An exact expression for the remotely sensed reflectance (RSR, upwelling radiance divided by downwelling scalar irradiance) just beneath the surface of the ocean is derived from the equation of radiative transfer. It is shown that the RSR at a given depth in the ocean depends only on the inherent optical...
Profiles of light transmission versus depth have been studied in the region of the Scotian Rise of the
North Atlantic at bottom depths between 4900 and 5000 m. A component model has been developed
and consists of three components of transmission which can be combined to duplicate accurately any
given...
A unified scale analysis of the momentum balance of downslope gravity flows is developed to organize previous theories for the case of negligible ambient flow and fixed temperature deficit scale. The values of several nondimensional parameters are evaluated from observations in the literature and used to assess the validity of...
Yield, occurrence of root canker (B deficiency), and leaf nutrient concentrations of the Morse strain of ‘Detroit Dark Red’ table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) as influenced by combinations of lime and N, B, and P fertilizers were evaluated in three studies. Greatest total yields and most favorable distribution of root...
K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar geochronologic
data reveal the Paleocene to Eocene eruptive
history of volcanic centers which produced the
basaltic basement rocks of the Coast Range of
Oregon and Washington. Volcanism was short
lived at each center and migrated with time from
the northern and southern ends toward the
center, near...
The vertical distribution of density or temperature is studied in turbulent boundary layers stratified by either salt or temperature and driven in an annulus by a rotating screen. With rapidly growing boundary layers the buoyancy flux due to entrainment becomes sufficiently large that the boundary layer is no longer well...
Knowledge of the physical oceanography of continental shelves has increased tremendously in recent years, primarily as a result of new current and hydrographic measurements made in locations where no comparable measurements existed previously. In general, observations from geographically distinct continental shelves have shown that the nature of the flow may...
The generation of an alongshore mean flow by the nonlinear interaction of forced barotropic shelf waves over a continental margin is studied using a wind-forced, ƒ-plane model with bottom friction in an attempt to develop a model for poleward eastern boundary undercurrents. It is assumed that the Rossby number is...
A single‐photon timing system is described which is capable of extracting fluorescence lifetimes as short as 25 ps. The system is an improved version of an earlier apparatus. The new system uses a synchronously pumped, mode‐locked dye laser with 10‐ps pulses operating at 82‐MHz repetition rate. A fast photodetector and...
We describe the spectral analysis of temperature and velocity measurements made in the northeast Pacific as part of the Mixed Layer Experiment (MILE) and attempt to relate the observed fluctuations to internal-wave models of the upper ocean. From the inertial frequency to 1 cph there is good agreement between these...
Experiments were performed to determine the rate of recolonization of sediment-associated microalga and effects of infauna on microalgal biomass and production. Estuarine sediment was defaunated and transplanted to the field and the laboratory. Recolonization of sediment by flora and fauna, relative to control sediment, was measured by chlorophyll a, gross...
Patterns of seasonal abundance of harbor seals at Netarts and Tillamook Bays, Oregon, were documented by recording numbers of seals hauling out on tidally exposed sand flats in both bays. Harbor seal abundance at Tillamook Bay peaked during pupping (May-June) and molting (August) periods, while peak abundance at Netarts Bay...
Two separate time series observations of light transmission in the bottom water on the Continental Rise off Nova Scotia show fluctuations of light transmission in a wide range, 0-50% transmission at λ = 660 nm. The range corresponds approximately to SPM concentrations of 12 mg/l to 150 μg/l. The former...
Case history analysis, cross spectra and multiple regression analysis have been used in a study of low-pass filtered sea level records from the Pacific mainland coast of Mexico in 1971 and 1973–75. During the summer-fall season (May–October), sea level variability is characterized by strong alongshore coherence and nondispersive, poleward phase...
This review documents the advances in our knowledge of the oceanic internal wave field during the past quadrennium. Emphasis is placed on studies that deal most directly with the measurement and modeling of internal waves as they exist in the ocean. Progress has come by realizing that specific physical processes...
Vertically propagating coastal internal Kelvin waves (IKWs) forward by the alongshore component of the wind at the coast are studied, utilizing an ƒ-plane model of a continuously stratified ocean with a vertical eastern boundary. With an infinitely deep ocean, several initial value problems that illustrate the basic properties of the...
Near‐inertial motions were observed at all current meters in an array of five moorings spanning the continental margin off central Oregon during October 1977 to January 1978. All moorings were between 10 and 130 km from shore, in water depths between 100 m and 2500 m. Largest near‐inertial amplitudes (>30...
Time series of coastal sea level during 1976–77, from 2°12′S to 17°S along the west coast of South America, show that low-frequency, ω < 0.25 cycles per day (cpd), fluctuations propagate poleward with the phase speed of baroclinic Kelvin waves (2–3 m s⁻¹). The alongshore coherence is highest in the...
Sediment-associated microalgal biomass expressed as chlorophyll a concentration, total organic matter concentration expressed as ash-free dry weight, and hourly rates of net community primary production and community oxygen consumption were measured at monthly intervales at medium sand, fine sand, and silt sites between 0.5 and 2.0 m above MLLW during...
Juvenile red hake Urophycis chuss were collected while they were inhabiting sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus , and the effects of appetite and food availability on prey consumption and growth were examined under laboratory conditions. Fish took increasing amounts of live amphipods Gammarus annulatus with increasing periods of food deprivation up...
Light transmission profiles have been used to study the optical properties of the suspended particles which are characteristic of the area of the Scotian Rise in the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is typified by very strong bottom currents and a highly variable bedform morphology. A good correlation (r =...
In a discussion of the turbulence characteristics of patches of 'microstructure' in the ocean, the hypothesis advocated by Gibson (1982), that the patches are produced by very rare but extremely powerful turbulence-generating events which usually have 'fossilized' before their observation, is contrasted with the hypothesis of a turbulence field driven...
Poetry in the People's Republic of China during the past 30 years has been dominated by works intensely political in nature – a kind of poetry known by the name zhengzhi shuqing shi (political lyric). The function of this poetry was to eulogize current political movements and to generate public...
Synchronous runup records were collected from 14 locations spaced irregularly over a 7 km stretch of
a low-slope beach. The significant runup height, herein defined as the significant vertical excursion of
water level at the shoreline, was typically 2 m, 60% of the incident significant wave height at the
breakpoint....
Chlorophyll-temperature profiles were measured across Lake Tahoe about every 10 days from April through July 1980. Analysis of the 123 profiles and associated productivity and nutrient data identified three important processes in the formation and dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM): turbulent diffusion, nutrient supply rate, and light availability....
Rates of molting of a specific copepodite stage can be determined by sorting the stage from a new collection, waiting, then counting the number that have molted to the next stage in the interval. In principle, stage duration can be determined as the inverse of the measured rate, and molting...
Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis in the frequency domain is extended to complex time series. EOFs are calculated from the eigenvectors of the band-averaged rotary cross-spectral matrix. This gives EOF amplitude and phase for negative and positive frequencies, corresponding to clockwise and anticlockwise rotation for the hodograph model. Rotary EOF...
The Penman relationship for potential evaporation is modified to simply include the influence of atmospheric stability on turbulent transport of water vapor. Explicit expressions for the stability-dependent, surface exchange coefficient developed by Louis are used. The diurnal variation of potential evaporation is computed for the stability-dependent and original Penman relationships...
A theory of a two-dimensional wind-driven diabatic ocean mixed layer with strong horizontal gradients is formulated analytically. An equation that allows the relaxation of the strict Ekman balance—Coriolis force against wind stress—is derived from a careful consideration of the cross-gradient momentum balance. The relaxation scale depends implicitly on mixed-layer depth...
Along the west Coast of North America, the response of sea level to fluctuations in alongshore wind stress at large alongshore scales (> 1000 km) accounted for a substantial faction of the total sea level variance during summer 1973. Space-time contour plots of sea level and alongshore stress show that...
Seasonal variability of alongshore geostrophic velocity relative to 500 dbar is examined from 23 years
of hydrographic data along two sections off central California (one off Point Sur and the other off Point
Conception). The seasonal cycles are determined by least square fits of the gappy data records to
harmonics...
As part of a study of the large-scale response of coastal sea level to atmospheric forcing along the west coast of North America during June–September 1973, Halliwell and Allen calculate space- and time-lagged cross-correlation coefficients Rτζ between adjusted sea level ζ at fixed alongshore locations ζ(y0) and the alongshore component...
