About 225 lava flows and ash-flow tuffs of the Deschutes Formation (DF) were mapped at Green Ridge. The units fill east-trending paleovalleys which "sky-out" westward and dip east; the eastward dip of the units decreases
as they are traced eastward. The source of the units was west of Green Ridge...
About 225 lava flows and ash-flow tuffs of the Deschutes Formation (DF) were mapped at Green Ridge. The units fill east-trending paleovalleys which "sky-out" westward and dip east; the eastward dip of the units decreases
as they are traced eastward. The source of the units was west of Green Ridge...
About 225 lava flows and ash-flow tuffs of the Deschutes Formation (DF) were mapped at Green Ridge. The units fill east-trending paleovalleys which "sky-out" westward and dip east; the eastward dip of the units decreases
as they are traced eastward. The source of the units was west of Green Ridge...
Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, the fungal kingdom has remained a fertile source for the discovery of new, biologically active, natural products. Further, as natural products continue to be discovered from fungi, a deeper understanding of the critical role of specialized metabolism in fungal ecology is afforded. The...
Alternative silvicultural systems, such as group
selections, have recently come into vogue in the U.S.
Pacific Northwest in response to political and public
pressure against traditional, even-aged silviculture. There
is also interest in silvicultural systems for multiple
resources. Little is known about planning logistics,
operational requirements, and harvest costs for...
This study focuses on iodine-131 detected in milk samples from the Dairy Science Unit at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, California following events at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in March of 2011. The samples were collected as part of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant (DCPP) Radiological Environmental...
Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which...
The cities of Corvallis and Philomath, Oregon,
have, over the last three decades, grown both spatially
and in numbers of people. This study examines the
attractions and constraints to growth between the two
cities. The most notable constraint to growth is the
fact that the soils in the study area...
In the 27 years since the establishment of federal law mandating special education, no state has been fully in compliance. In addition, the voices of school personnel (special education teachers, speech and language pathologists, and school psychologists) charged with implementing these laws and regulations have been largely silent in the...
This study examines the spatial and temporal distribution and life history of the "offshore" component of the Northeastern Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) population. Distribution was examined in relation to latitude, depth, the Columbia River plume and large-scale climate changes. Fishery and survey data indicate that the Northeastern Pacific spiny...
The purposeful induction of malolactic fermentation (MLF) in wines such as Pinot Noir
and Chardonnay is an established commercial wine making practice in Oregon. This induction
is not always successful, especially with white wines, such as Chardonnay. A study was
initiated to examine the compatibility of yeasts commonly used in...
The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae reduces wheat yield in the Pacific Northwest. Resistance and tolerance traits among spring wheat cultivars were poorly defined. Screening trials were conducted with 39 cultivars over a 2-yr period in irrigated commercial fields that were infested by H. avenae. Comparisons were made between drill...
Heterodera avenae is a cereal cyst nematode that reduces wheat yields in the Pacific Northwest USA. Barley is also susceptible but there were no previous reports of resistance or tolerance to H. avenae in the USA. Spring barley cultivars were assayed in H. avenae-infested fields over two years. Cultivars were...
Airborne mineral dust can influence the climate by altering the radiative properties of the atmosphere, but the magnitude of the effect is uncertain. An idealized global model is developed to study the dust-climate system. The model determines the dust longwave and shortwave direct radiative forcing, as well as the resulting...
An idealized global climate model is used to explore the response of the climate to a
wide range of dust radiative properties and dust layer heights. The top-of-the-atmosphere
(TOA) shortwave forcing becomes more negative as the broadband shortwave single
scattering albedo increases and the broadband shortwave asymmetry parameter decreases,
but...
Persistent, long‐lived, stationary sites of excessive mantle melting are called hotspots. Hotspots leave volcanic trails on lithospheric plates passing across them. The global constellation of fixed hotspots thus forms a convenient frame of reference for plate motions, through the orientations and age distributions of volcanic trails left by these melting...
We investigated the response of hyporheic exchange flow (HEF) to wood removal in a small, low-gradient, gravel bed stream in southeast Alaska using a series of groundwater models built to simulate HEF for the initial conditions immediately after wood removal and 1 month, 2 years, 4 years, and 16 years...
Published July 1965. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Understanding groundwater conditions in the upland parts of volcanic island aquifers is critical for sustainable groundwater development in these resource-limited environments. Yet groundwater conditions in such settings are generally difficult to characterize because of sparse well drilling (high cost and/or limited access). Information needed for resource evaluation includes upland depth...
We conduct a hedonic analysis to estimate the response of agricultural land use to water supply
information under the Prior Appropriation Doctrine by using Idaho as a case study. Our analysis includes
long-term climate (weather) trends and water supply conditions as well as seasonal water supply forecasts.
A farm-level panel...
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scottlowe@boisestate.edu
RichardM. Adams
Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics
Oregon
We conduct a hedonic analysis to estimate the response of agricultural land use to water supply
information under the Prior Appropriation Doctrine by using Idaho as a case study. Our analysis includes
long-term climate (weather) trends and water supply conditions as well as seasonal water supply forecasts.
A farm-level panel...
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@boisestate.edu
RichardM. Adams
Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics
Oregon State
We conduct a hedonic analysis to estimate the response of agricultural land use to water supply
information under the Prior Appropriation Doctrine by using Idaho as a case study. Our analysis includes
long-term climate (weather) trends and water supply conditions as well as seasonal water supply forecasts.
A farm-level panel...
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. Lowe2, and RichardM. Adams3
1Department of Economics, School of Economics, Xiamen University, Fujian
Most research on military service focuses on its short-term negative consequences, especially the mental and physical injuries of those deployed in warzones. However, studies of long-term outcomes reveal surprisingly positive effects of military service—both those early in adulthood that grow over time and others that can emerge later in life....
Most research on military service focuses on its short-term negative consequences, especially the mental and physical injuries of those deployed in warzones. However, studies of long-term outcomes reveal surprisingly positive effects of military service—both those early in adulthood that grow over time and others that can emerge later in life....
Most research on military service focuses on its short-term negative consequences, especially the mental and physical injuries of those deployed in warzones. However, studies of long-term outcomes reveal surprisingly positive effects of military service—both those early in adulthood that grow over time and others that can emerge later in life....
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Spiro III, PhD,*,1 Richard A. Settersten,
PhD,2 and Carolyn M. Aldwin, PhD3
1VA Boston Healthcare
Most research on military service focuses on its short-term negative consequences, especially the mental and physical injuries of those deployed in warzones. However, studies of long-term outcomes reveal surprisingly positive effects of military service—both those early in adulthood that grow over time and others that can emerge later in life....
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-envisioning
Avron Spiro III, PhD*,1 Richard A. Settersten, PhD,2 and
Carolyn M. Aldwin, PhD3
1VA Boston
Most research on military service focuses on its short-term negative consequences, especially the mental and physical injuries of those deployed in warzones. However, studies of long-term outcomes reveal surprisingly positive effects of military service—both those early in adulthood that grow over time and others that can emerge later in life....
We conduct a hedonic analysis to estimate the response of agricultural land use to water supply information under the Prior Appropriation Doctrine by using Idaho as a case study. Our analysis includes long‐term climate (weather) trends and water supply conditions as well as seasonal water supply forecasts. A farm‐level panel...
Ion exchange resin/soil cores are a common in situ approach to estimating soil nitrogen (N) mineralization rates. However, no studies compare the two common methods of core preparation (disturbed and undisturbed). The objective of our study was to compare N mineralized and soil temperature in disturbed versus undisturbed cores of...
Bathymetry and magnetic anomalies indicate that a seamount on the Juan de Fuca plate has been subducted beneath the central Cascadia accretionary complex and is now located similar to 45 km landward of the deformation front. Passage of this seamount through the accretionary complex has resulted in a pattern of...
