This study aimed to explore the relationship between grassroots activism, in the form of a plastic bag ban, and social capital. I postulated that grassroots activism would lead to higher levels of social capital. The data was collected through a survey distributed on community bulletin boards, an announcement at a...
The spatial ecology of a species is a vital component of informed management and restoration plans, yet little is known about how animals use restored or constructed habitat. We assessed home ranges, core areas, and habitat selection of the federally threatened Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) using rice agricultural habitat and...
Small remnants of 'natural' habitats exist today throughout much of the world. Upland prairies in the Willamette Valley, Oregon have been nearly eliminated by conversion to agriculture and other uses. As a result, very few prairies remain and at least four butterfly species that require this habitat appear to be...
In the last 200 years there have been significant declines in the amount and structural complexity of oak-dominated forests and savannahs in the Pacific Northwest. Restoring oak systems often involves selectively thinning stands of oaks in order to reduce competition for sunlight. In choosing which trees to cut, land managers...
Dispersal is integral to our understanding of the life history and population biology of many vertebrates, but difficulties in detecting long distance movements have complicated its study. Moreover, studies of factors affecting dispersal are often unable to determine the relative contributions of variables such as nesting success, mate fidelity, and...
I used a comparative and experimental approach to examine nest habitat selection, reproductive success, and nest site fidelity of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) in a large, non-fragmented grassland in southwest California. In 1999, I compared habitat characteristics between nest sites (n = 31) and randomly selected, unoccupied burrows (n =...
Through a desk-top analysis, this research shows that South African women have gained and utilize specialized skills, behaviors, and adaptations through their daily activities which are useful when applied to water resource management. Further, South African women are shown to build and draw on social capital as a way to...
Over one third of the earth’s land surface has been modified to some extent for agricultural purposes. The large global footprint of agriculture, combined with the knowledge that existing reserve networks are likely insufficient for long-term conservation of native biodiversity, has necessitated that agricultural systems contribute to conservation of native...
The temporal and spatial variation in reproductive success exhibited by burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) facilitates the testing of mechanisms influencing this parameter. I predicted that food supplementation would increase reproductive success through one of two means: (1) directly, through increasing food availability and decreasing the effects of brood reduction,...
The issue of Navy women in combat has been widely discussed
since women first served during World War I. In this paper I intend to
present the political, philosophical, and historical reasoning behind the
changing of the regulations to allow women in combat.
History shows that the Navy has faced...
Olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) present an interesting case study of the conservation of wildlife species that aggregate in high densities and have served as resources for human consumption. Ridleys exhibit synchronized mass-nesting behavior,
during events called "arribadas," where thousands of females lay eggs together in a small area...
This thesis consists of three manuscripts describing ecophysiological research on the cyanolichen Lobaria oregana. The first manuscript includes a re-evaluation of the assumptions underlying past estimates of N fixation by this species and provides an estimate of annual N fixation at the Wind River Canopy Crane (WRCC). Based upon litterfall...
Wilderness character monitoring (WCM) is an interagency strategy created in 2008 in collaboration between the four federal land management agencies that manage designated wilderness (Forest Service, National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Land Management) and other contributors (Landres et al. 2008a). The reports created from this...
Towns in the U.S. west are increasing in population and becoming more desirable places to live. This increase in population and tourism has led to increased pressure on public lands. State trust land is a unique land type amongst the matrix of public lands in Montana. It has a mandate...
Rocks south of the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) in Swat,
Pakistan consist predominantly of Precambrian to Paleozoic
granitic gneisses and metasedimentary rocks that represent
the deformed and metamorphosed northern margin of the Indian
subcontinent. In the Karakar Pass area the rocks are divisible into three lithologic units: the Swat granite...
Full Text:
Paul S. Palmer-Rosenberg for the degree of Master of Science
in Geology presented on May 16, 1985
We assessed use and selection of cover by coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii
clarkii) in six headwater streams in three watersheds in western Oregon, USA during the summer low flow period from 1 August and September 30, 2007. We tagged 1037 coastal cutthroat trout (>100 mm) with passive integrated transponder...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the survival and movements of newly metamorphosed Northern Red-legged frogs (Rana aurora aurora) as they emigrated from two ephemeral breeding ponds. Quantifying survival and movement rates will be important to our understanding how changes to terrestrial and aquatic systems affect behavior and...
The acorn woodpecker is among the most common primary cavity nesting bird of the Oregon white oak woodlands. In most of
their range, acorn woodpeckers are dependent on granaries for acorn storage, yet little is known about their selection of granary
sites. We compared habitat characteristics within 12 m of...
Disproportionate exposure to exploitative working conditions, social marginalization, and a lack of equitable living conditions are among the many issues that migrant Latinx populations face daily in the United States. However, such issues cannot be addressed by relying solely on traditional academic research approaches without the participation and direction of...
Natal dispersal is an important driver of population and colonization dynamics, yet factors that
affect timing and distance of post-fledging movements are poorly understood. We studied post-fledging movements
of 34 (12 male and 22 female) juvenile Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) between June 2002 and April
2003, in a nonmigratory population...
Reproductive strategies of birds are shaped by patterns of food supply, yet empirical evidence of the consequences and mechanisms of food limitation on reproductive performance is inconsistent, probably due to variable responses from species of differing life-history strategies. We tested the hypothesis that food supplementation would increase reproductive rates of...
Like other species interactions in ecological systems, host-pathogen interactions are influenced by environmental factors, landscape characteristics and the broader community context. My thesis explores the potential influences of food-web interactions (Chapter 2), climate change (Chapter 3), landscape structure and host movement patterns (Chapter 4), and the combined influences of local...
A primary goal of population genetics is to identify the role of
microevolutionary forces in producing observed patterns of molecular and phenotypic
variation. I conducted four studies in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, to
determine just how mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection influenced,
genetic structure of mitochondrial DNA...
This dissertation aims to elicit how a neo-colonial context shapes maternal and infant heath (MIH) outcomes by describing how they are socially, politically, historically, and culturally produced. Using a multi-level critical biocultural, medical anthropological research approach, the purpose of this research was to investigate maternal stress in the United States...
Engineered capillary barriers typically consist of two layers of granular materials designed so that the contrast in material hydraulic properties and sloping interface retain infiltrating water in the upper layer. We conducted two benchtop capillary barrier experiments, followed by interpretation and numerical modeling. The hydraulic parameters for two coarse materials...
Objective: This study examines obstetrician/gynecologists and family medicine physicians' reported care patterns, attitudes and beliefs and predictors of adherence to postpartum testing in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Research Design and Methods: In November-December 2005, a mailed survey went to a random, cross-sectional sample of 683 Oregon...
In the Colorado Rocky Mountains, the association of high topography and low seismic
velocity in the underlying mantle suggests that recent changes in lithospheric buoyancy may have
been associated with surface uplift of the range. This paper examines the relationships among
late Cenozoic fluvial incision, channel steepness, and mantle velocity...
Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in the estuarine-marine environment are of human health significance and may be increasing in pathogenicity and abundance. Vibrio illness originating from dermal contact with Vibrio laden waters or through ingestion of seafood originating from such waters can cause deleterious health effects, particularly if the strains...
BACKGROUND: Patients receiving hospice or palliative care often receive antimicrobial therapy; however the effectiveness
of antimicrobial therapy for symptom management in these patients is unknown.
OBJECTIVE: The study’s objective was to systematically review and summarize existing data on the prevalence and
effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy to improve symptom burden among...
BACKGROUND: As it becomes increasingly possible to obtain DNA sequences of orthologous genes from diverse sets
of taxa, species trees are frequently being inferred from multilocus data. However, the behavior of many methods for
performing this inference has remained largely unexplored. Some methods have been proven to be consistent given...
Full Text:
, M., Syring, J., Eckert, A. J., Liston, A., Cronn, R., Neale, D. B., &
Rosenberg, N. A. (2014). An
Many divorcing persons turn to treatment programs hoping for assistance in
managing the process of divorce. Treatment programs include individual as well as
group process models. One of the goals of most group process programs is to
generate peer support which in turn is hoped to facilitate the process of...
BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the prevalence or risk factors for non-comprehension and non-compliance with discharge instructions among older adults.
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the prevalence and identify patient characteristics associated with non-comprehension and non-compliance with discharge instructions.
RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective cohort study
SUBJECTS: 450 adults aged ≥65 admitted to medical...
BACKGROUND: Identifying patients at high risk of hospital readmission may facilitate
interventions to improve care. Depressive symptoms are prevalent among hospitalized older
adults and may provide a target for these interventions if associated with readmission. The aim of
this study was to quantify the risk of 30-day unplanned hospital readmission...
This study examined the relationship between self-esteem and student involvement among American college sophomore women. Self-esteem is defined as "a positive or negative attitude toward the self" (Rosenberg, 1989, xxviii). Student involvement is defined as the amount of time a student spends actively involved in various activities in college (Astin,...
The purpose of this study was three fold: 1) to determine if false consensus
effects would be found for estimates of sexual behaviors, 2) to determine the directional
accuracy of consensus estimates for subscribers and nonsubscribers and 3) to determine if
the degree of accuracy of those estimates was influenced...
This investigation was a two stage study performed in two urban/
rural communities in Washington State. Stage I was an effort to replicate a study performed in an eastern Virginia school district whereby
results were obtained demonstrating that 9th graders and black students
identified teacher warmth behaviors as being important...
Background: Scientists rarely reuse expert knowledge of phylogeny, in spite of years of effort to assemble a great
“Tree of Life” (ToL). A notable exception involves the use of Phylomatic, which provides tools to generate custom
phylogenies from a large, pre-computed, expert phylogeny of plant taxa. This suggests great potential...
A Likert-type scale measuring attitudes toward the handicapped
was developed and used to investigate intercorrelations between
these attitudes and three other socio-political attitudes, namely
ethnocenterism, radical-conservatism, and authoritarianism. The
reliability was assessed by the split-half correlation coefficient
as corrected by the Spearman-Brown prophesy formula. The construct
validity was established by...
The problem of this study was to determine the relationship
between selected autobiographical data and the personality characteristics
of high school basketball players.
The Athletic Motivation Inventory (AMI) measured the personality
traits of 150 high school basketball players. The Individual Data
Questionnaire was used to identify background characteristics for
comparison...
Siblings influence each other lifelong and are challenged to
accomplish specific developmental tasks of the sibling relationship
(Goetting, 1986). Rivalry and closeness are the fundamental themes in
this relationship. In adolescence two siblings might give each other
emotional support, be confidants, feel close; they might also
struggle, fight, and feel...
We explain a new method of detecting non point source fecal contamination using a PCR based method called Touchdown Polymerase Chain Reaction (TD-PCR). Using genetic markers particular to general, ruminant and human Bacteroides- Prevotella genes, we identified presence in both fresh and salt water environments. Water samples from four sites...
Climate change and other anthropogenic impacts are threatening the existence of millions of species around the globe. On western continental boundaries, the large-scale secondary process of upwelling, which brings low pH, deoxygenated, high nutrient seawater to the surface, is compounded by climate change, that together could drive some species to...
How can healthcare providers, particularly pharmacists, help palliative care patients cope with the inevitability of death? This thesis reviewed how spirituality and religious beliefs can be utilized as key coping strategies for many patients and their loved ones regarding various stressors associated with facing mortality in palliative care. In the...
Identifying factors related to adolescent sexual activity is an important
issue for health care, education, and public policy. This research explores the
idea that sexual identity relates to adolescent sexual activity and the riskiness of
the behavior. Sexual identity is composed of many factors, including self-esteem,
sexual self-efficacy, body image,...
Climate change, wildfire, timber harvest, and land conversion alter the availability of downed wood in forests of the western United States. Numerous taxa rely on downed wood for temperature and humidity refugia, and downed wood may play a key role in enabling the persistence of climate-sensitive, low-vagility species like terrestrial...
Exercise increases B-vitamin (B6, B12, folate) dependent metabolic reactions, especially those related to energy production and the rebuilding and repairing of muscle tissue. These same B-vitamins are also important in maintaining low blood levels of homocysteine (Hcy), a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Hcy levels rise when the metabolism of...