The effect of bottom friction on the subinertial frequency motion of stratified shelf flow fields is studied in a two-layer ƒ-plane model with idealized shelf and slope bottom topography. Coastal-trapped fire waves and motion forced by the alongshore component of the wind stress at the coast are considered. Vertical turbulent-diffusion...
Experiments conducted on the Oregon continental shelf in June 1979 indicate that the boundary layer
flow at the seafloor was hydrodynamically smooth. Fine-resolution velocity profiles are used to test the
assumption that the flow behaved like a universally similar, neutrally buoyant flow over a smooth wall.
The non-dimensional thickness of...
The structure of turbulence and transport of heat is examined from data obtained from 11 aircraft soundings executed in heated boundary layers during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment. Various influences on the turbulent transport are revealed by analyzing properties of the joint frequency distribution in polar coordinate. Such an analysis...
The food habits of the 2 dominant larval pleuronectids off the Oregon coast - English sole Parophrys vetulus and butter sole Isopsetta isolepis - were analysed. Most specimens were collected during January-April 1971 and March-April 1973. As is typical of larval fishes, I. isolepis larvae ingested a variety of prey...
Radiometric ages (K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar-
³⁹Ar methods) have been determined on dredged
volcanic rocks from seven of the New England
Seamounts, a prominent northwest-southeast trending
volcanic lineament in the northwestern
Atlantic Ocean. The ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar total fusion and
incremental heating ages show an increase in
seamount construction age from southeast to...
Wave setup and swash statistics were calculated from 154 runup time series steep beach under incident waves varying from 0.4 to 4.0 m significant wave height. incident wave height, setup, swash height, and total runup (the sum of setup and were found to vary linearly with the surf zone similarity...
A quantification of the number of adult worker Apis meltifera L. found on
combs of standard sizes at full holding capacity is reported. Estimating the holding capacity
of combs can assist in evaluating honey-bee colonies for pollination capabilities and also for
honey-production potentials
The concentration of dissolved molybdenum has been determined in several profiles from the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The salinity-normalized concentration is essentially constant in all open-ocean samples (107 nM, lσ = 2.5 nM). The dissolved distribution is not significantly affected by biological cycling.
We compare two independent generalizations of the usual spherical harmonics, namely monopole harmonics and spin‐weighted spherical harmonics, and make precise the sense in which they can be considered to be the same. By analogy with the spin‐gauge language, raising and lowering operators for the monopole index of the monopole harmonics...
Behavioral responses of juvenile bluefish P. saltatrix L. exposed to cold water in a vertical thermal gradient were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature regime was similar to conditions that these fish encounter in their inshore and estuarine habitats along the Middle Atlantic coast. Measures included activity, schooling, position...
A new method is developed for studying large-scale temporal variability of ocean currents from
satellite altimetric sea level measurements at intersections (crossovers) of ascending and descending orbit
ground tracks. Using this method, sea level time series can be constructed from crossover sea level
differences in small sample areas where altimetric...
In a recent paper, Sandwell and Agreen [1984; hereafter SA]
presented figures of global seasonal wind speed and sea state
as measured by the GEOS 3 satellite altimeter. Since that
time, Chelton and McCabe [1985; hereafter CM] have found
that problems exist in the algorithms used to retrieve wind
speed...
The scheduled February 1985 launch of a radar altimeter aboard the U.S. Navy satellite Geosat has
motivated an in-depth investigation of wind speed retrieval from satellite altimeters. The accuracy of sea
surface wind speed estimated by the Seasat altimeter is examined by comparison with wind speed
estimated by the Seasat...
A thermistor chain was moored below the pack ice from 50–150 m in the Arctic Ocean for five days in 1981. Oscillations in temperature are attributed to the vertical dispalcement of internal waves. The spectral shape of isotherm dispalcement is consistent with the Garrett-Munk model and other internal wave observations,...
Current and conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) measurements were made over the Oregon
shelf near 43°N between February 1981 and April 1984 as part of a large-scale west coast shelf experiment
(SuperCODE). The data set includes a nearly continuous record of current velocity and temperature
over the continental shelf off...
Current and conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) measurements were made over the Oregon
shelf near 43°N between February 1981 and April 1984 as part of a large-scale west coast shelf experiment
(SuperCODE). The data set includes a nearly continuous record of current velocity and temperature
over the continental shelf off...