Most climate models predict a weakening of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation for the 21st century when forced by increasing levels of greenhouse gas concentrations. The model spread, however, is rather large, even when the forcing scenario is identical, indicating a large uncertainty in the response to forcing. In order...
A remote sensing method to measure directional oceanic surface waves by three laser altimeters on the NOAA LongEZ aircraft is investigated. To examine feasibility and sensitivity of the wavelet analysis method to various waves, aircraft motions, and aircraft flight directions relative to wave propagation directions, idealized surface waves are simulated...
Direct numerical simulations are used to compare turbulent diffusivities of heat and salt during the growth and collapse of Kelvin–Helmholtz billows. The ratio of diffusivities is obtained as a function of buoyancy Reynolds number Re[subscript]b and of the density ratio R[subscript]ρ (the ratio of the contributions of heat and salt...
This article presents a semianalytic method to investigate the properties of energy transmission across bottom topography by barotropic Rossby waves. The method is first used to revisit the analytical estimates derived from wave-matching techniques and Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximations. The comparison between the semianalytic method and WKB indicates that the results...
We examined variability in the natural fluorescence yield of a neritic diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii, in continuous cultures. In this species, kinetics in natural fluorescence yield over time scales less than a photoperiod were characterized by sharp decreases, occurring at irradiance intensities that presumably coincide with the onset of nonphotochemical fluorescence...
The ability to ascertain gender and age of juvenile grouse is essential for determining gender-specific population age structure and studying timing of reproductive events, respectively. We examined outer rectrix feathers from juvenile Lesser Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) captured at 30–40 and 50–60 days post-hatching. Blood samples were collected from most chicks...
We used mark-recapture methods to estimate age-specific apparent survival rates for male Lesser Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), a gamebird of conservation concern. A total of 311 male prairie-chickens (135 yearlings, 176 adults) were captured and banded during a 5-year study in southwest Kansas. Time-since-marking models were used to estimate apparent survival...
Invertebrates are an important food source for grouse chicks, especially within the first 2 weeks of life. Invertebrate abundance is highly patchy and dependent upon herbaceous cover and vegetation structure. We examined the relationship between invertebrate biomass (from sweepnet samples) and habitat structure at lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) brood-use and...
The Plant Ontology Consortium (POC) (www.plantontology.org) is a collaborative
effort among several plant databases and experts in plant systematics, botany
and genomics. A primary goal of the POC is to develop simple yet robust
and extensible controlled vocabularies that accurately reflect the biology of plant
structures and developmental stages. These...
MOTIVATION: The automatic identification of over-represented motifs present in a collection of sequences continues to be a challenging problem in computational biology. Many existing approaches to motif identification do not always find the relevant biological motifs, or find only a subset of the occurrences of a motif. In this paper,...
The ratio of live crown length to tree height (crown ratio; CR) is often used as an important predictor variable for tree level growth equations, particularly for multi-species and multi-layered stands. Also, CR indicates tree vigour and can be an important habitat variable. Measurement of CR for each tree can...
Hop (Humulus lupulus L. var. lupulus) is grown worldwide for the production of the dried female inflorescence (strobulus), or cones, used principally for the bittering and flavoring of beer. Information is scant on the inheritance of traits of economic importance in hop, and present knowledge is based on historical data...
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a perennial, dioecious species in which the female inflorescence (cones) are harvested and used in the beer-brewing process to impart bittering and/or flavoring to beer. Hop breeders have typically utilized clonal selection and hybridization to develop new cultivars. The use of genetically diverse parents for...
We perform two-dimensional linear elastic finite element analysis to investigate the mechanical stability of ultrathin Ge/Si film grown on or bonded to SiO₂, using imperfect interface elements between Si and SiO₂ to model Si/SiO₂ interfacial slippage. We demonstrate that the overall composite film is stable when only the tangential slippage...
The physical demands of rapid and economical running differ from the demands of fighting in ways that may prevent the simultaneous evolution of optimal performance in these two behaviors. Here, we test an hypothesis of functional trade-off in limb bones by measuring mechanical properties of limb bones in two breeds...
A broad definition of forestry would include the study of trees and forests and their use by people. Modern or science-based forestry began in the nineteenth century when Europeans looked to specialists to address questions of wood supply and its extraction from both their forests at home and their colonies....
Recent comparative studies across sex-changing animals have found that the relative size and age at sex change are strikingly invariant. In particular, 91%–97% of the variation in size at sex change across species can be explained by the simple rule that individuals change sex when they reach 72% of their...
Quality concerns drive many water studies and practices, but obtaining samples from water bodies over time and space for quality determination is often difficult and expensive. We present a low-cost approach that allows integration of water samples over timescales of days to months to allow more widely distributed acquisition of...
Solutions to the Boussinesq equation describing drainage into a fully penetrating channel have been used for aquifer characterization. Two analytical solutions exist for early- and late-time drainage from a saturated, homogeneous, and horizontal aquifer following instantaneous drawdown. The solutions for discharge Q can be expressed as dQ/dt = −aQ [superscript...
Form skipping has been used to help injured athletes progress to running.
Because little research has been done on form-skipping mechanics, its justifi cation
as a progression to running exercises is unclear. Objective: To compare groundreaction
forces (GRF) during form skipping and running in healthy subjects at
clinically relevant speeds,...
An atmospheric stationary wave teleconnection mechanism is proposed to explain how ENSO may affect the Tibetan Plateau snow depth and thereby the south Asian monsoons. Using statistical analysis, the short available record of satellite estimates of snow depth, and ray tracing, it is shown that wintertime ENSO conditions in the...
The marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) response to sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations with wavelengths shorter than 30° longitude by 10° latitude along the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) is described from the first year of SST and cloud liquid water (CLW) measurements from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on...
Intraseasonal precipitation variability over the northeast Pacific warm pool during June–October in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model 2.0.1 with a relaxed Arakawa–Schubert convection parameterization is found to be strongly sensitive to wind-induced variations in surface latent heat flux. A control simulation with interactive surface fluxes produces...
The impact of SST specification on low-level winds in the operational ECMWF numerical weather prediction model is investigated in the eastern tropical Pacific from comparisons of ECMWF wind stress fields with QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer observations of wind stress during the August–December cold seasons of 2000 and 2001. These two time...
Current stream tracer techniques do not allow separation of in-channel dead zone (e.g., eddies) and out-of-channel (hyporheic) transient storage, yet this separation is important to understanding stream biogeochemical processes. We characterize in-channel transient storage with a rhodamine WT solute tracer experiment in a 304 m cascade-pool-type bedrock reach with no...
The latitudinal structure of annual equatorial Rossby waves in the tropical Pacific Ocean based on sea surface height (SSH) and thermocline depth observations is equatorially asymmetric, which differs from the structure of the linear waves of classical theory that are often presumed to dominate the variability. The nature of this...
Describing the ocean habitats used by Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is an important step towards understanding how environmental conditions influence their population dynamics. We used data from archival tags that recorded time, temperature and pressure (depth) to define the coastal habitats used by Chinook near Oregon and California during the...
To understand the characteristics of sea surface height signatures of tropical instability waves (TIWs), a linearized model of the central Pacific Ocean was developed in which the vertical structures of the state variables are projected onto a set of orthogonal baroclinic eigenvectors. In lieu of in situ current measurements with...
Results from a model of wind-driven circulation are analyzed to study spatial and temporal variability in
the bottom mixed layer (BML) on the mid-Oregon shelf in summer 2001. The model assimilates acoustic
Doppler profiler velocities from two cross-shore lines of moorings 90 km apart to provide improved
accuracy of near-bottom...
Recent observations from spaceborne microwave sensors have revealed detailed structure of the surface
flow over the equatorial eastern Pacific in the boreal fall season. A marked acceleration of surface wind
across the northern sea surface temperature (SST) front of the cold tongue is a prominent feature of the
regional climate....
This paper presents a detailed study of a single thunderstorm anvil cirrus cloud measured on 21 July 2002
near southern Florida during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area
Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE). NASA WB-57F and University of North Dakota Citation aircraft
tracked the microphysical and radiative...
A two-dimensional, frictionless, nonlinear model of coastal upwelling is reexamined. The model has been solved previously at steady state and as an initial-value problem. The previous solution to the initial-value problem is inconsistent with the steady-state solution. A new solution to the spinup problem is presented that approaches the existing...
Unusual collections of several euphausiid, chaetognath, and copepod species help elucidate
the effects of the strong 1997/1998 El Niño off the central Oregon, USA, coast. Furcilia of Nyctiphanes simplex, a euphausiid typically found only as far north as central California, were collected in bi-weekly nearshore samples between December 1997 and...
The Moult Rate (MR) method has been used widely to derive stage-specific growth rates in juvenile copepods. It is the most common field-based method. Unfortunately, the equation underlying the method is wrong and, consequently, large errors in juvenile growth rate estimates are widespread. The equation derives growth from the mean...
A primitive equation model is used to study the finite-amplitude evolution of instabilities associated with the coastal upwelling front. Simulations of increasing complexity are examined that represent idealizations of summer conditions off the Oregon coast, including cases with steady and with time-variable wind in a domain with alongshore-uniform bathymetry and...
Wind measurements by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scatterometer (NSCAT) and the SeaWinds scatterometer on the NASA QuikSCAT satellite are compared with buoy observations to establish that the accuracies of both scatterometers are essentially the same. The scatterometer measurement errors are best characterized in terms of random component...
