Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable forms of energy in the United States and the world. However, interactions between wind turbines and wildlife have the possibility to injure animals such as birds and bats. Strategies to assess and minimize wind turbine interactions with wildlife are critical for...
Aperiodic structures cause significant challenges to subtractive manufacturing methods due to the common features such as inaccessible voids within the structure. Additive man- ufacturing presents an appealing alternative for this purpose. The aim of this research is to test analysis heuristics for validity through application to periodic structures. First, a...
The electrical conductivity data of ceramic material at high temperatures can be useful in the application of modeling, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD). The existing data is considerably lacking at extreme temperatures. Our research focuses on bridging this gap by reporting the electrical conductivity measurements of sets...
The “why” of any situation is one of the most important questions to ask. Inventors have ideas every day. Some ideas are the brilliant ideas that lead to a better tomorrow. To protect these ideas, inventors turn to patents, a governmental grant of the right to stop others, for a...
Designs for improved cookstoves aim to decrease the detrimental environmental and health impacts that are associated with traditional biomass cooking practiced by nearly 40% of the global population. Programs to provide improved cookstoves are found worldwide, and regional testing centers support development of these through emissions testing services. Aprovecho Research...
Hydrogels have been attractive for use as a medium in porous flow studies,
but have always been limited in this role because of their poor mechanical properties.
This project analyzes and tests two recently developed hydrogels,
poly(methacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) (PMM), and a heat-treated long chain
PVA hydrogel. Particle image velocimetry (PIV)...
The purpose of this project is to assist the OSU Baja Racing vehicle in turning more sharply. This is done using a turning brake, which locks one rear wheel to facilitate turning on a smaller radius. This project focuses on the development of a custom cylinder housing for the turning...
In the spring of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began. This prompted quarantines, mask mandates, and stopped many businesses and services. This study asked the question of what people decided to do in terms of their recreation habits in response to the pandemic. We took a sample of Oregon State University...
An electrically driven propellant pump (HALE E-Pump) was analysed and tested to determine its viability for use in a bi-propellant launch vehicle for the High-Altitude Liquid Engine (HALE) student rocket team at Oregon State University (OSU). The pump, manufactured in 2022 by students in OSU machine shops, was hydrostatically tested...
As new cost-effective cultivation methods are needed for macrophytic red algae, this experiment expands upon a previously studied land-based approach. The experiment aimed to determine how the fluid dynamics of a previously researched land-based method affected the growth of the macrophytic red alga, Gracilaria Vermiculophylla. A clonal culture of G....
With growing awareness of the negative impacts of the built environment, solutions for dramatic environmental, economic, and social improvements are sparking in all sectors, especially within the construction industry. The work of this thesis aims to quantify and compare social, economic, and environmental impacts of a three-story mass timber structure...
This thesis explores the relationship between design cycle models and knowledge management systems applied to various physical prototypes that the author developed from 2020 to 2023. The author walks through the process of prototyping a potty-training device in OSU’s Prototype Development Lab and an automated testing fixture for her Senior...
Latinas in engineering face discrimination on the intersectionality of their two identities, Latinx and woman. The barriers that happen to them as an indirect effect of previous or existing institutional systems of oppression are called systemic barriers. Coming from the lens of four subjects, in a ranking of the barriers...
In the United States, 58.7% of the spinal cord injuries that occur each year result in some degree of tetraplegia, this leads to reduced control of upper limb muscle. One surgery that can restore some upper limb function is a brachioradialis (BR) to flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon transfer surgery,...
Metallic glasses (also referred to as amorphous metals) have been gaining interest in the materials science community in recent years. These amorphous materials demonstrate promising properties compared to their crystalline counterparts that include much higher strength and elastic strain limit, better corrosion and wear resistance, superior soft magnetism, and an...
Menstrual health and hygiene insecurity is a global health issue people across the world face, particularly in developing countries. According to the World Bank, an estimated 500 million lack access to adequate menstrual products, and “to effectively manage their menstruation, women and girls require access to water, sanitation, and hygiene...
This thesis explores the mechanical properties of hemp fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) was used to compare the performance of three different weight percentages of hemp fiber reinforced PLA against PLA and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). It was found that as the weight percentage of...
To investigate the viability of staging hydraulic air compressors (HACs), a model for HACs operating with a closed loop water cycle powered by a pump was made. This model was used to simulate how these HACs would respond to variable heights and mass flow ratios for both single-stage and multi-stage...
Visitors to waterways need a way to securely lock up their non-motorized watercrafts to allow for exploration of the local area and communities. The Willamette Water Trail Steering committee recognized this problem and approached the Oregon State University Prototype Development lab to develop and fabricate a solution. The engineering design...
Waste-heat-recovery Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems use excess heat from industrial processes to produce electrical power. In many cases, the temperatures and mass flow rates of these excess-heat streams vary significantly over time, causing the ORC to often operate far from its design point. In this study, a control strategy...
This thesis explores the differences in puppetted and teleoperation control of robotic hands, using the Asterisk test as a benchmark. Two hands were tested, including modified versions of the Model Q and Model Q developed by Yale's GRAB Lab. Small differences were observed between the puppetted and teleoperation control of...
The US industrial sector accounts for about one-third of the nation’s energy consumption and is predicted to grow twice as quickly as other sectors through 2050. International organizations such as the International Energy Agency project energy efficiency improvements will account for over 40% of greenhouse gas emissions reductions through 2040....
This thesis describes an automated method to estimate tree trunk width in a commer-cial apple orchard. Trunk cross sectional area, which is an important consideration with regards to nutrient uptake, is a feature being integrated in a decision support system for precision Nitrogen management. The data used to generate the...
0.1 Purpose of Report
During my time on this project, I have written two reports. My SAE22 ePowertrain report details last year's design, the design process, design changes, and manufacturing in extreme detail. The capstone course report will be useful for future students looking to educate themselves on everything that...
Aluminum alloys are popular in aerospace and automotive industries because of their relatively high strength-to-weight ratio. The study of enhancing aluminum’s mechanical properties through grain refinement is especially important. One such technique is High-Pressure Torsion processing (HPT), which leads to significant grain size refinement and enhances mechanical properties like ductility...
A six degree of freedom (6DOF) point-absorber wave energy converter (WEC) called LUPA is being developed at Oregon State University. This research focused on analyzing a full- scale LUPA, called LUPA20, to answer the following questions: 1) How does a full-scale WEC perform due to various factors; 2) What are...
This work details the development of 3D printed TPU pneunet actuators for use in apple picking for agricultural soft robotics. These actuators increase the force capabilities of soft pneunets and simplify manufacturing. Grippers based on these actuators are ideal for apple picking because they are compliant, yet exert sufficient force...
In current prosthetic practices, the design process heavily relies on the prosthetist’s expertise and the limited methods to quantify design choices. This thesis investigates the lower-limb prosthetic fitting process and the importance of the socket design. Previous research has taken local stiffness of the limb to provide prosthetists with more...
The High Altitude Liquid Engine (HALE) team is developing of a 2000 lbf thrust liquid propellant engine for a flight vehicle capable of breaching the Karman Line (100 km in altitude). As part the development of this flight vehicle, this research focuses on the design and characterization of a novel...
Rear brake calipers are a critical component of the brake system within a vehicle. Brake calipers function by clamping against the brake rotor when the brake pedal is pressed by the driver and thus results in deceleration of the vehicle. This thesis aims to design and develop custom rear brake...
This thesis follows two studies performed with simple robots. The first follows a robot interacting with eight improvisers to create scenes and perform five isolated gestures (towards, away, sideways, spin, and circle) for interpretation. The second follows a group of three robots performing the same five isolated gestures at two...
Between Oregon State University and DHBW Ravensberg, Global Formula Racing produces two Formula style vehicles every year for competition. This thesis has served as a pre-development project in the ergonomics and driver interface of the team's vehicles. This project will determine the position of the seat back, steering wheel, and...
Turbulent flows with suspended, non-spherical particles are common in many natural and industrial processes. To identify the effects of anisotropic geometry on particle dynamics, a one-way coupled Lagrangian direct numerical simulation solver was written, verified, and used to collect data on particles simulated in multiple flows. This thesis explains the...
In the wake of climate change, the risk of heat related illnesses has continuously increased over the past several decades. While thermal management solutions have continued to improve, there is a need for efficient cooling systems that conform with the human body. This study combines the solutions from fractal-like flow...
