When a consumer (a recommender) recommends a product to another consumer (a recommendee), it is not uncommon to learn whether the recommendee chose the recommended option (i.e., accepted the recommendation) or a different option (i.e., rejected the recommendation). Our research examines how rejected recommendations affect recommenders’ subsequent intentions toward the...
Published June 1976. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The later years of life often have been distorted by
myths. You may have heard some of these myths
stated as “truths.” In part, this may be because we
tend to focus on the problems and negative aspects
of aging. Most myths have some basis in fact, but
generally they...
The present study examined the effect of training on age differences in performing a highly
practiced task using the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm (Pashler, 1984). Earlier
training studies have concentrated on tasks that are not already overlearned. The present
question of interest is whether task dual-task integration will be...
Is there a core set of concepts in psychology? Early work identified keywords in psychology by asking textbook authors what concepts were most important to them to understand what was essential for college students' psychological literacy (Boneau, 1990). Much of the early work showed there is little consistency in the...
Most aging individuals prefer to remain in a self-determined home environment, and generally aging adults want to remain in the same home or same community. The benefits of remaining in a self-determined private home environment while aging have been established. Because individuals present a diversity of needs, it takes interdisciplinary...
Historically, Psychology education about disability focused narrowly on psychiatric and cognitive disabilities. Furthermore, disability tends to be viewed from the medical model, rather than the social model endorsed by disability scholars, which describes disability as primarily socially constructed. Course offerings for the Psychology departments of 98 top-ranked undergraduate programs in...
Interviewing eighteen older parents (aged 65 and older) with two or more children for this project established support for the emotional experience of intergenerational ambivalence. Seventy-five parent-child relationships were discussed. Two major themes arose over what healthy, independently living parents feel ambivalent about in their relationships with their midlife children....
The term, spirituality, as used in this study, refers
to that part of our lives that has the deepest meaning,
that which nurtures each of us and moves us toward wholeness.
It is the basis for which we live out our lives,
following our own truths with honesty and commitment....
We examined the effect of daily stress, age, and emotional stability/neuroticism on stress reactivity, using cortisol diurnal rhythms. We used data from the Normative Aging Study (Spiro & Bosse, 2001). The 72 men in this study ranged from 67-93 (M =79.29, SD =4.88). Multilevel modeling showed that higher daily stress...
Some studies have found that responses are faster when the orientation of an object’s graspable part corresponds with the response location than when it does not (i.e., the object-based correspondence effect). We examined Goslin et al.’s (2012) claim that the effect is the result of object-based attention (visual-action binding). As...
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Maintaining perceived psychological control in older adulthood is
beneficial for health, well-being, and adjustment to chronic illness. Theoretically, control over
specific, personally meaningful domains should inform general control beliefs. Thus, the
objective of the present study was to examine perceived control over the exercise domain
(operationalized...
Conduct problems are a general risk factor for adolescent alcohol use. However, their role in relation to alcohol-specific risk pathways of intergenerational transmission of alcohol use is not well understood. Further, the roles of alcohol-specific contextual influences on children's early alcohol use have been little examined. In a 20-year prospective,...
Stimuli signaling threat are often processed especially rapidly (e.g., Fox, Russo, & Dutton, 2002).
Similarly, some studies have suggested that expressions of fear have a strong pull on our attention
because they signal threat (e.g., Phelps, Ling, & Carrasco, 2006; Shaw, Lien, Ruthruff, & Allen, in press;
Vuilleumier & Schwartz,...
The importance of developmental stages as well as
cohort experiences has not been considered in family
caregiving literature although both caregiving daughters and
care-receiving mothers represent different age groups. The
conceptual bases of the age stratification model and the
life course perspective suggest that mothers in different
age groups, as...
In this study, we explored the relationships among gender, age, daily stressors, positive and negative affect, and neuroticism on cortisol outcomes in older men and women. We were particularly interested in whether variation in positive affect would have an effect on variation in negative affect and if this relationship would...
This study utilized the theoretical framework of selective optimization with compensation (SOC) (Baltes, 1987; Baltes & Baltes, 1990) to interpret older adults' definitions about successful aging in place. Factors contributing to successful aging in place, including the importance of social interaction and perceptions of the usefulness of interactive video communication...
The social aspects of older adults lives are strongly linked to well-being outcomes. Social relationships in older adulthood are rewarding, but also complex, and to maintain a positive social environment, older adults must reconcile long relationships histories, negotiate changing roles, and deal with increasing dependencies. Older adults are known to...
This study examines variables that may be involved in coping with
life change. A volunteer sample of undergraduate psychology students (N
= 57) completed a battery of self reports and participated in an
individual structured interview covering the areas of life change,
coping processes, and social milieu.
A Coping Index...
Hallmarks of aging include the accumulation of aberrant proteins and a lower resistance to stresses. Because the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions to fold proteins and possesses unique stress sensing pathways, the central hypothesis of this dissertation is that the ER is a target of cellular aging and significantly underlies these...
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology currently affecting nearly 44 million individuals worldwide, yet there are not currently any effective treatments or preventions for AD despite the rapid development in our understanding of the disease over the last four decades. The medical and sanitary innovations of the last century...
The COVID-19 pandemic was thought to be especially difficult for older adults, with high risks for social isolation due to the lockdowns necessitated by the pandemic. This study sought to understand the extent to which these community-residing older adults were receiving and providing social support. Further, we sought to disentangle...
Recent experimental and theoretical work has examined the possible genetic causes of senescence. These are reviewed, and four types of factors are found to be responsible for the evolution of senescence and age specific fecundity curves: 1. Age specific mortality schedules, 2.Density dependent factors, 3. Density independent factors, 4. Random...
In the last two decades, there has been an increase in substantial body of work on the inclusion of women in the water management and governance field. However, these scholarly inquiries have mostly focused on cases from the Global South, where women are still underrepresented in decision-making positions in the...
This paper empirically examines the effects of population aging on international trade using a cross-country panel data set for a select group of 22 OECD countries. Other recent studies have examined the effects of population age on other economic variables such as growth, savings, and investment but none till now...
Purpose of the Study
This investigation was an attempt to assess the relationship
between selected variables of personality and leisure activity preferences
using multivariate statistical procedures. It was shown that
previous attempts to explain man's use of leisure have persistently
emphasized demographic variables such as income, sex, occupation
and age....
The efficiency of the sensory organs—vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch—declines with age, but the age of onset and rate of decline differ markedly among people. This publication
explains the sensory changes older people experience and suggests what you can do to help.
Published February 1981. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Previous studies have suggested that negatively valenced faces (e.g., angry faces) automatically capture attention away from faces with other emotional valences (e.g., happy faces and neutral faces). The present study evaluated two experiments with age-related differences: the first assessed recognition memory for pictures of faces and how it is modulated...
Full Text:
) finding of memory facilitation by negative emotions. The interaction between emotion and age group was not
Previous studies have suggested that negatively valenced faces (e.g., angry faces) automatically capture attention away from faces with other emotional valences (e.g., happy faces and neutral faces). The present study evaluated two experiments with age-related differences: the first assessed recognition memory for pictures of faces and how it is modulated...
Full Text:
memory facilitation by negative emotions. The interaction between
emotion and age group was not
Although age-related deficits in emotion perception have been established using photographs of individuals, the extension of these findings to dynamic displays and dyads is just beginning. Similarly, most eye-tracking research in the person perception literature, including those that study age differences, have focused on individual attributes gleaned from static images;...
Purpose of the Study:
The purpose of this study was to.investigate the achievement
effect of providing students in a college-level introductory
psychology course with behavioral objectives. The non-experimental
literature provides a rationale for student use of behavioral objectives
(Bobbitt, 1918; Tyler, 1950; Taba, 1962; Gagne and Briggs,
1974; and Popham,...
The primary focus of this investigation was to assess whether
or not selected ecological indices and leisure preferences demonstrated
statistically significant relationships with the aged's self-concept.
Gerontology, a relatively embryonic discipline, has only
recently begun to examine the impact of demographic, physical and
socio-psychological stresses upon the geron's self-concept. Even...
We examined how the experiences of World War II and Korean War veterans,
including prewar, warzone, and postwar factors, affected PTSD symptoms in later life.
This dissertation consists of two studies. In Study 1, four different hypotheses from a
lifespan approach were examined (King et al., 1996): stress evaporation (only...
Objective
Our objective was to use episodic memory and executive function tests to determine whether or not Chiari Malformation Type I (CM) patients experience cognitive dysfunction.
Background
CM is a neurological syndrome in which the cerebellum descends into the cervical spine causing neural compression, severe headaches, neck pain, and number...
Previous research has suggested that the use of more authentic learning activities can produce more robust and durable knowledge gains. This is consistent with calls within civil engineering education, specifically hydrology, that suggest that curricula should more often include professional perspective and data analysis skills to better develop the "T-shaped"...
The present study extended existing research on alexithymia in men, investigating whether the deficit in processing emotions occurs early in the process, as a result of dissociation or repression, or later, as a result of suppression. We also examined the assumption in Levant’s (2011) normative male alexithymia hypothesis that men...
Purpose
The purpose of this study was two fold: 1) to determine the
self concepts of women workers and their relationship to certain
personal variables and patterns of work, and 2) to produce basic
self concept research.
Procedures
The subjects selected for this study were the women employed
in 1973...
This study aims to examine how people read and interpret scientific information, and how they respond to graphs and other data. It can be more broadly applied to help patients better understand information and statistics about certain disease conditions, such as cancer risk and diabetes treatment plans. One approach to...
Published February 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The way that an individual defines and understands the term “disability” has the potential to affect how they view and interact with people with disabilities. Previous research suggests that classroom interventions and frequent interactions with people who have disabilities can be effective in promoting the social model of disability and...
Decreasing mortality rates and increasing life
expectancy are contributing factors in a trend currently
referred to as the "graying" of America. Some members of
this aging population will require caregiving support from
their families. Because women tend to outlive men, adult
daughters generally assume this important role for their
widowed...
In the current research we tested a comprehensive model of spirituality, religiosity, compassion, and altruism, investigating the independent effects of spirituality and religiosity on compassion and altruism. We hypothesized that, even though spirituality and religiosity are closely related, spirituality and religiosity would have different and unique associations with compassion and...
Clinicians make a variety of judgments about their clients, from judging personality traits to making diagnoses, and a variety of methods are available to do so, ranging from observations to structured interviews. A large body of work demonstrates that from a brief glimpse of another’s nonverbal behavior, a variety of...
Although the importance of the face in communication is well-known, there has been little discussion of the ramifications for those who lack facial expression: individuals with facial paralysis such as Bell’s palsy and Möbius syndrome, and facial movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease. By examining the challenges experienced by these individuals,...
People with facial paralysis (FP) report social difficulties, but some attempt to compensate by increasing expressivity in their bodies and voices. We examined perceivers’ emotion judgments of videos of people with FP to understand how they interpret the combination of an inexpressive face with an expressive body and voice. Results...
Circadian clocks coordinate molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral processes with the 24-hour solar day. While clock functions are well understood in young animals, it is not clear how aging or neurodegenerative disease affects the various levels of the circadian system. A common symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease...
Tipper, Paul, and Hayes (2006) found object-based correspondence effects for door-handle stimuli for shape judgments but not color. They reasoned that a grasping affordance is activated when judging dimensions related to a grasping action (shape), but not for other dimensions (color). Cho and Proctor (2011, 2013), however, found the effect...
Decision-making competence (DMC) reflects individual differences in rational responding across several classic behavioral decision-making tasks. Although it has been associated with real-world risk behavior, less is known about the degree to which DMC contributes to specific components of risk attitudes. Utilizing a psychological risk-return framework, we examined the associations between...
Whereas capture experiments typically repeat a single task many times, real world cognition is
characterized by frequent switching. Lien, Ruthruff, and Johnston (2010) reported that the
attentional control system can rapidly and fully switch between different search settings (e.g., red
to green), with no carryover and no inter-trial priming. The...
The purpose of this study was to examine the mid-life period of
women's lives. It attempted to determine if this time is generally one of crisis, or more commonly a period of smooth transition. Furthermore, it attempted to determine if there is a typical pattern of emotional concerns experienced by...
Adequate energy stores are essential for animal survival, and sophisticated neuroendocrine mechanisms evolved to stimulate foraging in response to nutrient deprivation. Food search behavior is usually investigated in young animals, and it is not known how aging alters this behavior. To address this question in Drosophila, we compared the ability...
A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last decade has focused primarily on examining grief recovery within the context of intrapersonal processes. This emphasis has often...
Optimal aging is strongly related to personality factors along with health-behavior habits. Personality has played a key role in understanding the interactions between human behavior and the environment and as a vital predictor in determining health outcomes of individuals. Although previous studies have found links between personality traits and health,...
Using a quasi-experimental design, 118 Latina girls, ages 13-18, viewed five color photographs of White women. Girls viewed either images of sexualized women or images of non-sexualized women. After viewing the images, girls were asked to complete the sentence stem, “I am…” 20 times. Thirty percent of girls spontaneously described...
While human tool-use proficiency helped define our history, the cognitive and perceptual mechanics of how humans use tools are not fully understood. This question is of great value to the design of hand-held tools and prosthetics. A prominent theory, tool embodiment, suggests that tool use is facilitated by a flexible...
Published September 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Do word frequency and case mixing affect different processing stages in visual word
recognition? Some studies of on line reading suggests that word frequency affects an earlier
perceptual, encoding stage and case mixing affects a later central, decision stage (e.g., Reingold,
Yang, & Rayner, 2010). Others have suggested otherwise (e.g.,...
Little research has investigated girls’ and college women’s reactions to non-objectified media images of women, including those that depict women in instrumental activities like playing a sport. This study examined open-ended responses to images of performance athletes, sexualized athletes, and sexualized models. Participants were 258 adolescent girls (ages 13-18) and...
Objective. Stage theories of health behavior are popular and of high practical relevance. Tests of the validity of these theories provide limited evidence because of validity and reliability problems. This study provides a bottom-up approach to identify behavioral stages from examining differences in underlying mindsets. We examine the concurrent validity...
Grounded in the life course perspective, this study examined
stress among long-distance caregivers, asking whether stress levels vary
by family relation to the care recipient or by geographic distance. A
growing older adult population forecasts a corresponding need for
caregivers. Although family members are the primary source of care for...
Moebius Syndrome is a congenital neurological disorder that results in weakness or paralysis of the sixth and seventh cranial nerves, resulting in inability to form facial expression. The current study examined the relationship between orientation of describing Moebius Syndrome and the participant ratings of pictures of individuals with Moebius Syndrome...
Women have long been responsible for the unpaid and under-recognized work of maintaining homes and family relationships (Walker, 1999). In this dissertation, I use feminist theories to address the connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships. I explore family ties between (a) aging mothers and their care...
Taste sensitivity has been considered the primary chemosensory factor in studies of chemical senses and ingestive behavior. However, recent research has shown that retronasal olfaction is at least equally important in food preference and selection. Additionally, taste has been shown to modulate perceived intensity of retronasally perceived odors. The objectives...
The intergenerational transmission of school adjustment was explored in a sample of 213 children and their fathers. The fathers were participants in a longitudinal study that began when they were in the fourth grade, and their children have been assessed at the ages of 21 months and 3, 5, and...
Objective: The purpose was to examine whether a one-hour intervention would help increase fruit consumption in motivated individuals and to study the role of self-regulatory mechanisms in the behavior change process, with a particular focus on dietary planning and action control.
Methods: A randomized controlled trial compared a one-hour online...
This focus group study explored the social interaction experiences and strategies of 12 adults with Moebius syndrome, a rare congenital condition characterized by facial paralysis. Content analysis revealed five themes of social functioning: social engagement/disengagement, resilience/sensitivity, social support/stigma, being understood/misunderstood, and public awareness/lack of awareness of Moebius Syndrome. Participants used...
Little research has investigated males’ reactions to non-objectified media images of women, including those that depict women in instrumental activities like playing a sport. Using a survey methodology, this study examined U.S. adolescent boys’ open-ended responses to images of performance athletes, sexualized athletes, and sexualized models. Participants were 104 adolescent...
The present study examined the stability of young men’s intimate partner violence (IPV) over a 12-year period as a function of relationship continuity or discontinuity. Multiwave measures of IPV (physical and psychological aggression) were obtained from 184 men at risk for delinquency and their women partners. The effects of relationship...
Short durations in a range of standard durations are typically overreproduced and long
durations underreproduced (‘Vierordt’s Law’). This contextual distortion may result from each trial
assimilating the central tendency of the preceding series. We examine whether responses as well as
standard durations contribute to this distortion. Two experiments using nonequal-setting...
Theeuwes (2004) proposed that stimulus-driven capture occurs primarily for salient stimuli that fall within the observer's attentional window, such as when performing a parallel search. This proposal, supported by some studies, can explain many seemingly discrepant results in the literature. The present study tested this proposal using a modified pre-cuing...
Published January 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Research on sibling relationships has focused mostly on childhood and
adolescence. What we currently know about siblings in later life
is limited, but our knowledge is growing. Although the number of
living siblings an individual has declines with age, contact among
siblings increases with age.
Previous research on age-related differences in attentional capture has indicated that older adults are more susceptible to distraction than younger adults and this has been interpreted as a reduced capacity to inhibit distraction in late life. Recently, however, there have been discrepancies in the literature about in what circumstances older...
This is the first study to explore the ability of an enzyme to recognize and repair
spontaneous age-dependent damage to its own sequence. Protein (D-aspartyl/L-isoaspartyl)
carboxyl methyltransferase (PCM) is known to repair damage that arises
from a spontaneous isomerization of aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in other proteins
during aging. As...
We examined long-term patterns of stressful life events (SLE) and their impact on mortality contrasting two theoretical models: allostatic load (linear relationship) and hormesis (inverted U relationship) in 1443 NASmen (aged 41–87 in 1985; M = 60.30, SD = 7.3) with at least two reports of SLEs over 18 years...
Problem
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the status of
high school psychology in the state of Oregon by comparing Oregon
high school psychology with (1) general information from the literature,
(2) information obtained from a survey of 130 high school psychology
teachers in the United States, (3)...
The major purpose of this research was to characterize partially degraded proteins
appearing in the ocular lens during aging and cataract, and to identify the responsible
proteolytic activities. This research is significant, because increased protein
degradation is associated with lens opacification and cataract. Determining the sites
where lens proteins become...
Ageism in the context of global population aging could lead to increasing human and economic costs. Age stereotypes tend to be negative (Hummert, 1990) and ubiquitous (Nelson, 2002) there are a variety of well documented detrimental consequences of negative age stereotypes on older adults' physical, cognitive and psychological outcomes (Hummert,...
The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of age-related constraints on aboveground production of forest trees. Previous research suggesting that carbon uptake of old trees is hydraulically constrained by tree size was used as the
springboard for this research. Three specific working hypotheses were investigated: 1) compensation...
The imposition of sexually objectifying experiences on women socializes women to engage in self-objectification, or the act of placing greater value in physical appearance than internal well-being. These two studies explored the underlying mechanisms linking self-objectification to negative subjective well-being among a group of young adult women (ages 18-26) and...
A biochemical study of aging was conducted on mitochondria
from the embryo axes of germinating new and old soybean seeds.
Differential phosphorylative efficiency, an average P/O ratio of 3.03
of the new material compared to 1.44 of the old, was obtained when
all the co-factors and substrate were provided. No...
An estimated 5.7 million Americans are currently living with the dementia stage of Alzheimer’s disease, impeding health and wellbeing for individuals diagnosed, caregivers, families, and communities across the country (Alzheimer’s Association, 2018). Studying early indicators of age-related cognitive decline and pathological cognitive impairment (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) is crucial to inform...
Conservation is, among other things, the expression of a relationship between humans and nonhuman nature. This relationship can be described empirically using the methods of social science, but it can also be prescribed in the form of philosophical arguments. Scholars in the field of environmental ethics have discussed and debated...
Aging is known to be affected by many factors such as nutrition and exercise, and more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of aging. Aging in flies shows many similarities with humans; therefore we study mechanisms of aging in flies as a model organism. Studying aging in flies requires...
Adults often find an aging parent needs support at a time when their own lives and responsibilities are the most complicated. You may feel pulled in several directions—raising your children, being supportive to a spouse, helping parents, and/or working outside the home—all at the
same time. It’s not unusual to...
Published July 1984. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Students who believe that their intelligence is able to grow over time (malleable/ growth mindset) perform better on measures of academic success than students who believe that intelligence is a fixed trait that cannot be changed (fixed mindset; Dweck, 2000). Previous research on the effectiveness of mindset interventions have demonstrated...
This thesis offers a textual analysis of Emily Bronte's
novel Wuthering Heights and, to a lesser extent, her poems
in an effort to understand fully the complicated
relationship of gender to time that characterizes her
artistic imagination.
The study emphasizes the interplay of religious,
psychological and sexual forces inherent in...