The linear theory of double diffusive interleaving is extended to take account of baroclinic effects. This study goes beyond previous studies by including the possibility of modes with nonzero tilt in the alongfront direction, which allows for advection by the baroclinic frontal flow. This requires that the stability equations be...
The purpose of this paper is to understand how long planetary waves evolve when propagating in a subtropical gyre. The steady flow of a wind-driven vertically sheared model subtropical gyre is perturbed by Ekman pumping that is localized within a region of finite lateral extent and oscillates periodically at about...
Mechanical thinning and prescribed fire are widely used to restore western forests after a century of fire suppression, yet we know little about how these treatments affect understory communities where plant diversity is highest. We followed understory plants and environmental factors in old-growth, Sierran mixed conifer for two pre-treatment and...
Natural hydraulic barriers exist at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential high-level nuclear waste repository, that have been identified as possible lateral diversions for reducing deep percolation through the waste storage area. Historical development of the conceptual model of lateral diversion has been limited by available field data, but numerical investigations...
The relationships among stand structure, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) branch characteristics, and red alder (Alnus rubra (Bong.)) stem form attributes were explored for 10- to 15-year-old trees growing in mixed Douglas-fir – red alder plantations. Treatments included a range of species proportions, and red alder was either planted simultaneously...
Sierra Nevada forests have high understory species richness yet we do not know which site factors influence
herb and shrub distribution or abundance. We examined the understory of an old-growth mixed-conifer
Sierran forest and its distribution in relation to microsite conditions. The forest has high species richness
(98 species sampled),...
The influence of fire and climate events on age structure of different species was examined in
old-growth mixed conifer in the southern Sierra Nevada. Within a 48-ha stem-mapped sample area, after a
mechanical thinning, all stumps were examined for fire scars and 526 stumps were cut to ground level and...
Historic and current use pesticides (HUPs and CUPs), with respect to use in the United States and Canada, were identified in trans-Pacific and regional air masses at Mt. Bachelor Observatory (MBO), a remote high elevation mountain in Oregon’s Cascade Range located in the United States, during the sampling period of...
Atmospheric measurements of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) were made at Mt. Bachelor Observatory (MBO), located in Oregon’s Cascade Range, to understand the trans-Pacific and regional transport of SOCs from urban areas. High volume air sampling (~644 m³ for 24 hour periods) of both the gas and particulate phases was conducted...
Every year, from December to April, anthropogenic haze spreads over most of the North Indian Ocean, and South and Southeast Asia. The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) documented this Indo-Asian haze at scales ranging from individual particles to its contribution to the regional climate forcing. This study integrates the multiplatform observations...
There has been a dramatic increase in jellyfish biomass over the eastern Bering Sea shelf since the early 1990s, which was previously hypothesized to have been triggered by changing climate and ocean conditions. We examine the hypothesis that the presence of these large carnivores has affected fisheries resources, either through...
Saltwater-adapted juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha exposed to aromatic and chlorinated compounds, representative of contaminants found in urban estuaries in Puget Sound, have a higher susceptibility to vibriosis than do fish exposed only to the solvent vehicle. Susceptibility to vibriosis was assessed by examining the percent cumulative mortality of the...
The incidence of treated wood in a recycling stream was assessed at a recycling center in western Oregon. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) was the predominant treatment present in the material, ranging from 0 to 2 percent of the material present at any given time. Treated wood was present at 38...
African Americans in predominantly White institutions often carry a greater load than their positions describe. While researchers have explored the unique role of African Americans in higher education (Cook, 1996; Diller & Moule, 2005; Jones, 2001; King & Castenell, 2001; Ladson-Billings, 1997; Maboleka & Green, 2001; Moule, 2004; Powell, 1999;...
Many stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) near coastal areas of Oregon and Washington are heavily infected with the foliar pathogen causing Swiss needle cast (SNC) disease, and yet there is very little research on the resulting wood quality. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), microfibril angle...
A novel analytical method was developed that permitted real-time, noninvasive measurements of microbial growth and associated changes in hydrodynamic properties in porous media under unsaturated flowing conditions. Salicylate-induced, lux gene-based bioluminescence was used to quantify the temporal and spatial development of colonization over a 7-day time course. Water contents were...
The last deglaciation was interrupted by three major cooling events, the Younger Dryas, the Preboreal Oscillation and the 8.2-ka cold event. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated, different outlets from Lake Agassiz became available causing the proglacial lake to drain to a new level in a rather short timescale (flood)...
Mixed conifer and hardwood stands in southwestern Oregon were studied to explore the hypothesis that competition effects on individual-tree growth and survival will differ according to the species comprising the competition measure. Likewise, it was hypothesized that competition measures should extrapolate best if crown-based surrogates are given preference over diameter-based...
Objectives of Proposed Research:
The goals of this project for the next few years are: 1) to develop optimal tissue nutrient levels for N, P, and K in winegrapes that are based on physiological performance and fruit quality, 2) to identify the best tissue (leaf vs. petiole) and time of...
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an extensive class of noncoding genes that regulate gene expression through
posttranscriptional repression. Given the potential for large viral genomes to encode these transcripts, we
examined the human cytomegalovirus AD169 genome for miRNAs using a bioinformatics approach. We
identified 406 potential stem-loops, of which 110 were conserved...
Horizontal ice-core sites, where ancient ice is exposed at the glacier surface, offer unique opportunities for paleo-studies of trace components requiring large sample volumes. Following previous work at the Pâkitsoq ice margin in West Greenland, we use a combination of geochemical parameters measured in the ice matrix (δ¹⁸O[subscript ice]) and...
The purpose of this study was to estimate the portion of an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi root
community with a hypogeous fruiting habit. We used molecular methods (DNA sequence analysis of the
internally transcribed spacer [ITS] region of rDNA) to compare three viewpoints: ECM fungi on the roots in a
southern...
Pesticides, including insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, bactericides, and herbicides are essential for maintaining healthy grape crops with reliable
yields and quality. In many instances, pesticides have become less effective as target organisms have developed resistance. The first record of resistance dates to 1897, when orchardists began having problems controlling San Jose...
Satellite observations and idealized numerical studies reveal intensification of long-period (on the order of one cycle per year) waves in the western part of ocean basins. The authors explore the idea that the intensification is associated with the spatial growth of purely time periodic, but baroclinically unstable, motions. The framework...
Plum pox virus (PPV) is a member of the Potyvirus genus that, in nature, infects trees of the Prunus genus.
Although PPV infects systemically several species of the Nicotiana genus, such as N. clevelandii and N.
benthamiana, and replicates in the inoculated leaves of N. tabacum, it is unable to...
Historians and sociologists of science often identify the efflorescence of social stud ies of science with the work of postwar American intellectuals such as Robert K. Merton and Thomas S. Kuhn. They often also refer to the views of Michael Polanyi (1891-1976) on the roles of tacit knowledge, apprenticeship, social...
The marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) response to sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations with wavelengths shorter than 30° longitude by 10° latitude along the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) is described from the first year of SST and cloud liquid water (CLW) measurements from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on...
The activity of chymosin, plasmin, and Lactococcus
lactis enzymes (cell envelope proteinase, intracellular
peptidases, and glycolytic enzymes) were determined
after 5-min exposures to pressures up to 800 MPa.
Plasmin was unaffected by any pressure treatment.
Chymosin activity was unaffected up to 400 MPa and
decreased at 500 to 800 MPa....
After hatchery-reared salmonids are released into the wild, their survival and performance are
frequently lower than those of wild conspecifics. Additionally, negative effects of hatchery fish on wild fish are cited as factors affecting the recovery of salmonid populations. Alternative hatchery rearing environments and release practices have been proposed to...
A common garden study investigated growth, morphology, and cold hardiness of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) seedlings originating from seed that had matured at an accelerated rate. This early maturing seed, produced at a low-elevation southern Vancouver Island seed orchard, was known to have similar germinability and seedling morphology...
Form skipping has been used to help injured athletes progress to running.
Because little research has been done on form-skipping mechanics, its justifi cation
as a progression to running exercises is unclear. Objective: To compare groundreaction
forces (GRF) during form skipping and running in healthy subjects at
clinically relevant speeds,...
Rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, barley and the other
major crop grasses from the family Poaceae
(Gramineae) are mankind’s most important source
of calories and contribute tens of billions of dollars
annually to the world economy (FAO 1999, http://www.fao.org; USDA 1997, http://www.usda.gov).
Continued improvement of Poaceae crops is necessary
in order...
Ten years of sea-surface height (SSH) fields constructed from the merged TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS-1/2 altimeter datasets are analyzed to investigate mesoscale variability in the global ocean. The higher resolution of the merged dataset reveals that more than 50% of the variability over much of the World Ocean is accounted...
Earth's climate and the concentrations of the atmospheric greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) varied strongly on millennial timescales during past glacial periods. Large and rapid warming events in Greenland and the North Atlantic were followed by more gradual cooling, and are highly correlated with fluctuations of...
The Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database provides a framework for quantitative, global-scale explorations of the relationship between freshwater resources and international cooperation and conflict. Projects were designed to test common theories linking freshwater resources to cooperation and conflict, in particular within the context of geography and environmental security. The projects, which...
The Younger Dryas cold interval represents a time when much of the Northern Hemisphere cooled from ≈12.9 to 11.5 kiloyears B.P. The cause of this event, which has long been viewed as the canonical example of abrupt climate change, was initially attributed to the routing of freshwater to the St....
Background: Short RNAs, and in particular microRNAs, are important regulators of gene
expression both within defined regulatory pathways and at the epigenetic scale. We investigated
the short RNA (sRNA) population (18-24 nt) of the transcriptome of green leaves from the
sequenced Populus trichocarpa using a concatenation strategy in combination with...
Genetic control of cold hardiness in two-year-old seedlings was compared with that in 7-year-old saplings of 40 open-pollinated families in each of two breeding populations (Coast and Cascade) of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from western Oregon. In addition, the efficacy of bud phenology traits as predictors...
Estimating the stock proportions of mixed-stock fishery samples by means of genetic stock identification has played an important role in the management of salmon fisheries. In addition, stock identification of individual fish has applications for population studies, forensic cases, and management issues. We examined 11 microsatellite DNA loci in 84...
The investigation of the consequences of trying to blend tropical Pacific observations from the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean (TAO) array into the dynamical framework of an intermediate coupled ocean–atmosphere model is continued. In a previous study it was found that the model dynamics, the prior estimates of uncertainty in the observations, and...
A nonlinear 2½-layer reduced gravity primitive equations (PE) ocean model is used to assimilate sea surface
temperature (SST) data from the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean (TAO) moored buoys in the tropical Pacific. The
aim of this project is to hindcast cool and warm events of this part of the ocean, on seasonal...
Many indicators and criteria have been proposed to assess the sustainable management of
forests but their scientific validity remains uncertain. Because the effects of forest disturbances
(such as logging) are often specific to particular species, sites, landscapes, regions
and forest types, management ‘‘shortcuts’’ such as indicator species, focal species and...
The ability to ascertain gender and age of juvenile grouse is essential for determining gender-specific population age structure and studying timing of reproductive events, respectively. We examined outer rectrix feathers from juvenile Lesser Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) captured at 30–40 and 50–60 days post-hatching. Blood samples were collected from most chicks...
In this paper, we describe a fusion approach to finding opinion about a given target in blog postings. We tackled the opinion blog retrieval task by breaking it down to two sequential subtasks: on- topic retrieval followed by opinion classification. Our opinion retrieval approach was to first apply traditional IR...
Artificial capillary barriers are being used to divert water away from sensitive underground regions. Conversely, funneled flow over natural capillary barriers may increase the danger of groundwater contamination by decreasing the travel time and contact area. There have been relatively few experimental studies of capillary barrier flow patterns. In this...
The diets of a fungal specialist, northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)), and a dietary generalist,
lodgepole chipmunk (Neotamias speciosus (Merriam, 1890)), were examined in the old-growth, mixed-conifer forest
at the Teakettle Experimental Forest in California’s southern Sierra Nevada. Spores of fungi were identified from fecal
pellets collected from...
The physical demands of rapid and economical running differ from the demands of fighting in ways that may prevent the simultaneous evolution of optimal performance in these two behaviors. Here, we test an hypothesis of functional trade-off in limb bones by measuring mechanical properties of limb bones in two breeds...
The physical, biological, chemical, and optical
processes of the ocean operate on a wide
variety of spatial and temporal scales, from
seconds to decades and from micrometers to
thousands of kilometers (Dickey et al., this
issue; Dickey, 1991). These processes drive
the accumulation and loss of living and nonliving
mass...
The interannual and intraseasonal variability of the North American monsoon is of great interest because a large proportion of the annual precipitation for Arizona and New Mexico arrives during the summer monsoon. Forty-one years of daily monsoon season precipitation data for Arizona and New Mexico were studied using wavelet analysis....
Lagrangian particle-tracking models (LPTMs) were used to identify sources, destinations, and transport pathways of particles (plankton). The LPTM simulations were forced using stored fields from the Spectral Element Ocean Model simulation for a coastal upwelling system having idealized geometry, bathymetry, and simple wind forcing. Forward-in-time-trajectory (FITT) simulations are common in...
The mixing lengths for heat and momentum are computed from seven levels of eddy correlation data during
the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study-1999 (CASES-99). A number of formulations of the
mixing length are evaluated, including surface layer similarity theory, several hybrid similarity theories, a
formulation based on the Richardson number, and...
With fire suppression, many western forests are expected to have fewer gaps
and higher stem density of shade-tolerant species as light competition becomes a more
significant influence on stand pattern and composition. We compared species composition,
structure, spatial pattern, and environmental factors such as light and soil moisture between
two...
This study was designed to measure the microbiological and chemical characteristics of forest soils in a chronosequence of harvested Douglas-fir (Pseusotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands in different climatic settings. Mineral soil samples were collected along transects running from old-growth (OG) forests into harvested stands of ages 5, 15, and 40...
This is the fourth in a series of studies to evaluate perceptions of U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service law enforcement personnel of the roles, responsibilities, and issues related to their jobs. An e-mail survey was administered to the 89 Forest Service special agents, assistant special agents in charge, senior...
This study is the second in a series of studies to evaluate perceptions of USDA Forest Service law enforcement personnel of the roles, responsibilities, and issues entailed in their jobs. An e-mail survey was administered to the nine Forest Ser-vice special agents in charge (SACs) across the United States. All...
This is the third in a series of studies to evaluate perceptions of USDA Forest
Service law enforcement personnel of the roles, responsibilities, and issues entailed
in their jobs. An e-mail survey was administered to the 79 Forest Service patrol
captains and patrol commanders (PCs) across the United States. Seventy...
This is the fifth in a series of studies to evaluate perceptions of the roles, responsibilities,
and issues entailed in the jobs of U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest
Service law enforcement and investigations (LEI) personnel. An e-mail survey
was administered to the 537 Forest Service forest supervisors and district rangers...
This study is the first in a series of studies to evaluate perceptions of USDA Forest Service law enforcement personnel of the roles, responsibilities, and issues entailed in their jobs. An email survey was administered to 404 law enforcement officers (LEOs) in national forests across the United States. In all,...
This study quantifies the short-term effects of low-, moderate-, and high-severity fire on carbon pools and fluxes in the Eastern Cascades of Oregon. We surveyed 64 forest stands across four fires that burned 41,000 ha (35%) of the Metolius Watershed in 2002 and 2003, stratifying the landscape by burn severity...
The Oregon 4-H Youth Development Program believes in the right
of every child to a safe and nurturing environment. Actions against
children that contribute to child abuse or neglect are contrary to the
values of the Oregon 4-H Youth Development Program. We oppose such
actions in all settings.
People who...
How much do you know about the lands that have given us so many of our favorite foods and customs? On the following pages you’ll be taking a fascinating tour of four countries— Mexico, Germany, Italy, and Japan—and Scandinavia, sampling their foods and sharing their traditions.
Several species of flea beetles are commonly found in organic potato fields in North America. Adults of many of these species feed on the leaves of potatoes
and other plants in the family Solanaceae, but tuber flea beetle larvae are the most common cause of flea beetle damage to potato...
Fisheries models often assume that discarded undersized fish and target species will survive and contribute to future recruitment and yield. If smaller fish are more susceptible to capture stressors than larger fish, then the assumption that smaller discards would contribute to recruitment may not be true. We tested the hypothesis...
A primitive equation model is used to study the finite-amplitude evolution of instabilities associated with the coastal upwelling front. Simulations of increasing complexity are examined that represent idealizations of summer conditions off the Oregon coast, including cases with steady and with time-variable wind in a domain with alongshore-uniform bathymetry and...
The land area required for a marker-aided selection (MAS) program to break-even (i.e., have equal costs and benefits) was estimated using computer simulation for coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the Pacific Northwestern United States. We compared the selection efficiency obtained when using an index that included the phenotype...
Hop (Humulus lupulus L. var. lupulus) is grown worldwide for the production of the dried female inflorescence (strobulus), or cones, used principally for the bittering and flavoring of beer. Information is scant on the inheritance of traits of economic importance in hop, and present knowledge is based on historical data...
Passive capillary samplers (PCAPS), which sample water from the vadose zone via a hanging water column in a fiberglass wick, have shown potential to provide superior estimates of soil water flux compared to alternative methods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of PCAPS under natural rain-fed...
A new approach to monitoring surface waters using distributed fiber optic temperature sensing is presented, allowing resolutions of temperature of 0.01°C every meter along a fiber optic cable of up to 10,000 m in length. We illustrate the potential of this approach by quantifying both stream temperature dynamics and groundwater...
Forest-fire policy of U.S. federal agencies has evolved from the use of small
patrols in newly created National Parks to diverse policy initiatives and institutional arrangements
that affect millions of hectares of forests. Even with large expenditures and
substantial infrastructure dedicated to fire suppression, the annual area burned by wildfire...
Lipid classes, fatty acids (FAs), and stable carbon isotopes of FAs were used to investi-
gate dietary sources of organic carbon for juvenile Atlantic cod
Gadus morhua
during settlement into
eelgrass
Zostera marina
. Primary producers, epibenthic prey, zooplankton, and fish were collected
from August to November 2002 in shallow...