Spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. (Compositae) is an extremely
successful introduced weed species in the northwestern United States. Multiple factors
may be responsible for its success, including chemical defense. Two different types of
putative chemical defense agents are the focus of this thesis. The first is a bitter-tasting
sesquiterpene lactone,...
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate Oregon public high school history teacher perspectives concerning standards-based reform initiatives springing from the No Child Left Behind legislation. The central question addressed in this study is: At what level has Standards-Based Education reform initiatives impacted Oregon high school history instruction and...
Diseased and healthy Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were identified at two black-stain root disease centers, caused by Leptographium wageneri var. pseudotsugae Harrington & Cobb, in the Oregon Coast Range near Coos Bay. Phloem and sapwood near the root collar were sampled monthly for 1 year, whereas roots were sampled...
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAH) classified as noncarcinogens
may be photooxidized to mutagenic or toxic products by
near-ultraviolet (NUV) wavelengths of sunlight (290-320 nm). The
possibility that this represents a major degredation pathway in the
aquatic environment is of increasing concern. Large quantities of
PNAH from accidental oil spills, anthropogenic and...
Since the early 1950's, the distribution of sediment at the
mouth of Redwood Creek has been altered by the effects of channel
aggradation and channelization along the lower reach. Severe flooding
in 1953, 1955, and 1964 caused bank erosion, landsliding, and
channel geometry changes along Redwood Creek. The increased sediment...
Phellinus sulphurascens (previously the Douglas-fir form of Phellinus weirii) is an important native pathogen causing laminated root rot in forests of western North America. Visual crown symptoms, or attacks by bark or ambrosia beetles appear only during advanced stages of the disease with extensive infection in the lower bole. Ethanol...
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trees and for beetle host selection
RickG. Kelsey*, Gladwin Joseph, Doug Westlind, and Walter
Phellinus sulphurascens (previously the Douglas-fir form of Phellinus weirii) is an important native pathogen causing laminated root rot in forests of western North America. Visual crown symptoms, or attacks by bark or ambrosia beetles appear only during advanced stages of the disease with extensive infection in the lower bole. Ethanol...
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, Bangalore, India.
RickG. Kelsey a,⇑, Gladwin Joseph b,1, Doug Westlind a, Walter G. Thies a
aUSDA Forest
Phellinus sulphurascens (previously the Douglas-fir form of Phellinus weirii) is an important native pathogen causing laminated root rot in forests of western North America. Visual crown symptoms, or attacks by bark or ambrosia beetles appear only during advanced stages of the disease with extensive infection in the lower bole. Ethanol...
Key message Leyland cypress, an intergeneric hybrid, produces the same volatile heartwood compounds as its parental taxa, yellow-cedar and Monterrey cypress. However, the proportion of total sesquiterpenes and some of the individual components appear unique to their respective heartwoods.
Context Leyland cypress, xHesperotropsis leylandii is an intergeneric hybrid between yellow-cedar,...
Ethanol in sapwood was analyzed along vertical transects, through small spot cankers and larger basal cankers, of Phytophthora ramorum-infected stems of Quercus agrifolia at three sites in California. Trees with large basal cankers, known to attract scolytid beetles, had a 4.3 times higher ethanol level than trees with spot cankers...
The brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay was used to screen 211 methanol extracts from 128 species of Pacific Northwest plants in search of general cytotoxic activity. Strong toxicity (LC₅₀ < 100 µg/ml) was found for 17 extracts from 13 species, with highest activity observed for Angelica arguta roots at <10...
Live western larch, Larix occidentalis Nutt., a tree species resistant to the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, produces the monoterpene 3-carene in higher concentrations compared to Douglas-fir, the preferred host of D. pseudotsugae (Reed et al. 1986). The inhibitory effects on attraction to aggregation pheromones and toxicity of 3-carene to...
Four root mutants, diageotropica (dgt), and altered root architecture (ara) 1, 2, and 3, were used to study root architecture and better understand the process by which root architecture is determined. Adventitious root formation, tissue response to auxin, nutritional response, and starch accumulation in the leaves were tested in ara...
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Tomato
Kelsey Hoth1
Dr. Maria
Ivanchenko2
GENETIC ANALYSES
OF ROOT SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT IN THE
We examined how the experiences of World War II and Korean War veterans,
including prewar, warzone, and postwar factors, affected PTSD symptoms in later life.
This dissertation consists of two studies. In Study 1, four different hypotheses from a
lifespan approach were examined (King et al., 1996): stress evaporation (only...
This thesis focuses on two aspects of transparent electronics, SnO₂ transparent thin-film transistors (TTFTs) and transparent circuits. Both depletion- and enhancement-mode SnO₂ TTFTs are realized. The maximum effective mobility for the depletion- and enhancement-mode devices are 2 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.8 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively. A variety of techniques to decrease the carrier...
In two twelfth grade Homemaking classes a home furnishings
unit was taught to develop creativity in the students in the classes in
order to:
1. Attempt to give students creative experiences in the home
furnishings unit which would in turn motivate them to be creative.
2. Develop learning experiences in...
The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the physiology and life-history of invasive plants and of the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs. I compared invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (blackberry) that grow together in the Pacific Northwest. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) Invasive Rubus have higher...
This work focuses primarily the development of methods for imaging microbial biofilms in opaque porous media using x-ray computed microtomography (CT). Two methods for evaluating biofilms in porous media are presented. The first focuses on the addition of silver-coated, hollow glass microspheres to a biofilm-containing micro-model. The silver-coated microspheres affix...
Oregon residents with a terminal illness have had the option to use aid-in-dying under the Oregon Death with Dignity Act (DWDA) since 1997. The DWDA allows terminally ill Oregonians to make a request for lethal dosages of medication, prescribed by physicians for the purpose of self-administering to end one's life....
Nitrate (NO₃-) accumulation in water sources is a serious health and environmental concern. Common methods used to reduce NO₃- accumulation have one or more undesirable traits that limit their efficacy in large-scale decontamination. However, treatment of NO₃- electrochemically is a promising area of study because of the absence of toxic...
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an area-based tool used to manage and protect areas along the coasts and ocean that face impacts from development and climate change. Local communities both impact and are affected by the creation of MPAs and as such, it is important to include their knowledge and...
Nitrate is a toxic surface and ground water contaminant that poses human-health and ecological hazards. Contamination is anthropogenically sourced to over-amendment of ammonia-based fertilizers, in turn generated by the most carbon intensive chemical process in use today. Electrochemical approaches offer a green alternative to transform harmful waste nitrate into value-added...
This study reports the food habits of Vietnamese college women in association with college life and their cultural background. Their food habits, food associated beliefs, and the influences on their food choices were examined. Interviews, using semi-structured questionnaire, were conducted with 25 Vietnamese college women at Oregon State University. The...
Four root mutants, diageotropica (dgt), and altered root architecture (ara) 1, 2, and 3, were used to study root architecture and better understand the process by which root architecture is determined. Adventitious root formation, tissue response to auxin, nutritional response, and starch accumulation in the leaves were tested in ara...
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Tomato Crop Model
By Kelsey Hoth
An undergraduate thesis submitted to
Oregon State
The North American host of the introduced Asian isopod parasite, Orthione griffenis, is the burrowing Blue Mud Shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis. The shrimp are the predominant species in the Yaquina Bay estuary intertidal mudflats, and are essential ecosystem engineers. The parasite effectively castrates the shrimp host without causing mortality which allows...
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a good home?
Kelsey Yates
BI 401
Summer Marine & Environmental Studies Program
Summer 2014
Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a sagebrush obligate species, has contracted in extent by nearly half its original distribution. This is primarily due to habitat loss and degradation over the past 150 years. During winter, sage-grouse depend completely on sagebrush habitat for food and cover, yet sage-grouse winter ecology has been...
Both Buddhist and psychological theory postulate that present actions will influence future perceptions, judgments, and behaviors in a concordant manner. While Buddhists explain these effects in the context of karmic theory, psychologists consider these effects of construct activation and chronic construct accessibility. The present study sought to apply social psychological...
Miniature energy and chemical systems (MECS) are miniature thermal, fluid, and chemical devices in the mesoscale size range between a sugar cube and a human fist. MECS take advantage of improved rates of mass and heat transfer that have been observed at the microscale. There are many potential applications for...
Capacitor discharge welding (CDW) is a rapid solidification joining process under
the influence of one-dimensional thermal gradients. Although CDW is useful for joining
small parts and dissimilar metals, CD welded joints have a large variability in weld
strength. CDW is not widely accepted because of a lack of automated process...
Measurement is at the heart of any good research project. Although Classical test theory is the most widely used measurement theory, many alternative theories have emerged in the last hundred years. Rasch modeling is one such theory and by taking a different approach to measurement holds the possibility of enhancing...
There is an ever growing number of Latinas/os who reside and have settled permanently in rural America. Unbeknownst to most, rural Latinas/os face adversities unfamiliar to those living outside of this scope. As it stands, the barriers urban Latinas/os students face when transitioning to college has been well documented. However,...
The dependent transfer of a traveler with disabilities on board an aircraft places the transferors, as well as the traveler, at risk of disabling lower back injury. This risk is increased on board an aircraft due to the confined space in which the transfer takes place. The purpose of the...
Simple models of transpiration, e.g., the Penman-Monteith equation, treat atmospheric conditions as driving variables. In fact, transpiration modifies temperature and humidity throughout the convective boundary layer, creating feedbacks that stabilize the water use of vegetation. This thesis concentrates on the new empirical relationships proposed by Monteith (1995), for developing simple...
The rare earth elements (REEs) have been established as powerful tracers for a range of physiochemical processes occurring in the natural environment. They also hold significant economic importance as many technological advancements are reliant upon the REEs for their unique magnetic, luminescent, and electrochemical characteristics. In sedimentary settings, understanding the...
Biogeochemical mechanisms employed by key organisms, or symbiotic associations of organisms, transform the function and structure of their environment through processes recognized as ecosystem engineering. This dissertation seeks to investigate organism-ecosystem interactions that serve globally significant ecological functions in marine systems and impact how systems respond to environmental change. Using...
Studies on the positive effects of stress, called stress-related growth (SRG), are increasing, and there are a variety of contradictory theoretical models and findings in the literature. This dissertation compared several of these models in two studies, using two waves of data from the Davis Longitudinal Study, a study of...
Throughout many of the world’s mountain ranges snowpack accumulates during the winter and into the spring, providing a natural reservoir for water. As this reservoir melts, it fills streams and recharges groundwater for over 1 billion people globally. Despite its importance to water resources, our understanding of the storage capacity...
Historically, the difficulty of obtaining pure cultures of abundant marine
microbial plankton has an obstacle to reconstructing the underlying
mechanisms of biogeochemistry in the ocean. While a number of dominant
marine species from the ocean surface have been cultured, the dominant
microbial plankton of the dark ocean proved far more...
This study explores No Child Left Behind's required timetable for English language learners (ELLs) to reach English language proficiency within five years, as outlined in the Annual Measurable Achievement Outcomes (AMAOs), despite the lack of research evidence to support this as a reasonable expectation. Analysis was conducted on the archived...
The function of a protein is defined by its three-dimensional structure, and in understanding the three-dimensional structure of a protein, we gain an understanding of its function and mechanism. Protein structures, especially at high resolution, can provide detailed insights into many elements of enzyme function and catalysis – identifying residues...
Field studies were conducted in 2011 at the Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, OR and Prosser, WA to evaluate the effect of simulated glyphosate drift on direct-seeded dry bulb onion. Glyphosate was applied at 8.6, 25.8, 86, 290, 434, and 860 g ae ha⁻¹ when onion plants were at the flag-,...
Field studies were conducted in 2008 in Ontario, OR and Paterson, WA to determine the effect of simulated glyphosate drift on 'Ranger Russet' potato, including visual injury, shikimic acid accumulation, and tuber yield. Glyphosate was applied at 8.5, 54, 107, 215, and 423 g ae ha(-1); which corresponds to 0.01,...
Pinyon-juniper woodlands throughout the western U.S. have expanded rapidly following European settlement during the late 19th century. In central and eastern Oregon, western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis Hook.) encroachment has been previously documented in the sagebrush steppe and upper elevation aspen communities. While these vegetation changes and dynamics have...
Heterogeneous catalysis modulates the rate and selectivity of reaction processes by
stabilizing a series of intermediate states on solid surfaces, facilitating the production
of many commodity chemicals modern society relies upon. Conventional, thermal
catalytic processes—conducted at elevated temperatures and pressures—source
thermal, mechanical, and chemical potential energy from carbon-hydrogen bonds—
combustion...
Water electrolysis plays a pivotal role in achieving a green hydrogen economy by sourcing electricity from intermittent renewable sources. However, the efficiency of the electrolysis process is limited by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics, whereas the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are more facile. This thesis...
Histones, as part of nucleosomes, are responsible for DNA packaging in chromosomes. They also affect DNA expression by a multitude of post-translational modifications, especially prevalent on the amino terminus of histones. Co-activator protein complexes “write”, “read”, or “erase” histone modifications, and in balance determine which sections of DNA are free...
The agricultural sector is one of the largest contributors to global climate change but is also one of the most vulnerable to its impacts. Farmers are at increasing risk of livelihood loss, which produces risks for their physical and emotional wellbeing on a global scale. Swift and effective adaptation is...
Studies towards the total synthesis of (+)-Phomactin A (1), D (6), and G (9), fungal metabolites with unique molecular architecture and pronounced biological activity, are described. These studies resulted in the synthesis of advanced intermediates 354 and 356, which contain all of the carbon atoms of 1, 6 and 9....
This paper provides a primer on research in the field of public involvement in natural resource decision making. Previous studies are synthesized and organized into three areas: (1 ) goals of public involvement, (2) principles related to implementing public involvement programs, and (3) evaluation of public involvement methods. A bibliography...
While libraries are using increasingly sophisticated metrics to determine electronic resources’ usefulness, impact and cost effectiveness, much of this data reflects past usage. More nuanced information is still needed to guide collection managers’ decisions about which content to purchase, borrow or deselect. To fill this gap, librarians at OSU Libraries...
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. Retrieved from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue71/reese
Stone, G., and Ramsden, B. (2013). Library impact
The expansion of pion-juniper woodlands the past 100 years in the western United States has resulted in large scale efforts to kill trees and recover sagebrush steppe rangelands. It is important to evaluate vegetation recovery following woodland control to develop best management practices. In this study, we compared two fuel...
Published May 1966. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Hydrogen is of great interest as a fuel, as its oxidation produces benign water (without CO₂ emissions), its gaseous form can be transported in existing pipe infrastructure, and it can be obtained via renewable electricity from water. However, current hydrogen production is mainly produced from fossil fuels (e.g. methane), exacerbating...
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_____________________________________________________________________
Kelsey A. Stoerzinger & Zhenxing Feng
Hydrogen is of great interest as a fuel, as its
Pure glycerol and the crude waste glycerin byproduct of biodiesel production were tested as substrates for electricity production in single-chamber, air-cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and in single-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), using pure and mixed microbial cultures as anode biocatalyst. Current densities of 0.40 A/m² and 0.13 A/m² were...
Ocean acidification (OA) has emerged as an important focus of research and policy in this decade. Ocean acidification specifically refers to changes in the inorganic carbon system in the ocean resulting from its absorption of human-released CO₂ from the atmosphere. Anthropogenic atmospheric CO₂ levels are rapidly increasing; much of this...
The effects of a school-based social-emotional and character development program, Positive Action, on the developmental trajectory of character development was evaluated using data from three randomized trials. Results come from 1) 4-years of data from elementary children in 20 Hawai`i schools, 2) 3-years of data from elementary children in 14...
Solute transport models in karst groundwater must consider variable and complex flow regimes. Within fissures less than 2 mm in aperture, during unsaturated flow events, seeping flow may flow as films or under capillary tension as a capillary rivulet. This project focuses on exploring the mass transport characteristics of seeping...
Sage grouse are a species of concern because their abundance, distribution, and productivity have declined during the past century. Sage grouse productivity has been linked to specific habitat components including particular forbs and native bunchgrasses. Studies on the effects of fire were conducted in Southeastern Oregon in mountain big sagebrush...
The transition to kindergarten can be challenging for many children who do not have the necessary skills to meet the demands of classroom settings such as paying attention, remembering instructions, and demonstrating self-control. Children who lack the necessary behavioral regulation skills to meet the demands in the classroom environment are...
We hypothesized that calpain activity is elevated in response to muscle damage. To test this hypothesis, we examined the degradation of α-fodrin into its 150 and 145 kDa fragments following either 20 eccentric or isometric contractions. In addition, experiments were performed in the presence or absence of E-64-d, a calpain...
This study examines the long-term role of interference on stand development of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) planted mixtures in the Central Cascades of Oregon, USA. The two species are common associates in naturally regenerated and planted conifer stands in the Pacific Northwest. Due...
This qualitative study explores the experiences of Latina/o transfer students from a two-year to a four-year institution. Six Latina/o transfer student from the Pacific Northwest participated in one-on-one semi-structured interviews. The researcher utilized Critical Race Theory, LatCrit, Validation Theory, and Chicana Feminist Epistemology to bring forth the narratives of the...
Field studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in
Aberdeen, ID, Ontario, OR, and Paterson, WA to determine
the effect of simulated glyphosate drift on ‘Ranger Russet’
potato during the application year and the crop growing the
next year from the daughter tubers. Glyphosate was applied at
8.5, 54, 107,...
Phagotrophic protists are major consumers of microbial biomass in aquatic ecosystems. However, biochemical mechanisms underlying prey recognition and phagocytosis by protists are not well understood. We investigated the potential roles of cell signaling mechanisms in chemosensory response to prey, and in capture of prey cells, by a marine ciliate (Uronema...
The continuation of geoarchaeological investigations at Tseriadun (35CU7) contributes to the understanding of the site's depositional history and the associated environments, thereby identifying the long term geomorphic change in the area and providing the environmental context for local human activity as it is reflected in the archaeological record. Meeting this...
Managers of forest and plantation ecosystems are encountering growing problems involving plant pathogens and the expanding geographic ranges of these pathogens. Historically unexposed stands are exceptionally vulnerable when a non-native pathogen is introduced because these pathogens can cause devastating disease in a host population that lacks co-evolved resistance mechanisms. One...
Currently, the technologies used to separate lignocellulosic biomass into its component parts (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and enzymatically hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose for conversion to ethanol could be improved economically and in terms of efficiency. A major impediment to utilizing the biomass is the presence of residual lignin. The...
Locating archaeological sites that predate the arrival of modern sea level has been difficult along the Oregon coast. This is in part believed to be the result of geologic processes that have influenced the preservation, distribution, and visibility of sites within the Oregon coastal landscape. Because of these changes, researchers...
Excavations conducted at Indian Sands (35-CU-67C), located along Oregon's southern coast, during 2002 and 2003 identified two discreet, artifact-bearing stratigraphic units. The uppermost unit is a deflated surface containing burnt shell and lithic artifacts associated with early Holocene ¹⁴C dates, while the underlying unit contained only lithic tools and debitage,...
Waterborne fecal contamination poses serious risks to human health and can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. Molecular marker methods are widely used to identify and, in some cases, quantify the sources of contamination and guide management decisions regarding water resource protection. However, methods to detect some likely sources of fecal contamination such...
Significant challenges remain before lithium-ion batteries can support the decarbonization of the transportation and power sectors required to avert catastrophic climate change. The energy density of these batteries must be increased, while decreasing the price, and maintaining or increasing their lifespan. To improve the practical energy density of existing materials,...
A geoarchaeological investigation was conducted at the Devils Kitchen archaeological site, located in the Devils Kitchen State Park along the southern Oregon coast. In this thesis research, the author paired previous and recent excavated stratigraphy profiles to define culturally significant deposits. These stratigraphic units were defined further geochemically using a...
The gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) demonstrated a
requirement for selenium and vitamin E. Animals deficient in both
nutrients suffered from liver necrosis and an unthrifty condition
characterized by inappetence, profuse diarrhea, and swollen eyes.
Vitamin E appeared less effective than selenium as a prophylaxis
against this syndrome.
Total body weights,...
Coastal stream basins are of great importance to efforts aimed at refining our understanding of the earliest populations that inhabited the ancient Oregon coast. However, geomorphic responses to post-glacial sea level rise in these settings has produced depositional environments that destroy or deeply bury late Pleistocene and early Holocene-age archaeological...
I studied abundance patterns and habitat use of eight cavitynesting bird species in the Coast Ranges of Western Oregon during the
spring and summer of 1985 and 1986. Three age classes of unmanaged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands were selected for study:
young (40-80 yrs), mature (80-200 yrs), and old-growth (>200...
Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) is a species with high phenotypic plasticity and a broad distribution that, in the last decade, has experienced climate stress-induced mortality called Sudden Aspen Decline (SAD). In order to help mitigate the effects of SAD in the future, we need a better understanding of aspen’s...
High-resolution ship-based observations of a nearly uniform stratocumulus deck in the southeast Pacific during 17 days of the 2008 VOCALS regional experiment elucidate radiation and turbulence in the marine boundary layer (MBL). A new method for prescribing observations-based cloud properties to the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model is presented and applied...
The purpose of this research was to determine if
overland flow and sediment production were different in
logged (on snow, frozen soil, and prescribed skid trails)
and nonlogged sites in a Pinus ponderosa Laws.!
Symohoricaroos albus Laws. community in the foothills of
the Wallowa Mountains in northeastern Oregon. To determine...
Current oil production technologies recover only about one‐third to one‐half of the oil
originally present in an oil reservoir. Given current oil prices, even a modest increase in oil recovery efficiency is fiscally attractive. One novel approach to increase oil recovery
efficiency is a process called microbial enhanced oil recovery...
This research was motivated by the use of multi-track feeders in the printed
circuit board (PCB) assembly. In a low volume, high mix production environment,
setup time is usually considered more important than processing time. Implementation
of multi-track feeders not only increases the capacity of the surface mount
machines but...
The miniaturization of energy, chemical and biological systems for distributed and portable applications, known as process intensification, is realized by the enhancement in heat and mass transfer performance within high surface-to-volume ratio microchannels. Fabrication of devices for process intensification is achieved in part by microlamination techniques. These techniques consist of...
Bullying behavior has problematic psychosocial ramifications for the bully, victim, and bully/victims; these included issues with self-conceptions, perceived social support, and affect. Research has found that, if one can influence these psychosocial components, one may be able to reduce the potential for being victimized. The Bully Prevention Challenge Course Curriculum...
Instructional time for social studies in elementary classrooms has decreased
since the passage of Goals 2000 and No Child Left Behind, with content contracted to align with reading goals. Consequently, opportunities for preservice teachers to observe and teach social studies lessons have diminished. This qualitative multiple case study examines the...
Micromanufacturing consists of processes for producing structures, devices or systems with feature sizes measured in micrometers. Micromanufacturing began in the mid-1960's with microelectronics fabrication technology. In the 1980's, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) began to be developed, in which electrical and mechanical subsystems were integrated at small scales. More recently, Microtechnology-based Energy...
Field trials were conducted in 2009 and 2010 near Paterson, WA and Ontario, OR to evaluate weed control and potato tolerance to PRE-applied pyroxasulfone, saflufenacil, and KSU12800 herbicides. Pyroxasulfone at 0.09 to 0.15 kg ai ha⁻¹ and saflufenacil at 0.05 to 0.07 kg ai ha⁻¹ applied PRE alone or in...
Published November 1976. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog