Resistance training is widely prescribed for rehabilitation of injuries and as a method to improve athletic performance. It is accepted that resistance training increases the maximal force production of whole muscle and it has been suggested that the velocity of shortening can increase as well. However, little is known about...
Low bone mineral density (BMD) and poor stability both contribute to
increased risk of fractures associated with a fall. The aim of this dissertation was
two-fold. The first study, a cross-sectional analysis, sought to determine the
anthropometric and/or performance variables that best predicted BMD and postural
stability in mature, premenopausal...
Whole body vibration (WBV) is widely used as a mechanical stimulus for neuromuscular training, and to a lesser extent, in the treatment of patients undergoing physical rehabilitation. PURPOSE: To quantify any beneficial and/or synergistic effects associated with the longitudinal administration of WBV and progressive resistance (PRE) exercise on lower extremity...
The presence of an increased accumulation of intraabdominal fat (IAF) has been linked to dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia, which precede the development of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD). It has been shown that IAF begins depostition during childhood. Human studies suggest that regular endurance exercise, that does...
Four young trained men were studied during 50 min of continuous
bicycle ergometer exercise [30 min at 60%, 15 min at 80%,
and 5 min at 90% maximal heart rate (MHR)] to elucidate changes
in fuel metabolism resulting from a glycogen depletion-repletion
regimen, and to determine the effect of supplemental...
Previous studies suggest that vitamin B-6 supplementation can alter fuel metabolism during
exercise and plasma amino acid levels at rest. To examine the effect of vitamin B-6
supplementation on plasma fuel substrates and amino acid levels during exercise, five trained
males (age: 29±7; V0₂ max: 54.7±6.2 ml/kg/min) performed two separate...
The effects of an 11-week jogging program on the plasma lipid
fractions and clotting time of 19 late adolescent males (18 to 19
years) were investigated. Total lipids, triglycerides, total and free
cholesterol, phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acids, and clotting
time of plasma were determined. Statistical analysis was applied
to the...
We evaluated anthropometric and performance measures which best predict bone
mineral density (BMD) in 54 adolescent girls (14.6±0.5y; 22.7±14.0 months past
menarche). BMD for the whole body, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lumbar spine (L2-L4), and mid-femoral shaft was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
(Hologic QDR 1000/W). Whole body lean...
High impact loading activities such as jumping, performed during childhood is advocated as one preventive method for increasing peak bone mass. Thus, we conducted a randomized intervention to examine the effect of high impact loading on bone mass in 34 pre-pubescent boys and girl over a seven month period. Participants...
The purpose of this study was to measure plasma B-6 vitamers, and other factors which may affect the plasma concentrations of these vitamers under extreme physical conditions. Blood samples were drawn from 8 men and 3 women (43.7 ± 8.6 years) 30 minutes prior to the start of a 50-km...
The purpose of this study was to identify significant differences
in body composition, body cathexis, and attitudes toward obesity
of women in various age groups involved in different levels of physical
exercise.
A total of 216 women, ranging in age from 17 to 64, took part in
this study. They...
The treatment of certain types of cancers brings with it serious physiological and
psychological side effects in cancer survivors, including: decreased aerobic capacity,
muscle wasting, body composition changes, fatigue, and a diminished overall quality of
life. Exercise may directly influence the physiological side effects of cancer and cancer
treatment, and...
To examine the potential for exercise to build bone mass during growth, objectives of this dissertation included: 1) determine the effects of 7 months of jumping followed by 7 months of detraining on hip and spine bone mass in the prepubertal children; 2) determine variables that best predict bone mineral...
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and abdominal obesity (AbOb) increase the risk of
developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Energy restriction (ER), highprotein
(PRO) intake and high-intensity interval training (HIT) can independently
improve MetS and AbOb. However, ER reduces metabolically active lean body
mass (LBM) in addition to body fat (BF). Purpose: To...
A common perspective promoted by health care professionals is that exercise may help reduce symptoms and improve activities of daily living among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Yet, the effects of resistance exercise on power, functional mobility, and fatigue are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine...
Exercise increases B-vitamin (B6, B12, folate) dependent metabolic reactions, especially those related to energy production and the rebuilding and repairing of muscle tissue. These same B-vitamins are also important in maintaining low blood levels of homocysteine (Hcy), a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Hcy levels rise when the metabolism of...
The goal of this study was to determine if the cardiorespiratory adaptations to an eight-week circuit weight training program are better measured with a biokinetic swim-bench test versus a standard treadmill test. The working hypothesis of the study was that since standard circuit weight training programs stress the upper body...
Given the high risk of relapse during the first year of exercise involvement, it is
important to determine the processes of self-motivation which enable novice exercisers to
become long-term maintainers. This study was designed to extend previous Stages of
Change (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983) research by comparing the Possible Selves...
Introduction: Recent reports in exercise related bone research have shown increased bone mineral content (BMC) at the femoral neck for prepubescent children participating in exercise programs consisting of repeated drop landings from a height of 61 cm. Increases in BMC from this type of exercise are believed to be the...
The present study was designed to investigate the
effects of exercise on vitamin B-6 metabolism. Four groups
of subjects (intermittent, college, untrained, and high school)
consisting of nineteen male and two female individuals, participated
in the study. The subjects exercised either on a
bicycle ergometer, by running three 1500 meter...
The objectives of this study were a) to determine
if pyridoxine (PN) supplementation increases the rate at
which plasma urea and ammonia return to basal levels,
following exercise, b) to determine, by open circuit
calorimetry, the utilization of carbohydrates, and c) to
further understand vitamin B-6 metabolism during and
following...
Research shows that Exercise-Associated Menstrual Dysfunction (ExMD) ranges from 6-79% of active women, depending on the sport. The primary contributor to ExMD is hypothesized to be low energy availability or relative energy deficiency in sport, due to insufficient energy intake to match exercise energy expenditure. Because many active women are...
The percentage of the American population who are 65 years old or older is
rapidly increasing, especially the proportion of women. It is becoming crucial to
encourage lifestyle behaviors that will enable senior women to remain in optimal
health. Following the 1990 Dietary Guidelines' recommendations to limit fat intake
and...
The US population over the age of 65 years is growing rapidly, with elderly
women outnumbering men by 50 percent. Studies show that aging is often
accompanied by reduced energy intake, inadequate nutrition, and the loss of lean
body mass with a subsequent increase in body fat, as well as...
The purpose of this study was to compare the muscular
strength and endurance of thirty-two men 51 to 79 years of age who
engage in weight training (WT), aerobic training (AT), cross training
(CT), or no training (S). The design employed in the study was a 2x2
between subjects factorial...
Low physical activity levels and high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in both men and women. However, postmenopausal women who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may have increased risk of CAD because of HRT-related increases in serum CRP. There are two manuscripts...
This study examined the effect of vitamin B-6 supplementation and exhaustive
submaximal exercise on plasma catecholamine concentrations, and the relationship
between plasma catecholamines and fuel use, heart rate and oxygen consumption. Five
trained men (age= 18-35 years; V0₂max=53 ml 0₂/kg/min.) participated in two controlled
dietary periods that were identical except...
To determine if 6 weeks prior supplementation with vitamins E and C
could alleviate exercise-induced DNA damage, prevent lipid peroxidation and
inflammation, slow the rate of vitamin E utilization and/or attenuate muscle
damage, 22 subjects (11 females: 11 males) were studied during a 50 km (32
mile) ultramarathon. Subjects were...
Sleep is an active process that affects an individual's daily functioning and physical and mental health. It is also beneficial for an individual's overall health and well being. Children with autism often have difficulty sleeping. One common complaint from parents of children with autism is that these children lack sufficient...
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the 30-minute cycling time trial to estimate the heart rate at lactate threshold. Recreationally trained cyclists and triathletes (n = 47) performed 3 tests in random order: 1) One graded exercise test to directly determine lactate threshold...
Endurance riding reflects a relatively new sport among equine athletic disciplines and is growing rapidly. Of all the equine athletic disciplines, endurance riding is the most closely interrelated with veterinary assessment and control to ensure that horses are not exercised beyond their athletic capacity. As endurance riding competition has evolved,...
Exercise training has consistently been shown to increase fat utilization during exercise, while conflicting results have been reported on the effects of sex and age on fuel metabolism during exercise. PURPOSE: The primary objective of this investigation was to compare fat and carbohydrate utilization during exercise among males and females...
Throughout the various levels of baseball competition, pitchers often suffer season-ending or career-ending injuries. Significant improvements have been made in the treatment and rehabilitation of these injuries, with a lesser amount of attention given to injury prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an inseason...
Better Bones and Balance (BBB) is a community-based exercise program to improve bone health and reduce fall risk among older adults. Prior research has shown that when the program is delivered by researchers under controlled conditions, participants improved strength and balance, and maintained bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip....
The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of bone
mineral density (BMD) of the whole body (WB) and proximal
femurs of physically active men with spinal cord injuries (SCI) to
nonactive men with spinal cord injuries. Also, the lean muscle
mass (LMM) of active men with SCI...
Studies in young women show that rowing exercise is osteogenic at the spine. However, little is known regarding rowing exercise and spine bone mineral density in older women. The aim of this study was to examine differences in spine bone mineral density (BMD) and back strength between premenopausal and postmenopausal...
Although female athletes are at greater risk of non-contact knee injuries than men, the factors that contribute to these injuries are not well understood. One important question is whether intense exercise influences the risk of knee injury, both acutely
and over the following days. The purpose of this study was...