Despite their inherent importance and utility as ecological examples, island species are among the most endangered and least studied groups. Guam Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina) exemplify the plight of insular biota as a critically endangered and understudied island bird that went extinct in the wild before they could be...
The aim of the study was to explore the possibility of relationships
existing between social aspiration and the use of clothing for
prestige among lower middle class working women.
A review of the literature dealing with aspirations among
various groups indicated that more aspiring individuals generally
used clothing for prestige...
The imposition of sexually objectifying experiences on women socializes women to engage in self-objectification, or the act of placing greater value in physical appearance than internal well-being. These two studies explored the underlying mechanisms linking self-objectification to negative subjective well-being among a group of young adult women (ages 18-26) and...
Bcl11b (B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11b), also known as Ctip2 (Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF)-interacting protein 2), is a C2H2 zinc finger transcriptional regulatory protein, which is an essential protein for post-natal life in the mouse and plays crucial roles in the development, and presumably function, of several organ systems,...
Biological di-nitrogen (N₂) fixation is a key process in open-ocean ecosystems, where the new nitrogen (N) provided by marine diazotrophs can support a large fraction of primary productivity and carbon (C) drawdown. Recent laboratory studies have shown that elevated pCO₂ enhances the rate of N₂ fixation by select laboratory isolates...
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Ricardo M. Letelier
Biological di-nitrogen (N2) fixation is a key process in open-ocean
A pilot study was conducted to evaluate whether premenstrual syndrome was a risk factor for breast cancer among premenopausal women. As subjects, 54 women between the ages of 26 and 46 years, each diagnosed with breast cancer, were compared to three separate control groups, consisting of 193 female patients seen...
The feminist beliefs of abortion service providers and the effects of these beliefs on the delivery of health care to patients is examined by the author who is herself a feminist and member of an abortion clinic staff. Discussion includes abortion rates, abortion safety, characteristics of patients, and accessibility of...
Problem: The current national focus on college student success highlights the need to increase the graduation rates of students of color. To date, qualitative research has shown benefits from Ethnic Studies courses such as higher levels of student achievement, engagement and involvement, validation, mattering, and a sense of belonging for...
This thesis explored the experiences of male students of color currently enrolled in a predominantly White academic institution, in a predominantly White region of the United States of America who were also initiated and involved in an IFC fraternity. The focus of the qualitative study examined the experiences of students...
A two-part study was conducted with three poorly water soluble
drugs (phenylbutazone, tolbutamide, theophylline) to develop two new
drug delivery systems based on physical-chemical approaches.
In the first part, tolbutamide and phenylbutazone were made into
solid dispersions with various excipients using a lyophilization
technique. In vitro dissolution studies of these...
This study involved the development and implementation of a model for
providing structured on-the-job training (SOJT) in a healthcare foodservice
operation. The model was developed to provide a structured method for
conducting SOJT Events, the process when an incumbent employee trainer
teaches another employee to perform his/her job. The model...
This study evaluates the effect of an Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prevention program on the incidence of gonorrhea among the enlisted men in the 105th Battalion of the Honduran Army. The education program was initiated as a result of the high incidence of AIDS in Honduras (more than half...
Early learning skills, such as executive function (EF), are a key component of healthy development and predict long-term academic success. Yet many children are entering kindergarten without the necessary skills (including EF) that are needed to set them on a successful learning trajectory. Early prekindergarten classrooms that encourage a high...
Studies on the positive effects of stress, called stress-related growth (SRG), are increasing, and there are a variety of contradictory theoretical models and findings in the literature. This dissertation compared several of these models in two studies, using two waves of data from the Davis Longitudinal Study, a study of...
This collection of three manuscripts serves to improve methods for collecting, interpreting, and utilizing autocorrelated data from headwater stream networks. Each stream network is comprised of linear segments. These segments lie within a unique branching structure that connects the segments via flowing water, and the connectivity provided by water varies...
Wildlife managers are on the front lines of the effort to conserve wildlife and
are required to do so cost-effectively. This dissertation consists of three manuscripts
that integrate economics and ecology to inform cost-effective wildlife management.
The first and second manuscripts focus on identifying cost-effective wildlife
management plans. The third...
We examined how the experiences of World War II and Korean War veterans,
including prewar, warzone, and postwar factors, affected PTSD symptoms in later life.
This dissertation consists of two studies. In Study 1, four different hypotheses from a
lifespan approach were examined (King et al., 1996): stress evaporation (only...
The purpose of the study was to compare differences among 18 personality
trait scales of the California Personality Inventory (CPI), six American Association of
Health, Physical Education and Recreation (AAHPER) tests of physical fitness, and
Ponderal Index (PI, or body mass) measurements for a population of ethnic Chinese
and aboriginal...
Increased temperature and precipitation variability and frequent extreme weather events due to climate change pose a threat to farming operations and agricultural communities. The recent IPCC assessment shows that the projected climate change will, on average, reduce wheat yields by 5% in temperate regions without adaptation and even more if...
Complementary delta-doped AlGaAs/GaAs Heterojunction Field Effect Transistor
(CHFET) devices and circuits were fabricated using MBE and a 2μ non-planar gate
recess process. Several schemes were used in an attempt to improve the performance of
the p-channel HFETs. These included delta-doping, carbon-doping and dipole-doping.
Circuits and individual n- and p- channel...
Recently researchers have discovered that groups of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play regulatory roles in gene expression and participate in various biological processes. For example, pathogenesis of many diseases, cell cycle regulation, and signaling pathways. Intracellular and live cell imaging of small ncRNA groups will reveal their relative expression levels...
A chair, once placed, will stay put until moved. Or will it? With the rise of technology being embeddable into everyday objects, what if that chair could move itself? Such robotic furniture has been featured in advertisements, art, and Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) research. Existing methods for operating robotic furniture have...
The adoption of modem agricultural technologies in Bangladesh increases
overall agricultural productivity and income primarily through the increase in cereal
crop production. It, however, impedes the productivity of several other minor crops
and fishes, widens the distribution of income between the rich and the poor, exploits
resources and obstructs the...
Sphaerulina musiva is a fungal pathogen that causes Septoria leaf spot and stem canker on susceptible Populus species and hybrids. In this thesis, host and pathogen contributions to Septoria stem canker disease were explored through: 1) a greenhouse study associating Septoria stem canker phenotypes with molecular markers from a genetic...
The intracellular mutualism between cnidarians and photosynthetic dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium) is responsible for the physical and trophic structure of diverse coral reef ecosystems. This relationship, based on nutrient exchange, allows for high productivity in tropical waters, which are generally nutrient-poor environments. Numerous environmental stressors currently threaten the health of corals,...
Understanding how wetland birds use habitat is pivotal to developing successful and
beneficial conservation strategies. Although it has been an ardent topic in forest
research for some time, how species interact with the spatial patterning of habitat
across a landscape (i.e., landscape structure) has been more or less neglected in...
Traditional season-long livestock grazing strategy on western riparian areas
has been identified as one of the factors affecting rangeland productivity as well
as wildlife habitat in riparian zones. As alternatives to summer season-long
grazing, summer short-duration grazing (without haying), and fall short-duration
grazing (following haying), were considered in this study...
This study measured knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes
and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(HIV/AIDS) in a sample of future teachers from the College of Education at
Oregon State University. The objectives of the study were 1) to determine if
students possess accurate knowledge about the two diseases; 2)...
One of the largely undetected and untreated health conditions affecting the Latino population in the United States is depression. Although the onset of depression can be influenced by a variety of factors that differ among individuals, Latinos in the United States are subject to certain cultural-specific social and environmental stresses...
Glutathione (GSH) is the predominant low molecular weight thiol antioxidant
in liver tissue. GSH plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular thiol redox
ratio as well as detoxification of electrophiles and xenobiotics. Aging leads to a significant decline (35%; P ≤ 0.05) in hepatocellular GSH levels. Using young (2-4...
There are more than 6,900 known living languages in the world, half of which could be extinct within one hundred years. Approximately 150 indigenous American languages are still spoken in the United States; however, it is estimated that by the year 2050 only twenty of them will remain.
Language preservation...
Coral reefs, found in tropical regions, are renowned for their rich biodiversity and their contributions to ecological, cultural, and economic aspects worldwide. The success of coral reefs hinges on the symbiotic partnership between corals and their dinoflagellate algae, from the family Symbiodiniaceae. The algae reside within the coral host’s gastrodermal...
Nutrition and health-related risk factors could be identified through the
implementation of the nutrition preventive strategies, such as nutrition screening,
for the Chinese elderly population who are at high risk of malnutrition. Efficacious
culturally sensitive nutrition assessment tools and nutrition screening tools hold the
most essential value to assess the...
Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have historically been considered by the Western scientific community as a "trash" fish and generally overlooked in West Coast fisheries management. Recent population declines in Pacific Northwest streams have triggered new research to understand the life history and ecological significance of this species. These new studies...
The Pacific coast groundfish fishery is a diverse, important and lucrative commercial and recreational fishery. Part of this fishery’s monitoring process includes regular fishery-independent surveys for stock assessment. Although these fishery-independent surveys are cost-effective, they are susceptible to scientific uncertainty, and they do not currently sample in nearshore (water depth...
Citizen-science projects engage volunteers to gather or process data to address scientific questions. But
citizen-science projects vary in their ability to contribute usefully for science, conservation, or public policy.
eBird has evolved from a basic citizen-science project into a collective enterprise, taking a novel
approach to citizen science by developing...
The importance of physical activity is well documented (Haskell et al., 2009a; McReynolds & Rossen, 2004; Steinbeck, 2001). Despite physical activity’s benefits, many individuals are not meeting current weekly physical activity guidelines recommending ≥ 150 minutes of moderate or ≥ 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic physical activity and 2 or...
This retrospective study investigated the incidence, characteristics, and
risk factors of bone fracture among a group of 518 adults with severe mental
retardation between 25 and 75 years old. Data were collected from a large state
developmental center in the Western United States between April 1, 1991 and
March 31,...
The present research sought to investigate the relationship between an individual's word choice and their social well-being. In the present investigation, social well-being is a person's social health in relation to their social environment, social network, and ability to interact with others in a social context. This thesis was based...
The ocean plays a critical role in supporting human well-being, from providing food, livelihoods and recreational opportunities to regulating the global climate. Sustainable management aimed at maintaining the flow of a broad range of benefits from the ocean requires a comprehensive and quantitative method to measure and monitor the health...
Managers of U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) in central Arkansas want to provide sufficient habitat resources to meet its population objectives for wintering waterfowl. Nutrient reserves acquired during the wintering period appear to support spring migration and subsequent reproductive success for some species,...
Management of fishing effort and fishing capacity is receiving increased attention world-wide. In the Northeast region of the U. S., the principal focus has been on managing “active” fishing vessels, although concerns have increased over the magnitude of “latent” effort and its implications for resource recovery and sustainability. This paper...
In host-associated microbiomes, the mechanisms that regulate community composition or the principles that govern dynamics remain far from clear. However, understanding how the structure of microbial communities shift as the system moves away from a healthy state is critical to assessing disease progression and to formulate any potential mitigation strategy....
Nearshore hypoxia within the Northern California Current (NCC) system is a seasonal phenomenon caused by coastal upwelling and occurs mainly during late-summer and early fall. The effects of low oxygen levels on fish and invertebrate communities, particularly during early-life history stages, however, are poorly known for this area. I investigated...
Following European-American colonization of North America and associated landscape changes, barred owls (Strix varia) underwent a dramatic expansion of their historical range. The barred owl expanded across the previously tree-less Great Plains that had limited their distribution, and into the forests along the west coast. In these western forests they...
The Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study is a large-scale, multi-year, interdisciplinary project examining the effects of various levels and patterns of green-tree retention on multiple forest features. Six retention levels and patterns were examined and replicated across six blocks of predominately Douglas-fir forested land in western Oregon and...