This project examines the portrayal of the life and times of Kaiserin Elisabeth von Österreich (Empress Elisabeth of Austria) in the popular Austrian musical "Elisabeth das Musical" (Elisabeth the Musical), written by Michael Kunze and Sylvester Levay. "Elisabeth" was first performed in Vienna in 1992 and has since become the...
The aerospace industry uses chemical kinetic models when designing propulsion systems to acquire specific details about the rate of chemical reactions, heat release, and combustion stability. These models, however, are too large and stiff to be useful as they can take weeks to run computations on. The pyMARS python package...
The intent of this thesis is to develop three creative non-fiction essays exploring the experience of being an undergraduate woman in a STEM field. The essays will all take on variations in form, humor, and perspectives. The purpose is to explore the position of women in STEM and the different...
This research aims to demonstrate the viability of actively controlled distributed-electric propulsion as a method to postpone flutter in high aspect-ratio elastic wings. A semi-wing on a spring mount with two propellers powered by electric motors, mounted at alternate pitch angles relative to the chord line, was used as the...
The intention of this undergraduate research project was to design and build a fully functional high-vacuum chamber testing environment for use in the development of ion propulsion engines. This project was conducted in an effort to aid ongoing projects between the Deep Space Propulsion Group (DSPG) at Oregon State University...
Integrated Distributed Electric Augmented Lift (IDEAL) applies upper surface blowing in a novel way to achieve electric short take-off and landing to meet the growing need for urban air transportation. Additional research on propulsion airframe interaction (PAI) with trailing edge flaps at low Reynolds numbers was necessary to advance the...
This study aims to explore whether a robotic cookstove feeder can sufficiently reduce variability between tests of a cookstove, produces statistically similar firepower and measured emissions rates, and reduce tester interaction time during standard cookstove testing as compared to a trained human operator. A series of modified ISO/FDIS 19867-1 testing...
In anatomical education, clinicians, surgeons, and anatomists support the use of human cadavers over digital or artificial alternatives. Cadaver use raises the challenge of preventing tissue dehydration. The OSU cadaver labs attempt to maintain hydration by re-covering the exposed tissues with original skin, layers of plastic wrap, and/or towels and...
The goal of this thesis is to explore the possibility of an upgrade of materials used in the wing-structure of a high-performance light aircraft operating under severe aerodynamic and inertial loads. The case aircraft considered in the thesis is the Caproni A-21 SJ, an all-metal high-performance motorglider powered by two...
Non-destructive testing is a methodology to inspect production and operational parts for potential flaws, defects, or damages. The present work is based on pulsed wave thermography, a thermal imaging method based on heat conduction to identify surface and subsurface defects potentially present in a component. Pulsed wave thermography applies a...
The development of a continuous and reliable cooling method for computer chips is an evolving subject requiring continuous research in both computer science and thermal management. Two-dye laser induced fluorescence (LIF) provides a minimally invasive way to investigate electronics cooling fluid behavior. Dielectric fluids are of particular interest as they...
With the continued decrease in size and subsequent increase in power of computer processors, thermal management in electronics is becoming more important than ever before. The chip heat densities are reaching new peaks (> 100 W cm-2) that current cooling methods are not able to keep up with. However, some...
Studying honey bee behavior is a very important aspect of horticulture, especially in recent years as honey bee colonies face population decline, or colony collapse. While studying honey bees, researchers often keep honey bees in captivity, where it can be challenging to meet nutritional and hydration requirements using existing liquid...
An experimental setup has been partially developed to investigate the impact of an actively controlled trailing edge component upon the energy harvesting performance of an oscillating airfoil in a pitching and heaving regime. While previous and current efforts have and continue to
function to characterize the performance of such a...
In order to generate practical ways to easily design functional flexible lattice structures, this research seeks to find a way to predict reactive forces of compressed hyperelastic cubic lattice structures. Using 3D printed test coupons, material data was collected for use in finite element analysis. Cubic lattice structures with varying...
Gas turbine engines for propulsion applications can use fuel as a coolant, exposing the fuel to high temperatures well within the ranges associated with thermal decomposition. Species produced as a result of these processes have been shown to correlate with changes in the combustion performance of the fuels. In this...
Heat flux measurements of radiation emissions from turbulent premixed flames diluted with N 2 and CO 2 were taken to identify sensitivities of radiation heat loss to diluent fraction and species. This work is motivated by the desire to better characterise radiant heat transfer in the presence of combustion products,...
The SpiderHarp is a bio-inspired electronic musical instrument that uses a localization algorithm developed at Oregon State University to translate plucks of its strings into musical notes. This localization algorithm was inspired by the way spiders locate prey in their webs. The SpiderHarp frame, sensors, and web design are also...
Modern product development is a complex combination of multidisciplinary processes ranging from market research to design, engineering analysis, and logistics. The product development process has a significant impact on the success or failure of new product launches. The majority of consumer product launches fail, resulting in significant sunk cost in...
To investigate the melting stage of indirect freeze desalination three numerical models were developed. A zeroth, first, and second order analyses modeled the melting of ice around the outside of a pipe as a function of time. The zeroth order analysis assumes the system to be steady state. The first...
Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) technology is a rapidly developing technological marketspace. This thesis focuses on micro, tethered, coaxial UASs and the development of an electrically-tethered observation platform (ETOP). The thesis details the current status of the technology as well as current products on the market. Stability considerations, critical when adding...
Controllers for robotic systems can be complex and difficult to write by hand. Learning offers an approach to improve a controller through direct feedback. Learning is not trivial, as the feedback does not tell the agent how to improve, only how well its current actions solve the given task. Learning...
The leading edge of a sub-orbital, sounding rocket dictates an aerodynamically optimal profile which is difficult to manufacture. The university level offers no current standard to produce rocket nose cones made with pre-impregnated composites. Of particular interest is the molding technique used to fabricate a nose cone. The focus of...
For the 2019 season, a new chassis layup was designed that is much stronger than in previous years, yet only slightly heavier. Compared to the baseline steel tube frame, the 2019 chassis has safety factors of about 110% for most zones. Also, a new impact attenuator was designed that absorbs...
Legged robots, while advancing quickly, have far to go before they can recover from major disturbances safely and consistently. Reflected inertia, which affects how quickly the actuators can physically respond to an environmental disturbance, and delay, which describes the time necessary for the controller to sense, re-plan, and respond to...
Marching band activities consist of both physically and cognitively demanding tasks. The demands that this activity has on players has largely been unstudied. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of players’ experience level, role, and gender on the workload of marching band players via a field...
The unsustainable use of fresh water sources and unavailability of fresh water in certain parts of the world have created a demand for water desalination systems. Desalination methods are effective at producing consumable water, but often require large scale setups, high energy consumption, and careful maintenance. A team of students...
The current knowledge on the microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of selective laser melting (SLM) produced H13 tool steel components is limited. This research is focused on optimization of SLM processing parameters for H13 tool steel and investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 tool steel components after SLM...
Freeze desalination poses as a potential solution to many of the issues that accompany current desalination methods. The research detailed in this manuscript involves creating and analyzing a numerical model of the freezing operation of an indirect contact freeze-melting (FM) desalination system. In this initial analysis, pure water is frozen...
Energy from offshore wind could provide substantial power generation if further utilized. One area of significant research focus is in developing floating offshore wind devices, which would allow for wind energy to be gathered in deep water where driven monopile turbines are infeasible. However, floating offshore wind is not currently...
The purpose of this report is to detail the design and validation of a prototype robot that feeds biomass into a range of small household cookstoves at a programmable rate. Improved design and testing methods for the development of improved biomass cookstoves are needed to design stoves that alleviate the...
Pulsed laser deposition was used to create 0.1-Bi(Zn₀.₅ Ti₀.₅)O₃-0.9-BaTiO₃ (BZT-BT) thin films to examine the effects of laser energy (2.25 or 2.5 J/cm²) , pulse frequency (2 Hz or 5 Hz), and deposition temperature (550, 600, 650, and 700°C) on the electrical properties of the films. These effects were analyzed...
The Oregon State University (OSU) Experimental Sounding Rocket Association (ESRA) 30k Rocket Team is a student run rocket team that competes in the Intercollegiate Rocket Engineering Competition at Spaceport America. The goal of the competition is to launch a student designed, manufactured, and tested experimental sounding rocket to 30,000 ft...
Microfluidics is an evolving field that focuses on the manipulation of small fluid volumes. Because of its micron-sized features, it is the basis for many lab-on-chip and point-of-care diagnostic devices. The devices are predominantly molded from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); however, production is a multi-hour or multi-day process that typically requires clean...
Condensers are vital components of power plants and are often one of the most major cost concerns when planning construction. Generally speaking, the surface area required to dissipate the heat generated in the boiler is so great that enormous and expensive structures are necessary. The usage of a hybrid surface...
Modern walking robots have shown that dynamic gaits can be achieved without ankle motors. It seems logical that the additional control authority that they provide can be used to improve the stability of the walking gait against foot placement errors caused by low level control. This thesis develops and compares...
An Achilles tendon injury can be devastating. Surgical methods to bring the muscle to full strength are not always available. Proposed is an ankle foot orthosis (AFO) that is entirely passive (does not add energy to the system) and uses the mechanical advantages provided by the walking gait of a...
Treatment of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts provides many options, including cellophane banding. These cellophane bands are secured with a ligation clip. Weck® offers two forms of these: the stainless steel Hemoclip, and the polymer Hem-o-lok. This in vitro study compares the mechanical strength of these two of types of clips by...
The Santo Tomas University Internment Camp Podcast tells the story of a prison camp run by the Japanese in the Philippines during World War Two, told through a scrapbook created by two internees named Frank and Mildred Miles. Consisting of two parts, an academic portion which focuses on the historical...
Inertial microfluidics refers to the manipulation of the location and velocity of particles suspended in microscale fluid flow without the introduction of outside forces. It has promising applications in flow cytometry and other biomedical technologies because of the potential for lowering cost and complexity relative to current particle focusing methods....
The goal of this project is to research an innovative rear wing design for Formula SAE and determine if the concept could be beneficial for automotive racing purposes. The research consists of three steps. First, sensitivity analyses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation were performed on multiple configurations. Next an...
Human body flight is a relatively young sport with a largely undocumented history.
Human body flight is an umbrella term for any sport involving maneuvering one’s body in a
meaningful way through a column of relative wind. Human body flight includes skydiving,
which was the origin of human body flight,...
The purpose of this project was to design the 2016 combustion car drivetrain for Global Formula Racing (GFR). The goal of this project was to improve upon the 2015 drivetrain design by reducing complexity, weight, and maintenance time. To reduce complexity the spool was changed to a one piece system...
This project consists of the analysis, design, and manufacturing of the 2016 cooling system for Global Formula Racing’s combustion vehicle. Several water configurations were examined, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to estimate airflow and heat transfer calculations in MATLAB to estimate heat rejection through each concept. Data used to perform...
This project created a stand-alone unit capable of providing on-board sensing and processing for robotic vehicles. This unit was designed to be compact, lightweight, inexpensive, and adaptable. The goal of this project is to help advance robotics research in mapping and multi-agent coordination by making it easier to equip vehicles...
The purpose of this thesis was to understand the relation between the actual performance and the design performance of the manufacturing plane which was designed for the 2016 Design/Build/Fly competition. The actual performance was determined using an Arduino Uno based system with data from an accelerometer, gyroscope and pitot tube....
As global population and affluence continues to rise, demand for and disposal of
consumer products is increasing. Currently, there are established process that guide
designers to develop innovative products, but these products still have a large impact
on the environment. There is beginning to be an emphasis on product sustainability,...
Recent interest in nano aerial vehicles (NAVs) has sparked an increase in research on the mechanics of biological flapping flight. The ability of NAVs to fly in confined spaces and perform tight maneuvers make them a valuable technological asset. Researching the mechanisms behind small-scale flapping flight promises progress toward the...
Combustion systems for transportation applications typically use large hydrocarbon fuels in turbulent premixed or partially premixed environments. Combustion products can enter the reaction region through natural recirculation or combustion control mechanisms. The objective of this study is to characterize how dilution by combustion products affects the turbulent consumption speed for...
The intent of this report is to provide a brief description of water quality issues in Nicaragua, Uganda and Bangladesh, and the technologies available to address these issues. The water quality parameters considered include: bacterial contamination, heavy metals and arsenic, pesticides and industrious chemicals, turbidity, radiological characteristics, and taste and...
OSU’s Global Formula Racing (GFR) team creates two carbon fiber chassis each year, one for combustion engine powered the other electric. These two vehicles compete in SAE sanctioned competitions teams and in order to enter they both have to provide design and testing information to prove the vehicle is safe...
This project analyzes, tests, and redesigns an environmental control system for Global Formula Racing’s (GFR) dynamometer. It seeks to develop a working system to test GFR’s car engine under air conditions similar to those faced during competition. A model is developed to predict the performance of the environmental control system,...
Bird and bat collisions with wind turbine blades are an occurrence which are extremely variable in
frequency. With the expansion of wind farms, determining the true quantity of collisions and the
species involved is imperative for preventing ecological damage. Explored in this thesis is a blade
mounted camera for wirelessly...
This project examines the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model used by Global Formula Racing (GFR) to simulate external aerodynamics for a Formula SAE racecar. It seeks to improve the accuracy of the existing model by changing mesh and physics model parameters. Accuracy of the model is quantified through comparison to...
The potential of red blood cell (RBC) and platelet damage was studied for a novel microfluidic hemoperfusion device currently in development at Oregon State University for use in treating sepsis. COMSOL 4.4's computational fluid dynamics (CFD) module was used to examine shear rate profiles in laminar, Newtonian blood flow throughout...
The process of redesigning products in order to reduce their environmental impact is a challenging task because formalized methods in sustainable product design do not yet exist. There are many tools and methods that designers can use to be more informed of the sustainability of a product, but many are...
This study conducts follow up research to my Mechanical Engineering Senior Project that was completed in March 2015. It follows the Student Powered Hydro and Entertainment Device (SPHED) as it is used in various middle school and high school classrooms. SPHED has three modules: a power generation module, a hydropower...
A new thermal management method for hotspots on microprocessors is under development that employs confined pool boiling with vapor extraction at pre-determined nucleation sites. Extraction is accomplished by locating a vacuum chamber constructed out of a glass tube and a hydrophobic membrane directly above a nucleation site. In order to...
There is a growing US interest in UAVs for many applications ranging from agriculture to military. One area of improvement that can be realized in each category is propulsion. Engines with greater efficiency would result in longer mission duration, leading to cost savings and increased usefulness for UAV owners and...
Formula Student challenges collegiate teams around the world to compete against one another in global racing competitions. Global Formula Racing (GFR) is a collaboration between Oregon State University and German at Duale Hochshule Baden- Wurttemberg Ravensburg students to build a racecar. The task assigned was to create a pedal assembly...
The Oregon State University chapter of American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics competed in the Design/Build/Fly competition for the second time during the 2013/2014 school year. This chapter began at Oregon State in 2012 and still lacks an organized management system for the Design/Build/Fly team that could allow OSU to...
An experimental framework for investigation of the effects of Micro Pin Fin Arrays (MPFA) on the fuel oxidation efficiency of catalytic combustion is presented in this thesis. Complete combustion of the fuel is essential for operation at maximum efficiency and high standards of environmental cleanliness desired in existing microscale combustion...
The ability to develop mobile applications for smartphones and tablets is an increasingly valuable skill in today’s labor market. This thesis details the development of the mobile application Drone Drop from beginning to finish. I first describe the background research conducted to learn about programming languages and other tools used...
The Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE) has provided a platform
for teams like Oregon State’s own Global Formula Racing Team (GFR) to produce a
formula style race car and compete with other schools across the world. The GFR team
has used the same carbon fiber monocoque chassis since the...
Every Spring and Summer, thousands of climbers attempt to summit Mt. Rainier. Many of them stop at Camp Muir, a base camp at 10,000 feet, where they can use restrooms, camp overnight, or refill water bottles before continuing their climb. Camp Muir currently uses a gas system to melt snow...
The purpose of this project is to examine the effect of the slot gap spacing on a multi element rear
wing. A three element rear wing is used in order to produce maximum downforce at the relatively
low speed of Formula SAE competitions. These high lift configurations serve to increase...