Bioavailability of selenium (Se) in processed tuna and
wheat products was studied in humans and rats. The protein
source of the rat diets was torula yeast with Se supplied by
either raw, precooked or canned tuna, or whole wheat flour,
bread or bran. Sodium selenite was used as a control....
As global temperatures continue to rise there has been an increase in forest fire frequency and severity. With larger areas of forest being burned it is increasingly important to understand how forest fires effect snow processes. Previous research shows that burned areas will accumulate more snow and that this snow...
The hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges tsugae; HWA) is an invasive and damaging pest on hemlock in eastern North America. HWA is native to the Pacific Northwest, where it does not damage hemlock. In support of classical biological control of HWA in eastern North America, abundances of native predators...
To investigate the dynamic response of the outer accretionary wedge updip from the patch of greatest slip during the Mw8.8 2010 Maule earthquake, 10 Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) were deployed from May 2012 to March 2013 in a small array with an inter-instrument spacing of ~10 km. Nine instruments were...
This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the interactions between the present-day South Cascade Glacier and the former Mauna Kea ice cap at short (annual to centennial) and long (millennial and multimillennial) time scales. To quantify the response of South Cascade Glacier to atmospheric conditions, a surface energy...
I am a woman who writes. I am a writer who is a woman. In the Words
of a Woman is an exploration of how these two facts of my life merge and
influence each other. It is a work written to mediate between the supposed
dichotomies of creative and...
Channel evolution and influences of changing floodplain
characteristics, heterogenous bank materials, and altered flow regimes were
examined along the Willamette River, a large alluvial river in northwestern
Oregon. The Willamette River is composed of a series of geomorphically
diverse reaches, which have each evolved uniquely in the century following
Euro-American...
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Jennifer Rose Wallick for the
Three studies were conducted to characterize and present early-seral
competition between Douglas-fir seedlings and the surrounding vegetation
communities during Pacific Northwest forest establishment. The first experiment
served as the foundation for this dissertation and was designed to quantify tradeoffs
associated with delaying forest establishment activities by introducing a fallow year...
Magnetic and gravity modelling was completed along two E-W transects offshore central Oregon. These models indicate that the backstop-forming western edge of the Siletz terrane has a seaward dip of approximately 40° to 49° at 44°48'N, shallowing to ~28° at 44°1 1 'N. This is a well-determined result, given available...
"This Long Disease, My Life": Alexander Pope and the
Sciences by Marjorie Nicolson and G.S. Rousseau has been the
standard work on Alexander Pope and Newtonian science ever
since it was published in 1968. Literary scholars and
biographers continue to be swayed by its influence.
Unfortunately, the work they so...
A provenance study of crypto-crystalline silicates was performed at the Cooper's Ferry archaeological site in west-central Idaho on the Columbia Plateau. In this research, the author used instrumental neutron activation analysis as well as portable x-ray fluorescence to examine and characterize the geochemistry of 300 geologic samples of crypto-crystalline silicates...
Rising human populations and climate change are putting increasing demands on our already-limited freshwater sources. In response to these concerns, homeowners and municipalities have been encouraged to replace turfgrass – a plant with relatively high irrigation needs – with drought-tolerant plants that do not require frequent irrigation. However, the many...
The perception of a long-term cost advantage of synthetic infill turf systems relative to natural grass systems has contributed to a rise in their popularity in the USA. However, few comprehensive cost assessments of natural grass and synthetic infill systems exist. There are also no studies looking at interactions between...
In this study patterns of shared family time in 210 two-parent,
two-child Oregon households were described. The relationship between
amounts of shared time and a number of family and environmental
characteristics was also researched.
The study used the Oregon data from a contributing project of
the Northeast Regional Research Project...
Although research evidence clearly indicates support surface properties are a major factor contributing to fall risk among the elderly, investigations examining the influence of variations in surface conditions on the postural control of older adults during task performance have been limited. Thus, the primary purpose of the present studies was...
The purpose of this study was designed to answer
1. What are the beliefs and attitudes that Oregon home economics
teachers hold about various new trends?
2. Are Oregon home economics teachers willing to support the
various new trends?
3. Are Oregon home economics teachers willing to further prepare
themselves...
A series of studies and replicated field sites were implemented in the Oregon Coast Range within Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) sapling plantations infected with varying levels of Swiss needle cast (SNC) caused by the fungus, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (Rhode) Petrak (PG). This research was conducted to understand the effects of...
In order to assist WAC/WID practitioners and science writing faculty in incorporating translingual perspectives in disciplinary writing instruction, this study extends translingualism to language practice in the sciences by conducting a corpus study of Al-Awamia, a Moroccan agronomic journal. Mapping rhetorically significant changes across abstracts authored in English, French, and...
Environmental crime around the world, such as trafficking in illegal timber, is directly related to political instability. Traffickers exploit weak, fragile, and chaotic political circumstances to illegally extract high-value commodities, challenging the extent to which conservation goals are achievable in resource rich developing countries. Rosewood is the largest traded endangered...
Methane derived authigenic carbonate (MDAC) precipitation occurs within marine sediments as a byproduct of the microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). While these carbonates form in chemical and isotopic equilibrium with the fluids from which they precipitate, burial diagenesis and recrystallization can overprint these signals. Plane polarized light (PPL) and...
The purpose of this study was to determine whether Alexander Astin's
Theory of Student Involvement could be applied to an academic experience in an
overseas setting. Using data collected from the program evaluations of 79 students
who had participated in the Oregon University System exchange program in Lyon,
France during...
Site preparation treatments are often used prior to the planting of clearcut
forest lands to improve planter access and to increase the number and quality of
planting spots. Most mechanical site preparation treatments alter the
configuration and material composition of surface soil materials, and can have
marked effects on soil...
Glutamine synthetase in the embryonic chick neural retina
shows a 50 fold increase in activity between the 16th and 17th day of
embryonic development. This increase in enzyme activity results
from de novo enzyme synthesis thus making it a useful marker of
differential gene expression. A precocious rise in activity...
The Altar Valley is an important working landscape that supports biodiversity and vulnerable species in Pima County, Arizona (Huckelberry 2000). This semi-desert grassland, alluvial valley and 713,807-acre watershed composed of 39 subbasins serves as an aquifer to a portion of southwestern Tucson. This region of Southern Arizona has been identified...
This investigation consisted of two parts: A. stability, B.
bioavailability of vitamin B₆ in wheat. Three variables; whole wheat
flour (WHW), white flour (W) and W enriched with vitamin B₆ (WB₆)
were tested.
Stability of vitamin B₆ during bread making and storage of
bread and flour was determined. Bread was...
As global temperatures continue to rise there has been an increase in forest fire frequency and severity. With larger areas of forest being burned it is increasingly important to understand how forest fires effect snow processes. Previous research shows that burned areas will accumulate more snow and that this snow...
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ablation
season
Special Thanks To
• Dr. Anne Nolin, Associate Professor Oregon State University
As global temperatures continue to rise there has been an increase in forest fire frequency and severity. With larger areas of forest being burned it is increasingly important to understand how forest fires effect snow processes. Previous research shows that burned areas will accumulate more snow and that this snow...
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forests during accumulation and ablation season
Special Thanks To
Dr. Anne Nolin, Associate Professor
Humboldt Redwoods State Park in southern Humboldt County, California is a coastal redwood forest, a highly unique and valued ecosystem. It has many social, cultural, ecological, and economic values, including recreational benefits, heritage and aesthetic values, high biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation. However, Humboldt County is at risk of...
Symbiotic associations are established between non-leguminous
(actinorrhizal) nitrogen-fixing flowering plants and two categories
of microorganisms: mycorrhizal fungi and a filamentous actinomycete.
The actinomydete induces nodule formation and produces nitrogenase,
the enzyme responsible for the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to
a form available to higher plants. The mycorrhizal fungus is found...
Large-scale safety-net programs such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have been shown to alleviate the negative effects of low-wage jobs and unemployment on poor American households. However, less is known about the role of “emergency” safety net programs, such as rental...
Despite more than two centuries of exploration, including more than six million deep wellbores with depths exceeding 40,000 feet in some parts of the world, our ability to constrain subsurface processes and properties remains limited. Characteristics of the subsurface vary and can be analyzed on a variety of spatial scales....
Ocean Acidification (OA) has emerged as a major threat to marine ecosystems, particularly regarding calcifying organisms. A growing body of literature describing laboratory investigations into pH stress indicates broadly deleterious effects for calcifiers, but responses vary greatly across taxa and can be influenced by variations in other environmental characteristics. Scaling...
Natural disasters are an increasingly costly and frequent occurrence globally and in the United States (IPCC, 2012; IPCC, 2014; Berlemann & Steinhardt, 2017). Discrete disaster events, such as coastal flooding, have been shown to be push factors in temporary and long-term migration (Black et al., 2013). Policy efforts to adapt...
Marine bacteria play vital roles in every niche of the ocean, from small-scale symbioses to large-scale productivity and the regulation of Earth’s climate. Recent advances in molecular tools now allow us to probe the genetic potential of entire microbial communities. The next step is linking these diverse communities to the...
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THE DISSERTATION OF
Mary Rose Gradoville for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ocean, Earth and
The thesis area consists of 42 square miles located
in Madison and Gallatin counties, Montana, in the southern
part of the Madison Range. The strata exposed in the
area range in age from Precambrian to Quaternary and have
an aggregate thickness of more than 7,600 feet.
The Paleozoic rocks, about...
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range, Madison and Gallatin counties, Montana
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Robert Rowland Rose' for
This dissertation investigates the microbial diversity and factors influencing the assembly of microbial communities in kombucha production, using a combination of 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 16S and ITS rRNA metabarcoding, and traditional culture-based microbiological methods. It also explores the diversity of kombucha starter cultures through shotgun sequencing and metabarcoding...
Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) is caused by Grapevine Red Blotch Virus, a virus in the Geminiviridae family. Observable symptoms can manifest in red cultivars, such as leaf blades that are partially to fully red, red veins, and different combinations of the two. Previous research has shown evidence of reduced...
This study explored lesbian identity development and the relationship between
Oregon State University campus climate as reported by 35 lesbian students. Identity
development was measured by using Cass's (1984b) Stage Allocation Measure (SAM)
which is a self-select tool for determining stage of lesbian identity development. The
SAM was then used...
This is a bibliography of doctoral dissertations and masters' theses in forestry and related topics issued during the period from July 1981 through June 1990. The colleges and universities included are all accredited by the Society of American Foresters. The actual listings were supplied by the individual institutions. Topics covered...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of alcohol
on freshman women during the critical transition into college.
Specifically, the study focused on differences in knowledge of alcohol
facts and attitudes toward use of alcohol among freshman women prior to
college. Further, the study focused on changes...
Mountain glaciers are receding worldwide with numerous consequences including changing hydrology and geomorphology. This study focuses on changes in glacier area on Mt. Hood, Oregon and Mt. Rainier, Washington where damaging debris flows have occurred in glaciated basins. Landsat imagery is used to map debris-free ice on a decadal time...
The purpose of this study was to explore the use of a multidimensional
approach to quality assessment of master's programs in the
context of the human judgment process. Specific steps included:
(1) selecting general dimensions of quality; (2) selecting specific
measures to define dimensions; (3) use of a research model...
Cold-season storms are responsible for generating most of the snow that accumulates in mountainous watersheds across the western United States, but with overwhelming evidence of warming temperature trends, this seasonal snowpack is at risk for melt, The vast majority of snow trend studies utilize undifferentiated air temperature records – these...
The Gorda Escarpment (40.4° N and from 126° W to 124.7° W) is a topographic high which is the eastern portion of the Mendocino Transform Fault. The Vizcaino Block is the anomalously shallow portion of the Pacific plate immediately south of the Gorda Escarpment. Sediments of the Vizcaino Block record...
Arctic-boreal regions are exhibiting the symptoms of profound ecological shifts as they experience pronounced warming. Wildlife in high-latitudes are one such harbinger of change, and their populations are undergoing range-shifts, declines, and extinctions in response to their rapidly altering habitats. As the circumpolar and boreal north is snow-covered for up...
The Queen Charlotte Fault system is a segment of the North America - Pacific
plate boundary. From 45 Ma - 5 Ma, plate motion has been primarily translational.
Since 5 Ma, transpression has been the dominant mode of interaction. The plate
boundary west of the Queen Charlotte Islands is characterized...
Rising global temperatures are having lasting effects on mountain snow environments in the form of diminishing snowpacks, shorter accumulation seasons, and shifts in meltwater timing. Seasonal snowpack is a vital source of water for natural and human systems. In the forested mountain landscapes of the Pacific Northwest seasonal snowmelt feeds...
Many of the natural resource problems facing man in the present
era are so large and complicated that no one discipline provides an
adequate approach for their solutions. As an example, the relationships
of man to the land resource base can best be understood when
they are considered holistically rather...
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biotically productive land into irreversible uses
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
ANNE HUSTON HOLLINGSHEAD
Animals aggregate and interact in nonuniform and nonrandom patterns, which lead to group level characteristics that have important evolutionary and ecological consequences. Network analysis provides a useful conceptual framework for linking animal interactions at all scales from dyads to communities, to populations and ecosystems. Despite exciting theoretical and applied advances...
The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape evolution. In the High Cascades, highly permeable young basaltic lavas form extensive aquifers. These aquifers are the dominant sources of summer streamflow...
Genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental factors modified characteristic interrenal and glycemic responses to stress in juvenile salmonid fishes. During continuous confinement stress, plasma cortisol rose more quickly in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, acclimated to high rather than medium or low temperatures; hyperglycemia following either acute or chronic stress was also highest...
This investigation was a two stage study performed in two urban/
rural communities in Washington State. Stage I was an effort to replicate a study performed in an eastern Virginia school district whereby
results were obtained demonstrating that 9th graders and black students
identified teacher warmth behaviors as being important...
The woodlands of New York City's Central Park have seen varying levels of management and neglect since the creation of the park over 150 years ago. The Central Park Conservancy has aimed to restore, enhance, and elevate the stewardship of the park, including its woodlands and other Natural Areas, since...
Purpose of the Study
There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to
determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally
available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with
success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose
was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational...
Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS’s) are a key element to NASA’s deep space exploration programs. As NASA looks towards new generations of smaller, modular spacecraft, appropriately smaller RPS’s will be needed. The Single General Purpose Heat Source Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (S-GPHS-RTG) has been developed to fill this role. The S-GPHS-RTG will...
Native American traditional foodways serve as one of the most important resources for indigenous communities because these resources provide a variety of non-physical cultural assets and health benefits to Native groups through the medium of food. The demolition of North America’s foodways through colonization has had adverse effects on indigenous...
Shrews previously recognized as Sorex monticolus were classified
into two species (one with 14 subspecies, the other monotypic) on
the basis of a morphometric analysis of 3610 individuals from
throughout their range. Sorex m. neomexicanus has been recognized
previously as a subspecies of Sorex monticolus but is recognized
herein as...
Organically certified Northern Highbush Blueberry (NHB; Vaccinium corymbosum L.) production in the Columbia Basin region of Oregon and Washington is expanding. Soils in the region are typically calcareous and highly alkaline, often requiring pH adjustment to an ideal range of 4.5–5.5 to support the establishment of the acid-loving, ericaceous crop....
Accurately describing drag and virtual mass forces in two-phase flows is crucial for high fidelity modeling of nuclear thermal hydraulic safety systems. This study compares existing drag coefficient correlations commonly used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications for air bubbles to experimental data collected for ellipsoidal air bubbles of varying...