Dramatic changes in the physical and biological conditions off Washington and Oregon, USA, have occurred since 1998, including extreme El Niño (warm) and La Niña (cool) years, high and low Columbia River flow years, a major intrusion of subarctic water, and a low oxygen event on the shelf. The occurrence...
If the success of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is measured by the number of endangered species that have been recovered and delisted, then the act is not very successful. Only 15 species have been delisted because of recovery in the history of the ESA. The Borax Lake chub (Gila...
Well-defined fronts develop at the seaward edge of riverine plumes where suspended materials and planktonic organisms are concentrated by convergent water flows. Riverine plume fronts have been hypothesized to be favorable fish habitats because they can lead to localized prey
aggregations. We examined the spatial distribution of juvenile Pacific salmonids...
At George Washington University, librarians and faculty have partnered to provide an effective introduction to information literacy to all freshmen. The structure of the new writing program promotes goals that are at the intersection of the Council of Writing Program Administrators and Association of College and Research Libraries. Furthermore, the...
The link between anthropogenic nutrient loads and the magnitude and extent of diatom
and Phaeocystis colony blooms in the Southern Bight of the North Sea was explored with the complex
ecosystem model MIRO. The model was adapted for resolving the changing nutrient loads, the complex
biology of the bloom species...
Capelin are a major component of cod diet in many ecosystems of the North Atlantic. In
the Bering Sea, however, the percentage of capelin found in Pacific cod stomachs is negligible. We
hypothesize that the landscape (or ‘seascape’) features of hydrography and bathymetry of the Bering
Sea impose a constraint...
This study examines potential interactions among the environmental variables likely to
affect larval walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma feeding in the sea. Walleye pollock larvae were
sampled from Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska, and from the eastern Bering Sea, with corresponding
environmental data. Variables used in our study were time spent...
We tested the potential of a selective flatfish trawl to reduce bycatch of slope rockfish in the upper continental slope bottom-trawl fishery (250–500 m) on the U.S. West Coast. The trawl we tested differed from typical slope trawls in that it was a low-rise, two-seam trawl with a severely cut...
Published October 2005. Reviewed September 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised October 2005. Reviewed September 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Age-1 and age-2 Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis were exposed to a range of times in air (0-60 min) and air temperatures (10 degrees C or 16 degrees C) that simulated conditions on deck after capture to test for correspondence among responses in plasma constituents and mortality. Pacific halibut mortality generally...
Aldo Leopold, perhaps best known for his revolutionary and poignant essays about nature, was also an eloquent advocate during the 1930s and 1940s
of the need to maintain wolves and other large carnivores in forest and range ecosystems.He indicated that their loss set the stage for ungulate irruptions
and ecosystem...
Prior studies of modem scientific internationalism have been written primarily from
the point of view of scientists, with little regard to the influence of the state. This
study examines the state's role in international scientific relations. States sometimes
encouraged scientific internationalism; in the mid-twentieth century,t hey often
sought to restrict...
African Americans in predominantly White institutions often carry a greater load than their positions describe. While researchers have explored the unique role of African Americans in higher education (Cook, 1996; Diller & Moule, 2005; Jones, 2001; King & Castenell, 2001; Ladson-Billings, 1997; Maboleka & Green, 2001; Moule, 2004; Powell, 1999;...
This publication is designed to help you become more responsible as a 4-H babysitter. When you first started babysitting, you probably spent just a few hours with the children. As you become more experienced, you will be with the children for longer time periods. The more time you spend with...
Portraiture is such a big and controversial topic that you could spend the rest of your life learning about it. This skill guide does not even
presume to scratch the surface of the topic. Rather it suggests some ways in which you might begin an investigation of your own. If,...
Children are a lot like grownups and teenagers. When they are
bored, they tend to get into trouble. It helps to be prepared when you
arrive at your babysitting/child care job. You know the childrenʼs
ages, so bring along a Child Care Kit that will keep the children
busy, contented,...
Oregon is a wonderful state. Forested land is found in every region. It's good to know about the types of plants and land use that dominate your home state. The goals of the Oregon 4-H Forestry Project are to give factual, science-based information about forests and to give you a...
4-H advancement programs consist of a series of steps that provide a framework for progressive learning within a specific project area. Advancement programs encourage 4-H members to learn at their own speed based on their interests and abilities. Advancement programs are self-paced, and age- and skill-level appropriate. Advancement programs can...
4-H Advancement programs consist of a series of steps that provide a framework for progressive learning within a specific project area. Advancement programs aid 4-H members to move at their own speed by encouraging self-learning that is based on their interests and abilities. Advancement programs are also self-paced, and age-...
An introduction for leaders, parents, and members 4-H advancement programs consist of a series of steps that provide a framework for progressive learning within a specific project area. Advancement programs
encourage 4-H members to learn at their own speed based on their interests and abilities. Advancement programs are self-paced, and...