In recent years, payments to purchase resources or easements or to change landowner behavior have become a major vehicle for resource conservation and environmental protection. These funds use various strategies to target resources for conservation, the choice of which may lead to striking differences in economic and environmental performance. In...
Collaborative fisheries research provides a mechanism for integrating the unique knowledge, experience, and skills of fishermen and scientists. It is a joint intellectual endeavor that begins with the inception of a project and continues until its final stages, with each group having mutual investment in-and ownership of-the project. Collaborative fisheries...
Variable ocean conditions can greatly impact
prey assemblages and predator foraging in marine ecosystems.
Our goal was to better understand how a change in
ocean conditions influenced dietary niche overlap among
a suite of midtrophic-level predators. We examined the
diets of three fishes and one seabird off central Oregon
during...
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California Current
Amanda J. Gladics · Robert M. Suryan ·
Richard D. Brodeur · Leah M. Segui · Laura Z
Variable ocean conditions can greatly impact
prey assemblages and predator foraging in marine ecosystems.
Our goal was to better understand how a change in
ocean conditions influenced dietary niche overlap among
a suite of midtrophic-level predators. We examined the
diets of three fishes and one seabird off central Oregon
during...
Variable ocean conditions can greatly impact
prey assemblages and predator foraging in marine ecosystems.
Our goal was to better understand how a change in
ocean conditions influenced dietary niche overlap among
a suite of midtrophic-level predators. We examined the
diets of three fishes and one seabird off central Oregon
during...
Published January 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Molecular phylogenetic and chemical analyses, and morphological characterization of collections of North American Paraisaria specimens support the description of two new species and two new combinations for known species. P. cascadensis sp. nov. is a pathogen of Cyphoderris (Orthoptera) from the Pacific Northwest USA and P. pseudoheteropoda sp. nov. is...
Aggregations of the neustonic hydrozoan Velella velella occur periodically in the northern California Current. Despite the regular occurrence of notable bloom events in this productive upwelling zone, little is known about their trophic ecology. We used gut content and stable isotope analyses (SIA) to elucidate V. velella prey selectivity and...
Automated sound broadcast systems have been used to address a variety of ecological questions, and show great potential as a management tool. Such systems need to be reliable because treatments are often applied in the absence of a human observer and system failure can cause methodological ambiguity. During the breeding...
Full Text:
. M., & Fischer, R. A. (2014). A method
for improving the reliability of sound broadcast systems used
Automated sound broadcast systems have been used to address a variety of ecological questions, and show great potential as a management tool. Such systems need to be reliable because treatments are often applied in the absence of a human observer and system failure can cause methodological ambiguity. During the breeding...
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Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY
13210, USA
VINCENT M. JOHNSON, Fisheries, Wildlife, and
The reality confronting ecosystem managers today is one of heterogeneous, rapidly transforming landscapes,
particularly in the areas more affected by urban and agricultural development. A landscape management
framework that incorporates all systems, across the spectrum of degrees of alteration, provides a fuller set of
options for how and when to...
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isolate the invasive species and
restore the patch to a less novel configuration.
M
T
ru
em
an
RJ
The reality confronting ecosystem managers today is one of heterogeneous, rapidly transforming landscapes,
particularly in the areas more affected by urban and agricultural development. A landscape management
framework that incorporates all systems, across the spectrum of degrees of alteration, provides a fuller set of
options for how and when to...
Full Text:
Richard J Hobbs1*, Eric Higgs2, Carol M Hall2, Peter Bridgewater3, F Stuart Chapin III4, Erle C Ellis5
Ecological niche models can be a useful tool to identify candidate reintroduction sites for endangered
species but have been infrequently used for this purpose. In this paper, we (1) develop activity-specific
ecological niche models (nesting, roosting, and feeding) for the critically endangered California condor
(Gymnogyps californianus) to aid in reintroduction...
