives. It’s structured to allow for interaction
that otherwise might not occur.
Published May 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised April 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Throughout the production cycle, sheep producers must know whether or not their sheep are in condition (too thin, too fat, or just right) for the stage of production: breeding, late pregnancy, and lactation.
Published March 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised March 1994. Reprinted January 2000. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published March 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Reprinted March 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised February 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1976. Reprinted January 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published March 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Reprinted January 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The public expects and deserves
a safe food supply. This
includes food free of antibiotic
residues. Congress has empowered
the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) to examine and
closely monitor the use of animal
drugs in dairy herds across the
nation. This regulatory agency has
the power of enforcement action.
Published August 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published August 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1994. Reprinted April 2007. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Agricultural scientists recognize farmer knowledge and experience can provide important contributions to the development of new agricultural technologies. However, insufficient use has been made of this valuable resource because farmer knowledge and experience are difficult to collect, quantify, and evaluate.
Published January 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Four factors govern the potential for groundwater
contamination by pesticides passing through the soil:
• Properties of the soil
• Properties of the pesticide
• Hydraulic loading on the soil
• Crop management practices
Reprinted January 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised November 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised November 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised November 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published October 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Successful reforestation of your harvested timberland is more than just
planting a few trees and hoping they will grow. To ensure success,
you first must answer several key questions:
• What species should I plant?
• What kind of seedlings should I select?
• How can I tell whether their...
Revised October 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published October 1993. Reprinted May 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published September 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog