Ripening tomatoes are a familiar sight in Pacific Northwest gardens and fields during the late summer months. Because the storage life of fresh tomatoes is limited, many households preserve them for year-round enjoyment. Home canning is one of the most popular preservation methods.
When canning tomatoes and tomato products, safe...
Meat from big game animals (such as deer, antelope, elk, moose, and bear) is a nutritious choice for family meals. You'll enjoy eating it when it's good quality and well-prepared. For best flavor, it's important to handle game carcasses carefully and to butcher and store the meat correctly. This publication...
Nematodes are tiny but complex unsegmented roundworms that are anatomically differentiated for feeding, digestion, locomotion, and reproduction. These small animals make important contributions to organic matter decomposition and to the food chain. Some species, however, are parasitic to plants or animals. This publication provides a description and information on biology,...
The concept of sustainable resource management can be applied at multiple scales.
Monitoring is an essential component of sustainable natural resource management
schemes, and as we begin to confront the need to manage natural resources at the
global scale, the importance of monitoring at the global scale is also growing....
Research has found an upward trend in impulse buying in general, and impulse buying is frequently foreseen among mall shoppers. Impulse purchases account for over $4 billion in annual sales in the U.S. (Mogelonsky, 1998). Retailers have found that over 50 percent of mall shoppers purchase on impulse (Nichols et...
Intraexciton transitions in semiconductor quantum wells are modulated by strong and tunable few-cycle terahertz pulses. Time-resolved terahertz-pump and optical-probe measurements demonstrate that the 1s heavy-hole and light-hole exciton resonances undergo large-amplitude spectral modulations when the terahertz radiation is tuned near the 1s–2p intraexciton transition. The strong nonlinear optical transients exhibit...
We used reverse time capture-mark-recapture models to describe associations between rate of population change (λ) and climate for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) at six long-term study areas in Washington and Oregon, USA. Populations in three of six areas showed strong evidence of declining populations, while populations in two...
Marine and terrestrial ecologists rarely exchange information, yet comparing research from both sides of the land–sea boundary holds great potential for improving our understanding of ecological processes. For example, by comparing the interaction between tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) and dugongs (Dugong dugon) to that between gray wolves (Canis lupus) and...
Sweet cherry scion cultivars have been selected over millennia for many reasons, but over the past century, breeding programs have concentrated mainly on achieving improved characteristics such as yield, taste, fruit size, fruit firmness, fruit color, precocity, and resistance to fruit cracking and disease. In contrast, rootstock cultivars have only...
Corrections
18 Mar 2010: Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M (2010) Correction: Absolute Humidity and the Seasonal Onset of Influenza in the Continental United States. PLOS Biology 8(3): 10.1371/annotation/35686514-b7a9-4f65-9663-7baefc0d63c0.
15 Mar 2010: Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M (2010) Correction: Absolute Humidity...
This study examined relations among early family risk, children’s behavioral regulation at 54
months and kindergarten, and academic achievement in first grade using data on 1,298 children
from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early
Child Care and Youth Development. Family risk was indexed...
The degree of wildfire risk depends on both the probability of an ignition and the potential for damage or harm (such as loss of trees, homes, or even lives). Recognizing that you may have a high wildfire risk is the first step in doing something about it. Whether you own...
Acceptance of marine protected areas (MPAs) as fishery and conservation tools has been hampered by lack of direct evidence that MPAs successfully seed unprotected areas with larvae of targeted species. For the first time, we present direct evidence of large-scale population connectivity within an existing and effective network of MPAs....
A guide for both commercial growers who rent honey bees for pollination and beekeepers who provide pollination services, including information on honey bee colony strength evaluation, average number of colonies needed for pollination, basic honey bee biology in context of pollination, and pollination contracts.
North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were found in an important nineteenth century whaling area east of southern Greenland, from which they were once thought to have been extirpated. In 2007–2008, a 1-year passive acoustic survey was conducted at five sites in and near the ‘Cape Farewell Ground’, the former...
Transacting siRNA (tasiRNA) biogenesis in Arabidopsis is initiated
by microRNA (miRNA) –guided cleavage of primary transcripts. In
the case of TAS3 tasiRNA formation, ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7)–
miR390 complexes interact with primary transcripts at two sites,
resulting in recruitment of RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6
for dsRNA biosynthesis. An extensive screen for Arabidopsis mutants...
Restriction of long-distance movement of several potyviruses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is controlled by at least three
dominant restricted TEV movement (RTM) genes, named RTM1, RTM2, and RTM3. RTM1 encodes a protein belonging to the
jacalin family, and RTM2 encodes a protein that has similarities to small heat shock proteins....
Flowering is the primary trait affected by ambient
temperature changes. Plant microRNAs
(miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs playing an
important regulatory role in plant development. In
this study, to elucidate the mechanism of
flowering-time regulation by small RNAs, we
identified six ambient temperature-responsive
miRNAs (miR156, miR163, miR169, miR172, miR398
and...
Endogenous small RNAs (endo-siRNAs) interact with Argonaute (AGO) proteins to mediate
sequence-specific regulation of diverse biological processes. Here, we combine deep-sequencing and
genetic approaches to explore the biogenesis and function of endo-siRNAs in C. elegans. We describe
conditional alleles of the dicer-related helicase, drh-3, that abrogate both RNA interference and...
Intercellular transport of viruses through cytoplasmic connections, termed plasmodesmata (PD), is essential for systemic infection in plants by viruses. Previous genetic and ultrastructural data revealed that the potyvirus cyclindrical inclusion (CI) protein is directly involved in cell-to-cell movement, likely through the formation of conical structures anchored to and extended through...
Discusses nutrient management and fertilizer recommendations for lime, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, chloride, and micronutrients on annual ryegrass grown for seed. Includes discussion of research and explanation of nutrient management recommendations.
Published July 2000. Revised February 2011. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 1935. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The Oregon Spatial Data Library (http://spatialdata.oregonexplorer.info/) provides easy and convenient ways to find, access, and share geospatial data. Developed in partnership with the Oregon Department of Administrative Services (DAS), the Oregon Spatial Data Library provides access to spatial data including "framework" data for the State of Oregon. Framework datasets serve...
This publication offers an integrated approach to effective weed management in Christmas trees, incorporating diverse strategies and practices to keep weed populations off balance. It includes strategies for using prevention, mechanical means, cover crops and vegetated strips, flame weeding, and biological and chemical controls. Emphasis in chemical recommendations is on...
This report details preliminary studies towards the development of a microfluidic sensor that exploits ferromagnetic resonance, excited in magnetic bead labels, for signal transduction. The device consists of a microwave circuit in which a slotline and a coplanar waveguide are integrated with a biochemically activated sensor area. The magnetic beads...
This paper reports the feasibility of using surface mount adhesives to produce low temperature microchannel arrays in a wide variety of metals. Sheet metal embossing and chemical etching processes have been used to produce sealing bosses that eliminate channel laminae, resulting in approximately 50% material savings over traditional methods. An...
Undergraduate students are expected to find, evaluate and use peer-reviewed or scholarly literature, but they rarely learn about the process of creating new knowledge or the roles the literature plays in the work of scholars. A desired outcome of undergraduate education is the understanding that knowledge is created, evolving and...
Living on The Land — Managing Manure contains concise information on the basics of livestock manure management. Content includes handling, storage, composting, use, and ways to reduce negative effects on the environment. It particularly applies to the region east of the Cascade Mountains. Companion audio files include: The Scoop on...
Published March 1934. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
A succinct reference for the home gardener or small-scale grower on how grapes grow; how to establish a planting; how to maintain an established planting, including pruning and training; tips for harvest; and how to reduce risk of damage to grape plants from winter cold, pests, and disease. Includes a...
This report is intended for citizen advocates. The goal is to provide a concise summary of current issues and problems for native salmonids in the Upper Deschutes and describe the actions needed to resolve those problems. It is based on information from all federal and Oregon agencies involved in the...
Accelerated release of carbon from soils is one
of the most important feedbacks related to anthropogenically
induced climate change. Studies addressing the mechanisms
for soil carbon release through organic matter decomposition
have focused on the effect of changes in the average temperature,
with little attention to changes in temperature variability....
In the current study a thermally activated cooling system that combines an ORC system with a vapor compression cooling cycle was developed and tested under laboratory conditions. This combined system
can utilize waste heat or other thermal sources such as solar and geothermal to generate power and
cooling. Hot oil...
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication is a promising technology for wireless body area networks (BANs), especially for applications that require transmission of both low and high data rates with excellent energy efficiency. Therefore, understanding the unique UWB channel propagation characteristics around the human body is critical for a successful wireless system, especially...
Heat activated cooling has the potential of utilizing thermal sources that currently go unused such as engine exhaust heat or industrial waste heat. Using these heat sources can provide enhanced energy utilization and reduced fuel usage in applications where cooling is needed. The concept developed here uses waste heat from...
We find contagion effects are present in US small size portfolios during emerging market crises due to risk and liquidity concerns. Investors display flight from risk during emerging market crises, and as a result, safer larger stocks exhibit positive abnormal returns. We find little evidence of contagion in aggregate excess...
This online module provides information on nutrient needs of grapevines, symptoms of deficiency and/or toxicity, and vineyard nutrient management. A section of this module explains how to diagnose non-nutrient problems such as damage from diseases, insects, drought, sunburn, and herbicides.
Premise of the study: The Pacific Northwest of North America experiences relatively mild winters and dry summers. For the
tall coniferous trees that grow in this region, we predicted that loss in the hydraulic conductivity of uppermost branches would
be avoided because of difficulty reversing accumulated emboli in xylem that...
Carbon sequestration is increasingly recognized as an ecosystem service, and forest management has a large potential to alter regional carbon fluxes − notably by way of harvest removals and related impacts on net ecosystem production (NEP). In the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S.,
the implementation of the Northwest Forest...
We are studying the impacts of parasites on threatened stocks of Oregon coastal coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In our previous studies, we have found high infections of digeneans and myxozoans in coho salmon parr from the lower main stem of West Fork Smith River (WFSR), Oregon. In contrast parr from...
Humans, in conjunction with natural top-down processes and through a sequence of cascading trophic interactions, may have contributed
to the Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. The arrival of the first humans, as hunters and scavengers, through top-down forcing, could have
triggered a population collapse of large herbivores and their predators. We present...
Gives nutrient and lime recommendations for soft white winter wheat in western Oregon. Also discusses: impact of diseases, such as take-all root rot, on crop yield; planting in poorly drained soil; soils and settings for wheat production; fall and spring nutrient management; and postharvest evaluation of nitrogen. Includes sources of...
The use of antioxidants is now often used as a pharmacological adjunct to limit infertility. Indeed, the lay public rightly perceives oxidative stress and, thus, antioxidant treatment as important modulators of infertility. While the direct effects of antioxidant treatment on the quality of semen and oocytes are still under investigation,...
Invasive nonnative plants are a serious subject for gardeners, farmers, the general public, and land managers. Understanding invasive species and how to control them is becoming increasingly important for gardeners.
Multiple analytical techniques were used to evaluate the impact of multiple parasite species on
the mortality of threatened juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from the West Fork Smith
River, Oregon, USA. We also proposed a novel parsimonious mathematical representation of
macroparasite distribution, congestion rate, which i) is easier to use...
We quantified the juvenile rearing and migratory patterns of individuals from a population of fall-spawning Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Oregon's Salmon River estuary using otolith microchemistry and microstructure. The study confirmed the daily periodicity of otolith growth increments in a natural fish population under field conditions and validated fundamental...
Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)is an important component of fisheries and food webs in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. However, vital rates of early life stages of this species have yet to be described in detail. We determined the thermal sensitivity of growth rates of embryos, pref lexion and...
Automatic transfer of learned knowledge from one task or domain to another offers great potential to simplify and expedite
the construction and deployment of intelligent systems.
In practice however, there are many barriers to achieving this
goal. In this article, we present a prototype system for the
real-world context of...
The coded wire tag (CWT) database contains detailed information on millions of Pacific salmon
Oncorhynchus spp. released from hatcheries or smolt traps and recovered in the north Pacific Ocean and its tributaries. I used this data set to examine the spatial and temporal variation in the marine distributions of 77...
Focus group methodology was used to investigate graduate students' cross-campus technology, space and service needs. Although the library provides valued services and spaces, graduate students need enhanced and more equitable support for their roles as teachers and scholars. Librarians can provide leadership and act as advocates for graduate student needs...
We tracked three groups of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss smolts implanted with acoustic transmitters to determine whether the degree of hatchery domestication or the juvenile rearing environment (hatchery raceway versus natural stream) influenced migration timing and survival in the Alsea River and estuary, Oregon. Two groups consisted of age-1 smolts reared...
Pacific rockfish experience high discard mortality when captured owing to a condition called barotrauma,which is caused by the change in pressure during capture. This condition appears to be species specific at the macroscopic level; however, little is known about the microscopic tissue-level effects of barotrauma. Determining whether tissue-level injuries are...
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereafter Batrachochytrium), a fungal pathogen of amphibians, causes the disease chytridiomycosis which is responsible for unprecedented population declines and extinctions globally. Host defenses against chytridiomycosis include cutaneous symbiotic bacteria and anti-microbial peptides, and proposed treatment measures include use of fungicides and bioaugmentation. Efforts to eradicate the fungus from...
Filled skutterudites are promising thermoelectric materials due to reduced thermal
conductivity upon inserting a guest atom or 'rattler' into the CoSb₃ structure. By using an
indium rattler dimensionless Figure of Merit (ZT) values > 1 at 650 K have been reported.