Ecological niche models can be a useful tool to identify candidate reintroduction sites for endangered
species but have been infrequently used for this purpose. In this paper, we (1) develop activity-specific
ecological niche models (nesting, roosting, and feeding) for the critically endangered California condor
(Gymnogyps californianus) to aid in reintroduction...
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95971,
USA.
Jesse D’Elia a,b,⇑, Susan M. Haig c, Matthew Johnson c,1, Bruce G. Marcot d, Richard Young
Meta-analyses of field studies have shown that biomass, density, species richness, and size of organisms protected by no-take marine reserves generally increase over time. The magnitude and timing of changes in these response variables, however, vary greatly and depend upon the taxonomic groups protected, size and type of reserve, oceanographic...
Meta-analyses of field studies have shown that biomass, density, species richness, and size of organisms protected by no-take marine reserves generally increase over time. The magnitude and timing of changes in these response variables, however, vary greatly and depend upon the taxonomic groups protected, size and type of reserve, oceanographic...
Meta-analyses of field studies have shown that biomass, density, species richness, and size of organisms protected by no-take marine reserves generally increase over time. The magnitude and timing of changes in these response variables, however, vary greatly and depend upon the taxonomic groups protected, size and type of reserve, oceanographic...
Meta-analyses of field studies have shown that biomass, density, species richness, and size of organisms protected by no-take marine reserves generally increase over time. The magnitude and timing of changes in these response variables, however, vary greatly and depend upon the taxonomic groups protected, size and type of reserve, oceanographic...
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Areas in Temperate Waters
RichardM. Starr1,2*, Dean E. Wendt3, Cheryl L. Barnes2, Corina I. Marks2, Dan
Premise of the study: Triassic and Jurassic fossils record structural changes in conifer seed cones through time, provide the earliest evidence for crown-group conifer clades, and further clarify sister-group relationships of modern conifer families. A new and distinct seed-cone from the Isle of Skye in western Scotland provides the oldest...
Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) experience among the highest rates of HIV infection in the United States. We conducted a community-based ethnography in New York City to identify the structural and environmental factors that influence BMSMs vulnerability to HIV and their engagement with HIV prevention services. Methods...
Ecological niche models can be a useful tool to identify candidate reintroduction sites for endangered species but have been infrequently used for this purpose. In this paper, we (1) develop activity-specific ecological niche models (nesting, roosting, and feeding) for the critically endangered California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) to aid in reintroduction...
Automated sound broadcast systems have been used to address a variety of ecological questions, and show great potential as a management tool. Such systems need to be reliable because treatments are often applied in the absence of a human observer and system failure can cause methodological ambiguity. During the breeding...
Vibrio tubiashii is reported to be a bacterial pathogen of larval Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea
gigas) and has been associated with major hatchery crashes, causing shortages in seed oysters for commercial shellfish
producers. Another bacterium, Vibrio coralliilyticus, a well-known coral pathogen, has recently been shown to...
Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha returns to the Yukon River basin have declined dramatically since
the late 1990s, and detailed information on the spawning distribution, stock structure, and stock timing is needed to
better manage the run and facilitate conservation efforts. A total of 2,860 fish were radio-tagged in the lower...
Heterodera avenae and H. filipjevi are economically important cyst nematodes that restrict production of cereal crops in the Pacific Northwest United States and elsewhere in the world. Identification of these two species is critical for recommending and implementing effective management practices. Primers were designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)...
Pratylenchus neglectus is one of the most widespread and economically important nematodes that invades plant roots and restricts wheat productivity in the Pacific Northwest. It is challenging to quantify P neglectus using microscopic methods for studies that require large-scale sampling, such as assessment of rotation crops, wheat cultivars, and other...
It is widely accepted that plate divergence at mid-ocean ridges drives mantle flow, mantle melting, and the formation of new oceanic crust. However, many of the details of this process remain obscure because of the inaccessibility of the mantle to direct observation. Thus, geodynamic models are needed to provide insight...
We examined variability in growth rate during the larval stage of northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) in response to physical and biological environmental factors in 2005 and 2006. The onset of spring upwelling was anomalously delayed by 2–3 months until mid-July in 2005; in contrast, spring upwelling in 2006 began as...
An accurate assessment of leaching losses in the vadose zone requires measurement of both solute and water flux to compute flux concentrations (C[subscript F]). Leachate collected at a depth of 1.2 m in 32 passive capillary samplers (PCAPS), which sample soil-pore water continuously at tensions of 0–50 cm H₂O was...
Spawning salmon create patches of disturbance through redd digging which can reduce macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass in spawning habitat. We asked whether displaced invertebrates use non-spawning habitats as refugia in streams. Our study explored how the spatial and temporal distribution of macroinvertebrates changed during a pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) spawning...
Direct interception of windblown cloud water by forests has been dubbed “occult deposition” because it represents a hydrological input that is hidden from rain gauges. Eddy correlation studies of this phenomenon have estimated cloud water fluxes to vegetation yet have lacked estimates of error bounds. This paper presents an evaluation...
"Annual report : October 1, 1980 to September 30, 1981" "During the year we continued our studies on the clam resources in Oregon's estuaries. Our objectives were: to collect data for developing a scientifically sound clam management database and to refine techniques for assessing the potential for a commercial clam...
"Completion report : October 1, 1979 to December 31, 1981" "We completed Our assessment of commercial clam harvest potential in Tillamook, Yaquina and Coos bays. All three bays contained commercial quantities of clams. Detailed studies in Yaquina Bay in 1981 revealed a biomass estimate of 2.6 million pounds (1,179.1 mt)...
We described a simplified physics approach to generating time-varying global wind and temperature fields suitable for conducting transport studies on Mars. The goal is to develop a computationally fast algorithm that will enable long-term simulations of the planet’s climate system. Thus we use a three-dimensional log-pressure global spectral model forced...
Fava bean is used as a winter or spring cover crop, green manure, silage, forage, hay, and vegetable. It is capable of producing large amounts of dry matter and accumulating large quantities of nitrogen (N), part of which is available to subsequent crops.
Hairy vetch is used as a cover crop, green manure, pasture, silage, and hay. It is capable of accumulating large amounts of dry matter and nitrogen. When planted alone as a winter cover crop in annual vegetable rotations, it can provide substantial amounts of nitrogen (N) to a following crop.
What do you say when you have only a minute to explain to a municipal official why keeping track of the number of bird species found in a park may help make decisions about park management? Talk of significant differences among treatments or testing theory will likely meet with glazed...
Well-defined fronts develop at the seaward edge of riverine plumes where suspended materials and planktonic organisms are concentrated by convergent water flows. Riverine plume fronts have been hypothesized to be favorable fish habitats because they can lead to localized prey
aggregations. We examined the spatial distribution of juvenile Pacific salmonids...
Published April 1965. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published October 1964. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Chlorophyll-temperature profiles were measured across Lake Tahoe about every 10 days from April through July 1980. Analysis of the 123 profiles and associated productivity and nutrient data identified three important processes in the formation and dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM): turbulent diffusion, nutrient supply rate, and light availability....
This report is one of a series prepared by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) which summarizes the physical and biological data for selected Oregon estuaries. The reports are intended to assist coastal planners and resource managers in Oregon in fulfilling the inventory and comprehensive plan requirements of...
This report is one of a series prepared by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) which summarizes the physical and biological data for selected Oregon estuaries. The reports are intended to assist coastal planners and resource managers in Oregon in fulfilling the inventory and comprehensive plan requirements of...
Fishery management production models tend to stress only the elements directly linked to fish (i.e. fish, fish food, and fish predators). Large coastal jellyfish are major consumers of plankton in heavily fished ecosystems; yet, they are frequently not included as model components. We explore the relationship between gulf menhaden (Brevoortia...
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(mg chl‐a m‐3; Table A.1). Each composite
image was clipped to the model domain and individual
Fishery management production models tend to stress only the elements directly linked to fish (i.e. fish, fish food, and fish predators). Large coastal jellyfish are major consumers of plankton in heavily fished ecosystems; yet, they are frequently not included as model components. We explore the relationship between gulf menhaden (Brevoortia...
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19 mullet Mugil cephalus, M. curema
20 red drum Scianeops oscellata
21 snapper/grouper Lutjanus sp
Fishery management production models tend to stress only the elements directly linked to fish (i.e. fish, fish food, and fish predators). Large coastal jellyfish are major consumers of plankton in heavily fished ecosystems; yet, they are frequently not included as model components. We explore the relationship between gulf menhaden (Brevoortia...
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Decker4,
Richard D. Brodeur5, and Malinda Sutor6
1Department of Marine Science, The University of Southern
Mammalian cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a mononuclear non-heme iron protein that catalyzes 2 the conversion of cysteine (Cys) to cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) by an unclarified mechanism. 3 One structural study revealed a Cys-persulfenate (or Cys-persulfenic acid) formed in the active 4 site, but quantum mechanical calculations have been used...
Mammalian cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a mononuclear non-heme iron protein that catalyzes 2 the conversion of cysteine (Cys) to cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) by an unclarified mechanism. 3 One structural study revealed a Cys-persulfenate (or Cys-persulfenic acid) formed in the active 4 site, but quantum mechanical calculations have been used...
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-bound 2
enzyme at higher pH 3
Camden M. Driggers
a
, Richard B. Cooley
a;b
, Banumathi Sankaran
c
Fishery management production models tend to stress only the elements directly linked to fish (i.e. fish, fish food, and fish predators). Large coastal jellyfish are major consumers of plankton in heavily fished ecosystems; yet, they are frequently not included as model components. We explore the relationship between gulf menhaden (Brevoortia...
Submersible belt-transect surveys along a rocky bottom were combined with acoustic surveys of the water column to estimate depth distribution and density of fishes at Stonewall Bank, Oregon in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from September through October 1991. The objectives of the study were to determine the proportion of fish...
Rockfishes, Sebastes spp.. were the most numerous and speciose fishes seen during 16 submersible dives from 64 to 305 m depth in the vicinity of Heceta Bank off the coast of Oregon. Dense schools of juvenile rockfishes and large yellowtail rockfish, S. flavidus, were observed only over rocky, high relief...
The feeding habits of pelagic, juvenile rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) collected off Oregon in 2002, and Oregon and Washington in 2006, were examined using stomach content and stable isotope analyses. Sampling occurred along a series of transects across the shelf between Crescent City, California (Lat. 41°54.0′), and Newport, Oregon (Lat. 44°39.0′),...
Assessments of climate change over time scales that exceed the last 100 years require robust integration of high-quality instrument records with high-resolution paleoclimate proxy data. In this study, we show that the recent biogenic sediments accumulating in two temperate ice-free fjords in Southeast Alaska preserve evidence of North Pacific Ocean...
Mammalian cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a mononuclear non-heme iron protein that catalyzes 2 the conversion of cysteine (Cys) to cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) by an unclarified mechanism. 3 One structural study revealed a Cys-persulfenate (or Cys-persulfenic acid) formed in the active 4 site, but quantum mechanical calculations have been used...
Agropyron spicatum, considered one of the most important native bunchgrasses in British Columbia, western Montana, the Columbia Basin and the area between the Cascades and Sierras and the Rockies, dominated millions of acres of pristine semiarid grass and sagebrush sites. It produced more herbage than all other associated species in...
Cover crop selection and management depend on many factors, among them the cover crop’s ability to accumulate dry matter (i.e., residues) and nitrogen (N). Dry matter provides energy for soil organisms, contributes to soil organic matter, improves tilth, and acts as a sink for nutrients.
Published November 1975. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Subclovers are used for forage and hay and have been used successfully in Oregon as fall-planted and relay interplanted cover crops in annual rotations. They are capable of accumulating substantial amounts of N, a portion of which is available to the following crop. Rapid growth suppresses weeds in spring.