CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed...
This proposal requests support for a highly integrated series of investigations within the Analysis of Ecosystem Program of the United States effort under the international Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome has been approved by the U. S. Executive Committee for the IBP as an integrated research...
This volume results from an experiment in data retrieval. During the initial stage of the Coniferous Forest Biome the authors were asked to provide access to the literature on mammals as it pertained to the interests of the Biome investigation. One constraint was that the total number of entries should...
Three aspects of lotic ecology have been analyzed utilizing data collected from totally autotrophic-based streams maintained by the Weyerhaeuser Company: energy transfer, effects of nitrogen addition, and simulation
modeling. All three streams had very similar periphyton, grazer, collector,
invertebrate predator, and vertebrate predator (fish) communities during
the study period (1972-1974)....
CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated
daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a...
This proposal by the Coniferous Biome investigators requests support for the second year of a highly integrated series of investigations within the Analysis of Ecosystem program of the United States effort under the International Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome has been approved by the U.S. Executive...
The aquatic modeling group, consisting of Davis, Donaldson, Hall, Higley, Lyford, McIntire, Mullooly, Overton, Strand, Waring, and Warren, met in four 2-hour sessions from July 7 to July 26. The charge to the group was: 1. Define an appropriate internal structure for the aquatic subsystem; 2. Define significant couplings between...
The Coniferous Forest Biome was initially funded in 1970 by the National
Science Foundation as a large-scale, interdisciplinary, interinstitutional
research program to study coniferous forest and associated aquatic ecosystems.
It was initiated as one of the Integrated Research Programs in
the Ecosystem Analysis Section of the U.S./International Biological
Program (US/IBP)....
The specific objectives of the program are: (1) To understand the relative behavior of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in various environments in the biome. (2) To develop conceptual and computer simulation models that describe nutrient, carbon, and waterflows on a short-term basis (fewer than ten years) and which integrate research...
The insects that invade a dying or dead tree are the immediate cause of death and the principle mediators of early stages of decomposition of the tree. These insects form a large and complex community, the species
components of which are restricted to particular habitats. A study of
the insect...
SIMCOMP is a computer programming system which is designed to aid biologists with a limited knowledge of FORTRAN programming to design and execute compartment-flow simulations. The system is designed to minimize the programming overhead required by any computer language while maintaining
sufficient flexibility of FORTRAN. This flexibility does allow interfacing...
"During the four meetings of the consumer modeling committee, discussion centered on the formation of systems models and the
problems they will pose for researchers concerned with consumer populations. Two coarse models were developed from these discussions, a compartment model (Figure 1) and a process model (Figure 2). The
compartments...
In an initial research proposal of December 1969, the scientists of the Coniferous Forest Biome (CFB), an ecosystem study centered in the Pacific Northwest and part of the larger International Biological Programme (IBP), expressed optimism that computer simulations and systems modeling could transform empirical knowledge of the carbon, water, and...
The executive program and operating syntax of the forest growth model SUCSIM IV are outlined in Section A. Lists of parameters, state variables and other quantities, and their values (if constant) are given in Section B. The remainder of the bulletin is devoted to the models used. The quantities given...
Nineteen l/4-hectare reference stands have been established in the central western Cascade Mountains of Oregon to represent widespread and important portions of the vegetation continuum. Their species diversity, cover, and structure are described here. The stands provide points of reference for visiting scientists and researchers who wish to design experiments...
This annotated bibliography contains 392 published and unpublished
references that pertain to the natural resources in the Lake Washington
watershed, with particular emphasis on the aquatic environment. All
references are indexed by keywords.
This proposal by the Coniferous Forest Biome investigators requests support
for the third and fourth years of a highly integrated series of investigations
within the Ecosystem Analysis program of the United States effort under the
International Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome
has been approved by the...
Research activities in the post-IBP phase of the Biome program prior to July 1975 were reported in Internal Report 162. Summaries of research and synthesis activities from July 1975 to August 1976 are presented here. The reports are arranged in the following order: Analysis of individual terrestrial ecosystems, which has...
In the Coniferous Forest Biome, many of the understory as well as
dominant plants are evergreen and thus water uptake is a year around
process. The flow of water from the soil through plants to the atmosphere
affects the entire forest ecosystem. As water is evaporated, it absorbs
heat and...
This review concentrates on 10 recent publications dealing with various aspects of radiation exchange in forest vegetation. The articles are discussed with respect to the following categories: definitions,
instrumentation, the modification of radiation by vegetation, and radiation budgets. The papers reviewed have appeared for the most part during the period...
Sixteen understory plant communities in the riparian zones of small streams are identified and described. They range from pioneer communities on gravel and rock to well-developed shrub communities on flood
plains and terraces. Several other vegetation types are discussed. Distribution of communities within the riparian zone is also discussed. A...
"In the past few years the Coniferous Forest Biome (CFB) program has developed working contacts with scientists in Germany, Japan, and Australia. The success of these cooperative arrangements led to a continued exploration of coordination with scientists in other countries. This paper reports on a
tour conducted through Belgium, Holland,...
Forest communities in the central portion of Oregon's western Cascades are arrayed along moisture and temperature gradients. With the aid of reconnaissance data and a computerized ordination technique, 23 forest communities have been provisionally recognized in two distinct forest zones, the Tsuga heterophylla (300 to 1050 m in elevation) and...
This study was made to estimate seasonal abundance, growth, mortality and biomass of planktivore fish by species and age groups
on Lake Washington, Lake Sammamish, and Chester Morse Lake, and to incorporate this information with other studies to test trophic dynamics models. Work in the initial year was directed toward...
Conclusion: The first part of this note deals with problems of propagation of error and the latter part with questions commonly identified as "model validation" questions. It is concluded that all validation questions can be resolved into two parts: (1) strategic aspects, involving logical and inferential structures and (2) tactical...
This publication reports the results of a preliminary survey listing 527 forest-tree plantations in the western United States and Canada. Of these, 250 involve families of known parentage, 131 provenance-test
material, 87 clonal material, and 59 interspecific hybrids. The report is intended (1) to serve forest researchers in locating genetic...
The conceptual framework of an erosion model has been designed to link processes of mass wasting, surface erosion, and channel storage and transport. A program to stimulate mass wasting will be based on a variation of the factor of safety approach which balances forces tending to drive mass movement against...
The objectives for year have been the gathering of existing information, initiation of monitoring water quality, evaluation of analytical methods and procedures for measuring nutrient regeneration in the sediment-water interface, and the study of growth-environment correlations in Findley Lake, Chester Morse Reservoir, and Lakes Sammamish and Washington. Progress was made...
Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to
develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the...
Lakes Findley, Chester Morse and Sammamish, Washington, are characterized
by one major outburst of phytoplankton productivity and biomass (mainly
diatoms) with usually no or low fall activity. Vernal outbursts were
often delayed in the monomictic lakes by inadequate light because of
unfavorable climate and/or a lack of thermal stratification. Strong...
Aquatic mineral measurements and sediment characterization of the Cedar
River basin lakes and streams reveals two largely distinct physical and
chemical environments. Near the headwaters of the Cedar River Watershed
the composition of lakes and streams reflect adjacent rocks but the effects
of forest and agricultural practices and of processes...
A litter decomposition model was developed as part of :a watershed modeling effort. This model simulates weekly dry weight changes In woody and nonwoody litter (01), incorporated litter layer (02), and soil organic matter. Processes simulated by the model include: litterfall by component, root turnover, respiration, decomposition, and organic matter...
Zooplankton grazing rates and life history stage densities for secondary
production estimates were determined in three lakes in the Cedar River
watershed, Washington. Eight copepod species, seven cladoceran and nine
rotifer species were identified in the three lakes. No one species of
cladoceran or copepod occurred in all the lakes,...
Sixteen propeller anemometers were placed 29 meters above a 45-year-old (approximately) Douglas-fir stand. Correlations between paired anemometers, when viewed as a function of distance between them, showed that eddies up to 5 meters in diameter were common, and indicated that larger eddies up to 9 meters across occur. Partial correlation...
The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow
oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water
model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme
has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of
It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are...
Measurement of plant moisture stress of 1-2 m understory conifers
was made in "reference stands" on the H. J. Andrews Experimental
Forest in 1970-1972. Maximum stress each year (measured between midnight
and dawn) is closely correlated with the position of each community
along one axis of an ordination of the...
A convenient method of portraying functions of n dimensions to aid modeling
is needed. Unfortunately, visual representations are limited to only
two independent variables. ISO was written to partially meet the demands
of two-independent-variable graphics.
Insects represent the most diverse and abundant group of consumers
know. The overall objective of this study was to obtain relative density
estimates of the dominant taxa and identify their primary functions in
order to assist consumer modelling efforts.
Basidiomycete fructifications collected at the research site were Cortina sp., Amanita sp., Armillaria sp., Polyporus abietinus,
Fomes annosus, Poria spp., Fomes pinicola, Coprinus spp., and Cantharellus cibarius.
Fungal organisms isolated from partially decomposed needles were phycomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti, and organisms isolated from
undecomposed needles were primarily yeasts ... The...
Air temperatures at i m and soil temperatures at 2C cm are reported for
twenty-one forest stands in the central Western Cascader of Oregon. Records
began in 1970 for some stands, in 1971 or 1972 for most. Temperature Growth
Index for a stand, based on temperature effects on Douglas-fir seedling...
Stem mapping of all trees greater than 15 cm dbh has
been completed on the 10.24 hectare watershed (No. 10) at H. J.
Andrews intensive study site. Using a 25 m grid system, mapping
of vegetation into 7 plant communities and then into 4 habitat
types has also been completed....
Findley Lake watershed is located in the Snoqualmie National Forest and has a surface area of 259 ha (1 Mi²). The lake is at an elevation of 1128 m (3701 ft) but the ridges attain elevations of 1450 m (4750 ft).
The Cougar Mountain Formation, consisting of lava flows, conglomerate,...
Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil on a steep slope. Hydrologic properties include hydraulic conductivity, porosity, pore-size distribution, moisture characteristics, stone content, and soil depth....
Field reconnaissance, soil sampling, and laboratory analyses were
conducted to characterize the soils of the 50 by 50 meter forest community
reference stand plots in and near the H. J. Andrews Experimental
Forest. Soil descriptions, chemical and physical properties, soil classification,
and nutrient capital information for mineral soils are summarized....
This report describes decomposition studies conducted in the H. J. Andrews
Forest, Oregon in 1973. Changes in weight loss and nutrient content of
leaves, cones, branches, and bark of Douglas-fir and leaves of big-leaf
maple, vine maple, Rhododendron, red alder, sword fern Oregon oak, and
Chinkapin were recorded in a...
Although no formal project in mineral cycling was defined for 1972, three modeling efforts were begun: calcium cycling at Cedar River, litter decomposition, and miombo ecosystem. The calcium cycling model is a simple compartment model and was developed as a practice exercise. It demonstrates the inadequacy of linear-donor control formulation...
The food habits of yellow perch in Lake Washington were studied over a period
of nine months. Altogether, 549 yellow perch were examined for the stomach
contents. The food consisted mainly of cottids, mysid shrimp, and chironomid
pupae and larvae; the predominant food item being the mysid shrimp.
There was...
This bibliography of insect mycophagy results from a literature search on the ecology of hypogeous fungi. It is hoped that this admittedly incomplete list will provide a nucleus of references for those unfamiliar with the topic. Using the "bracket" fungi (Polyporaceae) as an example, most
of the literature can be...
"We have developed graphical and logical models for explaining the production of a consumer on the basis of the capacity of an ecosystem to produce that consumer (the productivity of the system for that consumer), on the basis of the biomass of the consumer, and on the basis of the...
The physical framework or matrix in which the biological processes of aquatic ecosystems occur is currently under investigation at the Castle Lake Research Station. Special attention has been given these physical parameters in view of their close interrelationship with important biological properties within the lake (as exemplified by the rate...
Two major objectives were accomplished.
1. A summary of the work done during 1970-71 on a single species intra-specific competition model was written. 2. A multispecies predator-prey model, incorporating the competition mechanism of the single-species model, was developed almost to completion. The single species model is a computer program that...
A study of the phosphorus dynamics in castle Lake, California, is presented.
The approach is (1) to identify the important phosphorus parameters,
(2) to develop and apply methods measuring the parameters in the
field and (3) to develop a computer model of the phosphorus cycle. This
model will be used...
The preliminary results of a study of the insect emergence at Findley Lake in the Cascade Mountains of Washington during 1972 are presented. Bottom samples were taken from different regions of the lake to compare
the insect emergence at the surface, the physical conditions of the bottom,
and the biological...