Co-located mills that share a log resource through a single merchandising
facility are challenged with the task of allocating the costs of joint-products in order to
determine log cost for each mill during a given period. While allocating joint-costs is
inherently arbitrary, some allocation must be made to include raw...
Two studies were undertaken in search of a method or methods which might improve the survival of planted Douglas-fir seedlings on severe sites. The first, or preliminary study involved the planting of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings on southerly aspects, using nine techniques, including a control. The second, or main study involving...
The purpose of this thesis is to outline the principles involved in the reconnaissance, survey, and design of forest roads in the Douglas-fir Region. The reconnaissance survey is the most important element in road location. Poor reconnaissance often results in abandonment of the route at considerable expense. The ground slope...
Over the past 15 years, changes in forest-management values have led to an
increase in the amount of planning requirements necessary to complete harvesting
activities. The measurement of forested land areas is typically a large part of
operational plans. In the two studies presented here, new measurement technologies
were examined...
Road changing i.s the activity of moving operating lines
on a cable yarding operation to permit access to logs in an
unyarded portion of a logging unit. The time required to
perform this activity varies widely and may consume a significant
portion of the total yarding time.
With rising costs...
This paper shows how ten easy-to-use linear skyline thinning production rate equations were obtained by transforming existing but more cumbersome turn time equations using the THIN simulation model [11). The equations provide reasonable approximations of delay-free hourly production for several cable yarders operating skyline thinnings under a variety of conditions....
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of Linear Programming (LP) and
other mathematical procedures to evaluate watershed and perpetuity constraints on forest
land use for a selected scenario in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. The paper describes
the system of modelling and forecasting estimates of potential timber growth,...
This study examined the effects of timber harvest and subsoiling on soil physical properties considered important to forest productivity and hydrologic concerns. Ground based mechanical timber harvesting on some soil types can cause soil disturbance including compaction. These effects in turn can influence multiple important soil physical properties that affect...
There are approximately 4,000,000 acres of cut-over and burned-over land in western Washington and Oregon which are either non-stocked or unsatisfactorily stocked with young forest growth. This brings about a great need for a quick and efficient method of land examination from which to plan reforestation measures and make up...
The small size of the average plywood mill, and the wide spread of markets, has fostered the growth of independent wholesalers, or jobbers, as the main distribution channel for softwood plywood. Jobbers buy directly from mills, or indirectly through sales agents representing mills, and in turn sell to retail outlets....
At the time of the inception of this study in September 1968, the plywood market appeared to be taking a strong reversal of its general trend over the last 20 odd years. This prompted the author to decide to study the plywood market and its pricing structure to see if...
The management Pf forest resources is a complex task. A thorough and up-to-date inventory is an important part of forest management. Aerial photography is one of the important tools used to facilitate the design of a forest inventory. Aerial photographs are used to determine acreages, to locate roads and sample...
The feasibility of using lumber and plywood futures as a means of cross product hedging for stumpage is explored from the standpoint of the producer of forest products. A survey conducted in April, 1979 Indicates that this process has not been attempted in western Oregon. Historical price relationships between contract...
It is the purpose of this paper to review the literature on computer simulation in forest management, and to present the adaptation of a stand model to Douglas fir as part of the development of a forest management simulation model.
Forest technician education at the community college is
an important segment of the forestry profession (United States
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1968).
Objective
The objective of this survey is to investigate the forest
technology curricula at Oregon's community colleges. The question
of what subjects should be incorporated into...
The objective of this study is to determine the past, present, and future demand for forest technician graduates in the forestry profession. Literature reviews, questionnaires, and personal interviews with forest technician instructors were utilized to accomplish the objective.
This paper reviews techniques that have been used to estimate bark growth, upper stem bark thickness, and bark volume. Two new equation forms have been developed and tested for estimating upper stem bark thickness using,as an example, data from Sitka spruce (Picea
Sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in southeast Alaska.
The purpose of this paper is to present a cursory review of the theory and principles of point sampling, and to offer some practical proposals on the possibility of its introduction to the forest of Liberia.
Land management techniques are numerous and well known, but knowledge of where and how to use these techniques is often inadequate. Silvicultural methods used by foresters in the Pacific Northwest exemplifies this quandary. Silviculture largely consists of applying standard techniques to various forest stands. Classical silvicultural techniques are not universally...
In intensive forest management, one important objective is maximum return on capital invested, or more generally, the most complete utilization of any site as is possible, financially and/or
biologically. One parameter associated with a forest stand, density, is a measure of biological utilization of the site and may be subjected...
The sale of raw logs from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) was at first
considered a desirable market for the sale of unwanted logs. It became
a rapidly growing market, and with its growth also came demands from
some in the PNW for restrictions against exporting logs. Some believed
that the...
The purpose of this paper is to show the amount of land use change taking place between 1963 and 19714. in T. 11 S.,R. 14- W., W.M., which is located between Albany and Corvallis. The changes of primary interest involve the shifts of agricultural land to residential, commercial and industrial...
This report deals with forestry in Korea in its various aspects and what has been done about forestry problems in Korea.
The ratio of forest land to total area of country is so high
that it is sometimes compared to Finland's, but the similarity with Finland stops there.
The adverse...
Time study data was collected for two horsepower classes of rubber tired skidders from field operations controlled by Associated Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd., Tasmania, Australia. A wide range of site and logging conditions were used to produce both production per hour and cycle time predictive equations.
The resultant equations...
Forest managers in recent years have begun to re-examine the
possibilities of using uneven-age silvicultural systems in the
Oregon Coast Range. This increasing interest is being driven by a
variety of forest resource nianagement concerns, including wildlife
habitat diversity, visual aesthetics, and long-term sustained
yield. In an effort to begin...
Soil bulk density and disturbance were measured before and after a commercial
thinning of 3 0-50 year-old Douglas-fir using a cut-to-length (CTL) and a skyline system
on the Willamette National Forest in the Oregon Cascades. A dual-probe nuclear
densimeter was used to measure bulk density at four and eight inches....
During the last decades, there has been increasing interest in ground-based mechanized harvesting systems in the western United States as harvest of second growth increased. A major reason for that interest is that labor productivity using conventional methods decreases with smaller tree size. In Turkey, the application of mechanization is...
This report presents a nested gauging study of streamflow variability from three sub-catchments (150-200 ha in area) of the Burns Creek catchment (565 ha) in the Entiat Experimental Forest of central Washington State. We test and reject the hypothesis that headwater catchments of this size are composed of physically and...
Oregon has thousands of culverts along mountainous roads that interact with perennial streams, intermittent streams, and intercepted subsurface flow from hill slopes. Culverts installed at stream crossings are designed to move water under the road and avoid failure of the fill. Similarly, ditch relief culverts transfer water through a road...
The purpose of this paper is to compare the estimated production of the pendulum swing logging system to the production of a conventional balloon logging system. Cycle Time is established for the conventional system by time study techniques. A combination approach is used to model the pendulum system. A computer...
The selection of a road standard is a complex decision involving consideration of design, construction, maintenance, and vehicle operating costs. The first step in any analysis involves a definition of the physically feasible alternatives. In the Oregon Coast Range, a combination of steep topography and sensitive soils influence the type...
This study looked at the soil compaction effects
resulting from a cut-to-length harvest system on an area in
the western Cascade Range of Oregon. The cut-to-length
harvest system is a mechanized system in which trees are fell,
deliinbed, and bucked into short log lengths by a mechanical
harvester. Logs are...
The purpose of this paper is to determine the dynamic tensions that occur in the guylines and pendulum lines of a tethered logging balloon. A scale model was used to represent the tethered logging balloon.
During the swinging of payloads, line tensions followed a very predictable sinusoidal curve. It was...
Recent developments in handheld computers now make it possible to improve log value recovery by bucking (cross cutting) a tree into log lengths that maximize its value. The use of a handheld computer allows these decisions to be made at the stump for each individual tree. One program developed for...
This paper describes a computer program developed for the Hewlett
Packard 9830, which analyzes and computes costs and engineering
data for paper plan timber harvest road networks. The program will
accept up to 110 road segments. Each segment is analyzed individually
based on digitized data from a contour map and...
The three most expensive wildland fire suppression seasons have occurred since 2000, each exceeding $1 billion. Many problems and issues have been highlighted including the grounding of the federal air tanker fleet, training problems with private contractors, overspending, poor management strategies, negative public pefceptions, and the inability to utilize the...
This paper describes a mathematical formulation and computer
programs for use on hand-held programmable calculators to analyze
the load carrying capacity of skyline systems, including the effects
of log drag. The actual physical characteristics of the load and
the ground geometry are used in the analysis of the payload capacities...
In this paper, a catenary analysis of static skyline, mainline and haulback cable tensions just prior to an unsuccessful attempt by a carriage to pass an intermediate support jack is presented. Field tests were conducted for a range of skyline deflections and span chord slopes. Data collected during the field...
This paper is a compilation of most of the recent cable yarding
production equations generated by the Forest Engineering Department
at Oregon State University. Additional production equations found
in the literature review have also been included. Background
information for each of the studies involved has been summarized.
Data is basically...
This paper was written to serve as an introduction to instructional video production for tiraber industry officials. Discussed herein is the applicability of video to the timber industry and the development steps required to produce a scripted, edited instructional video. The focus of the paper is on content development and...
The Pulp and Paper Industry in the Pacific Northwest is
obtaining an increasing share of its fiber supply by
chipping small diameter trees from thinnings, insect damaged
stands, and stand conversions. Since most of the mills
require pulp grade fiber to contain less than 0.5% bark, the
timber must be...