This study of the immediate, localized effects of a small dredging
operation on the benthic invertebrate community in the shipping
channel of Coos Bay, Oregon, was designed: 1) to measure the extent
of the physical removal of benthic macro- and meiofauna by hopper
dredging; 2) to record the subsequent benthic...
Many economically important Pacific salmon fisheries along the west coast of North America are mixed-stock, recreational systems, in which managers strive to account for interactions between fish, anglers, and management policy while balancing fishery access against conservation of vulnerable stocks. Specific challenges facing fisheries managers include limited control over angling...
The intrusion-related Cerro Negro Norte Fe-oxide (Cu-Au) deposit is hosted in andesites and diorites of the early to middle Cretaceous Coastal Cordilleran arc of northern Chile. Tabular and irregularly shaped magnetite orebodies are localized on splays and fractures of the regional NINE striking Atacama Fault Zone. Production from this district...
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, Coastal Cordillera, northern Chile
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Alexander K Raab for the degree of
The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether sex-role
identification differences among college students were related to place
of residence, and if so, whether certain factors affect these
differences. Six hypotheses were developed. The study sought to
ascertain if sex-role identification is related to certain dimensions of
peer association...
Ceratonova shasta is an obligate endoparasite of salmonid fish that is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. The parasite has a complicated lifecycle with two distinct spore stages and two obligate hosts, a salmonid and a freshwater annelid. Myxospores released from infected salmonid hosts, infect Manayunkia occidentalis (freshwater...
In the wetland prairie of William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge (FNWR) in western Oregon, we investigated the response of Delphinium pavonaceum Ewan (peacock larkspur, Ranunculaceae), an endangered perennial forb, to four unreplicated dormant season fire regimes of 0, 2, 4, or 10 fires that were applied over a 12-year...
California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) were studied on Hart Mountain, Oregon, during the summer and fall of 1976, and the spring of 1977. The population consisted of a minimum of 196 sheep in June, 1977. The high number of lambs observed and high lamb:ewe ratios throughout both years of...
Survival of ecological systems pivot on critical moments. In the arid John Day Basin of Eastern Oregon, extensive restoration of the stream and floodplain focused on supporting salmon has been ongoing for the past 20 years, but recurring short periods of extreme temperature increase and low flows result in mortality...
Progress in the development of color CRT's and color
graphic hard-copy devices offers a new tool for the thematic mapper.
From a cartographic perspective, the technology for displaying and
producing color maps has advanced without concern for cartographic
principles and conventions in the employment of color. Since it is
necessary...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the
relationship between introductory lessons on creativity and
the creativity displayed in students' finished clothing
projects. The sample consisted of 22 students in the
experimental group and 26 students in the control group at
the intermediate level in high school clothing construction....
The purpose of this thesis was to compare the 5-hour experimental
(CT 213X) and the two 3-hour existing (CT 210-CT 212) elementary
clothing construction courses at Oregon State University in
terms of the composition of students in each course, the student's
background and the achievement of each group in knowledge...
From both social and environmental perspectives, water is the main connection between highland and lowland processes in mountain watersheds: Water flows downhill while human impacts flow uphill. For example, in the Oregon Cascades mountain range, geology, vegetation, and climate influence the hydrologic connections within watersheds. Geology determines which watersheds are...
The concept of genetic penetrance, "the frequency of manifestation of a genetic factor," was introduced by Timofeef-Ressovsky (Naturwissenschaften 19:493,1931). Incomplete penetrance has been used to explain the absence of phenotypic expression when otherwise anticipated. Studies of Embryonic Chick Edema, ECE (Poultry Sci. 77(suppl. 1):69, 1998) have been conducted in order...
The purpose of this dissertation was to demonstrate research scholarship using the American Psychological Association (APA) manuscript-style dissertation format, in accordance with Oregon State University Graduate School and Counseling Academic Unit guidelines. Chapter 1 explains how chapters 2 and 3 are thematically linked manuscripts intended to extend professional literature in...