The conventional synthesis of these compounds typically takes several...
A replicated before–after-control-impact study was used to test effectiveness of Oregon’s (USA) riparian
protection measures at minimizing increases in summer stream temperature associated with timber harvest.
Sites were located on private and state forest land. Practices on private forests require riparian management
areas around fish-bearing streams; state forest’s prescriptions are...
The effect of quasi-hydrostatic pressure upon the ferromagnetic ground state of magnetodielectric, double-
perovskite La₂ MnNiO₆ is investigated using x-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffraction measurements in a
diamond anvil cell. The Mn-O-Ni superexchange interaction that gives rise to ferromagnetism in this cation-
ordered structure is stable to at least 38...
Satellite observations have revealed a remarkably strong positive correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) and surface winds on oceanic mesoscales of 10–1000 km. Although SST influence on the atmosphere had previously been identified from several in situ observational studies, its widespread existence in regions of strong SST gradients throughout the...
Oregon’s forested coastal watersheds support important cold-water fisheries of salmon
and steelhead (Oncorhynchus spp.) as well as forestry-dependent local economies. Riparian
timber harvest restrictions in Oregon and elsewhere are designed to protect stream habitat
characteristics while enabling upland timber harvest. We present an assessment of riparian
leave tree rule effectiveness...
Most of the kinetic energy of ocean circulation is contained in ubiquitous
mesoscale eddies. Their prominent signatures in sea surface height have rendered satellite
altimetry highly effective in observing global ocean eddies. Our knowledge of ocean eddy
dynamics has grown by leaps and bounds since the advent of satellite altimetry...
Wetland‐estuarine‐shelf interaction processes in the Plum Island Sound and Merrimack River system in the Massachusetts coast are examined using the high‐resolution
unstructured grid, finite volume, primitive equations, coastal ocean model. The
computational domain covers the estuarine and entire intertidal area with a horizontal
resolution of 10–200 m. Driven by five...
Comprehensive observations of velocity, density, and
turbulent dissipation permit quantification of the nonlinear
internal wave (NLIW) contribution to vertical heat flux and
lateral mass transport over New Jersey’s shelf. The effect of
NLIWs on the shelf heat budget was significant. On
average, heat flux in NLIWs was 10 times larger...
Three‐dimensional circulation in the coastal transition zone (CTZ) off Oregon is
studied using a 3 km resolution model based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System.
The study period is spring and summer 2002, when extensive observations were available
from the northeastern Pacific component of the Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics
project....
The tidally varying circulation, stratification, and salt flux mechanisms are
investigated in a shallow salt wedge estuary where fluvial and tidal velocities are large and
the steady baroclinic circulation is comparatively weak. The study integrates field
observations and numerical simulations of the Merrimack River estuary. At moderate to
high discharge...
In this paper, measurements of high-frequency
broadband (160–590 kHz) acoustic backscattering from surface
trapped nonlinear internal waves of depression are presented.
These waves are ideal for assessing the contribution from oceanic
microstructure to scattering as they are intensely turbulent.
Almost coincident direct microstructure measurements were performed
and zooplankton community structure...
The value proposition of academic library consortia often focuses on the
benefits a member library expects to receive in return for its paid membership in a
consortium. This article takes a look at the literature of library and information science
as well as the websites of 45 academic library consortia...
1. Ecological communities can be relatively stable for long periods of time, and then, often as a result of disturbance, transition rapidly to a novel state. When communities fail to recover to pre-disturbance configurations, they are said to have experienced a regime shift or to be in an alternative stable state....
Uptake ofHNO₃ onto cirrus ice may play an important role in tropospheric NOx cycling. Discrepancies between modeled and in situ measurements of gas‐phase HNO₃ in the troposphere suggest that redistribution and removal mechanisms by cirrus ice have been poorly constrained. Limited in situ measurements have provided somewhat differing results and...
Knowledge of frictional resistance along faults is important for understanding the
mechanics of earthquakes and faulting. The clearest in situ measure of fault friction
potentially comes from temperature measurements in boreholes crossing fault zones within a
few years of rupture. However, large temperature signals from frictional heating on faults
have...
Internal waves of depression were observed propagating
along‐shelf and into northern Monterey Bay, California
(CA) on the inner shelf. These waves had amplitudes
approximately equal to the thermocline depth (∼4 m), and
were unstable to shear and mix the thermocline. Isopycnal
gradient spectra showed that the wave packets lead to...
High‐resolution surveys of oceanographic and atmospheric conditions made during the
winter over the inner shelf off northwest Australia are used to examine the coastal ocean
response to large outgoing heat and freshwater fluxes. Relatively cool, low‐humidity air
blows off the Australian continent out over the tropical continental shelf, resulting in...
A methodology is described for assimilating observations in a steady state twodimensional
horizontal (2‐DH) model of nearshore hydrodynamics (waves and currents),
using an ensemble‐based statistical estimator. In this application, we treat bathymetry as a
model parameter, which is subject to a specified prior uncertainty. The statistical estimator
uses state augmentation...
Heat and salt balances over the New England shelf are examined using 10 month time
series of currents, temperature, and salinity from a four element moored array and surface
heat and freshwater fluxes from a meteorological buoy. A principal result is closure of
the heat budget to 10 W m−2....
At the Costa Rica margin along the Middle America Trench along‐strike variations in heat flow are well
mapped. These variations can be understood in terms of either ventilated fluid flow, where exposed basement
allows fluids to freely advect heat between the crustal aquifer and ocean, or insulated fluid flow where...
Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) is an important component of fisheries and food webs in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. However, vital rates of early life stages of this species have yet to be described in detail. We determined the thermal sensitivity of growth rates of embryos, pref lexion...
The thermal structure of convergent margins provides information related to the tectonics, geodynamics,
metamorphism, and fluid flow of active plate boundaries. We report 176 heat flow measurements
made with a violin bow style probe across the Costa Rican margin at the Middle America Trench. The
probe measurements are collocated with...
Electric and magnetic fields in the (10−4–1.0) Hz band were monitored at two sites
adjacent to the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield and Hollister, California, from 1995 to
2007. A data window (2002–2005), enclosing the 28 September 2004 M6 Parkfield
earthquake, was analyzed to determine if anomalous electric or magnetic...
Ocean acidification is predicted to occur first in polar oceans. We investigated the
saturation state of waters with respect to calcite (Wcal) and aragonite (Warg) in six sections
along an Arctic outflow pathway through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and into
the northwestern Atlantic using dissolved inorganic carbon and total...
Borehole temperature profiles provide a record of ground surface temperature (GST)
change at the decadal to centennial time scale. GST histories reconstructed from boreholes
are particularly useful in climate reconstruction if changes in GST and surface air
temperature (SAT) are effectively coupled at decadal and longer time periods and it...
A nonlinear model is developed to study the time‐dependent relationship between the alongshore variability of a sandbar, a(t), and alongshore‐averaged sandbar position, xc(t). Sediment transport equations are derived from energetics‐based formulations. A link between this continuous physical representation and a parametric form describing the migration of sandbars of constant shape...
Collocated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery and
Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) 532 nm
total attenuated backscatter coefficients were used to identify 50 km scale segments
for ocean regions that had only a single layer of marine stratocumulus. On the basis of
whether the underlying ocean...
In 2002, oxygen isotope ratios of water (H2
18O/H2
16O), dissolved barium, and salinity were
measured in surface waters around northern North America to identify freshwater sources and to
provide a large-scale background for interpretation of regional inputs and processes. Oxygen isotope
ratios showed that precipitation, river runoff, and sea...
Synchronous and colocated optical and microwave
signals from waves in the surf zone are presented and analyzed.
The field data were collected using a high-resolution video system
and a calibrated horizontally polarized marine radar during the
decaying phase of a storm. The resulting changes in the received
signals from varying...
Large rivers represent gateways for the transport of
terrigenous and anthropogenic material to the coastal ocean.
Here we document a ∼700 km2 recirculation or bulge associated
with the Columbia River plume that retains recently discharged
river water sufficiently to create a regional bioreactor.
Fueled by a fluvial nitrate source, this...
These first measurements of specific surface area (SSA)
of bulk samples of subsurface marine basalts were undertaken
to determine the potential area available for microbial
colonization. SSA ranged from 0.3 to 52 m2/g of basalt
with the lowest value coming from pillow basalt and the
highest value from breccia. The...
Outcrops of old strata at the shelf edge resulting from erosive gravity‐driven flows
have been globally described on continental margins. The reexposure of old strata allows
for the reintroduction of aged organic carbon (OC), sequestered in marine sediments for
thousands of years, into the modern carbon cycle. This pool of...
We examined long-term patterns of stressful life events (SLE) and their impact on mortality contrasting two theoretical models: allostatic load (linear relationship) and hormesis (inverted U relationship) in 1443 NASmen (aged 41–87 in 1985; M = 60.30, SD = 7.3) with at least two reports of SLEs over 18 years...