With increasing environmental concerns, short harvesting seasons, salvage logging needs, and limited road access, helicopter yarding is becoming attractive to many land managers. Most helicopter yarding has occurred on clearcut or evenaged management areas containing large, valuable timber. Very little helicopter yarding has occurred in stands of smaller, less valuable...
Transportation costs compose fifty to sixty percent of
the total operating cost in the forest products industry.
This paper develops a framework for incorporating rail
transportation into a statewide multi-modal transportation
planning model. It will allow for the analysis of various
transportation scenarios that can possibly increase the
efficiency of...
This paper documents a study of the potential for using Arc View, a GIS
software program, to evaluate possible interactions between timber harvesting
impacts and recreational uses of adjacent forest roads and trails. Data on
hiking, biking and horse riding was used to define recreational uses on specific
trails. Harvesting...
Land managers in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon are currently faced with large areas of forest with health problems and extreme levels of fuel loading in the stand and on the forest floor. These conditions resulted from a combination of insect infestations, past management practices and the elimination of...
This paper describes the results of a study conducted in the
Sierra Nevadas located in California to determine the production rates,
s.kidding costs and the extent of soil disturbance and compaction on two
partial cut units harvested with a Caterpillar D-7F. A harvest unit
with preplanned skid trails and winching...
The use of partial cutting in the western conifers has become popular in the last decade. This has resulted in an increase in the amount of damage to the residual stand due to skyline logging. The purpose of this study is to provide models to predict the percent of a...
Shovel logging is a relatively new ground-based method of yarding tinther. It involves moving logs from stump to landing by successive swinging with a hydraulic excavator modified into a log loader by replacing the shovel bucket with a grapple. Loaders used in shovel yarding can weigh in excess of 100,000...
This paper describes the results of a time-study conducted
near Grand Ronde, Oregon, to determine the production
rates and total harvesting costs of a cable thinning in a
young stand. The stand had a species mix of 48 percent
western hemlock (Tsuga. heterophylla- (Raf.) Sarg.), 45 percent
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga meuziesil...
The principles of mobility are applied to the forest setting to
simulate the movement of logs with a rubber tired-skidder. A computer
program was written to perform the analysis . Vehicle-terrain and logterrain
interactions are the resistances which must be overcome by
the available vehicle power. The rate at which...
LOCCOST is an interactive computer program that
predicts stump to mill logging costs, stumpage and net
present value of a harvest based on stand data, pond value
and logging parameters, entered by the user. The program is
intended for use by foresters to evaluate the economics of
different stand management...
A semi-empirical mobility model is presented which predicts tracked vehicle performance in timber harvesting applications. The interactions between the log load and the
terrain, the log load and the vehicle, and the vehicle and the terrain cause resistances for the vehicle. The mobility
model calculates these resistances, comparing them to...
This paper describes the analysis of data from a three-year gross time study of skyline, balloon, and helicopter yarding systems operating in Western Oregon. Data collection activities were designed and supervised by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S.D.A. Forest Service. The specific logging systems studied were running...
Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are relatively thin-
barked species and susceptible to damage during thinning
operations. Damage to the wood allows decay-causing fungi
to enter resulting in loss of merchantable volume at the
time of final harvest. Cable yarding systems are needed for
much of the thinning because most...
Understanding how forest roads interact with hillslope hydrology by intercepting and/or rerouting storm runoff will better enable land managers to
reduce erosion related to forest roads. Watershed scale knowledge of how culvert runoff response varies across the landscape would provide valuable
information to those individuals designing and maintaining forest road...
Cable yarding of first thinning size material from plantations of Pinus radiata in South Eastern Australia 15 simuiated using a computer model. Production rates, expressed in cubic metres per hour and production cost, expressed in dollars per cubic metre were derived using the model to simulate cable yarding under set...
Forest managers in the Blue Mountains, of northeastern Oregon are currently faced with
vast areas of forests with health problems and high fuel loadings. These conditions
resulted from a combination of insect infestations, past management practices and the
elimination of fire from the local ecosystems. These forests are now overstocked,...
Intensive forest management requires efficient logging techniques
to remain economical. Commercial thinnings and shorter
rotations increase piece count inversely to piece size. Continued
research aimed toward effective log handling processes is essential.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate one case of a self-loading
log truck (integral loader and...
A helicopter operations problem was studied for a private forest landowner testing an
experimental application of minerals on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesil) in the Coast Range
of Oregon to offset growth reductions from Swiss needle cast disease. A planning approach was
needed to minimize costs for transportation and aerial application of...
Potentially large savings can be realized within the forest industry by improved machine scheduling, labour scheduling, machine investment, inventory management, and the maximization of wood value. Forecasting must change within the forest industry from Ttguesstimatesll to more efficient production forecasting models. Much work needs to be done with data collection...
A great deal of research has taken place in an effort
to find more economically efficient yarding systems for
commercial thinnings. Almost all of this research has
centered on tractors or small yarders with limited
capabilities in terms of long yarding distances. The
purpose of this study is to determine...