Any work of literature is a product of its time revealing truths about its culture. My thesis explores how pre-selected inspiration, personal experiences, and current events play a role in the devising process of a script. The inspiration for this particular devised play is Letters to a Young Poet by...
Ninety-two physicians from six different medical specialty
areas were participants in an opinion survey concerning corporate
executive fitness. The survey was comprised of 21 statements
related to such areas as fitness, nutrition, implementation
of specific programs and cost effectiveness. Descriptive
research methods were utilized to analyze results.
Physicians surveyed were...
The nutritional impact of snacking on the diets of female,
freshman college students between the ages of 17 and 20 years was
assessed. Sixty-five women living in freshman residence halls at
Oregon State University recorded their dietary intakes and eating
habits for four days. Questionnaires concerning eating and activity
patterns...
My dissertation focuses on the evolutionary forces that have shaped the chemical signaling system of plethodontid salamanders. Pheromones mediate two phases of plethodontid reproduction: mate attraction prior to courtship and female persuasion during courtship. Substrate-borne chemical signals are believed to play an important role in mate attraction for these animals....
This research was designed to evaluate the Fatty Acid Signature (FAS) technique as a non-lethal alternative to more traditional, and sometimes destructive, methods of studying the diet composition of piscivorous birds. Specifically we tested the technique with Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) which currently nest in large numbers in the Columbia...
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a primary cause of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer and thus represents a critical public health concern. Skin cancer risk behavior research lacks an instrument designed to assess health beliefs about UV exposure that may increase skin cancer risk by increasing risky UV exposure...
In apples, the rapid changes occurring in fruit metabolism when approaching maturity affect their quality at harvest and after storage. The interest in the newly introduced cultivars, 'Gala', 'Braeburn' and 'Fuji' has initiated the following study on maturity indices and storage in the conditions of the Pacific Northwest. 'Gala', 'Braeburn'...
'Gala' is an apple cultivar with a distinctive aroma and flavor. 'Gala' storage season is short in regular atmosphere (RA). Controlled atmosphere (CA) extends 'Gala' storage but volatile production is reduced. 'Gala' odor-active aroma compounds were identified using Osme, a gas chromatography and olfactometry technique. Changes in aroma after RA...
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of excess neutral lipids within the parenchymal cells of the liver. The primary etiology is diet-induced and most often exists as a comorbidity with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and/or Type 2 Diabetes. The development of excess liver lipid can be self-limiting...
This study addresses women's experiences in higher education at Oregon Agricultural College between 1870 and 1916. The experiences of these women illustrate how they were affected by society's beliefs and values, and further, how their education encouraged them to develop skills necessary to transform their role in society. Education has...
Amendments and fertilizers applied to optimize crop production and improve soil health also supply inputs of soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrients that affect soil microorganisms. In the dairy-intensive Pacific Northwest, dairy manure is stored as slurry mixtures until conditions are appropriate for soil application. During storage, the manure begins...
The significant variation in bubble geometry, as a function of size, has fascinated scientists for hundreds of years. However, a comprehensive explanation for these observations and the underlying physics has eluded researchers. A theoretical model which describes a the relationship between forces that produce spherical cap bubble geometry has been...
The mound-building harvester ant, Pogonmyrmex owyheei Cole,
(formerly included in the species occidentals) is widely distributed
on the semi-arid rangeland east of the Cascade mountains in Oregon.
Because of its seed foraging and vegetation clearing habits, this ant
has been considered as a possible competitor with livestock and
wildlife for...
Residents in South Falls City, a small town in the foothills of Oregon's Coast Range, battle intense flooding during the rainy season. Disagreements about surface water management pit neighbor against neighbor, but preliminary evidence suggests that groundwater flooding is an underlying cause. OSU researchers pair the emerging literature on groundwater...
Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT taxa) are however, extremely sensitive to insecticide contamination. Given that urban and agricultural use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides...