Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUASs) equipped with optical sensors are capableof remotely sensing landscapes and wildlife at spatial and temporal resolutions that werepreviously inaccessible due to technical and budgetary limitations. Conventional remotesensing and photogrammetric workflows can be applied to the resulting high resolution imageryto facilitate new types of scientific inquiry....
The United States (U.S.) has seen dramatic growth in installed wind energy generation capacity in recent years, and that growth is expected to remain strong in the near term. The siting of wind energy facilities poses unique challenges that may be exacerbated by increased buildout. As the number of wind...
The relationship between fire and wildlife habitat is complex. Fires can create favorable conditions for some species and simultaneously extirpate entire populations of other species. Red-tailed hawks choose nesting habitats according to resources available. Natural disturbances such as wildfires change the availability of those resources. In late 2018, the Woolsey...
The project location is a pre-historical gathering site for basketry materials utilized by the Wintun people within the boundaries of the Red Bluff Recreation Area. Due to environmental changes and neglect, the site has fallen into disuse and degradation. The aim of this project is ethnoecological restoration, which varies from...
An Invasive Plant Management Plan developed for Big Sur Land Trust, a non-profit conservation organization located on California's Central Coast, to guide its vegetation management activities and serve as a decision-support tool. The effort included the creation of a digital field data collection tool through Survey123 Connect, survey and data...
Wastewater treatment plants around the world are becoming increasingly at risk of sea level rise impacts as these facilities are typically located in low-lying areas to utilize gravity flow for influent (incoming sewage) and effluent (discharged treated sewage). As these risks become realized, treatment plant managers and decision-makers must know...
Anaerobic digestion of lipid-extracted algal biomass has been proposed as a method to
recover and recycle nutrients in algal biofuel systems. The purpose of this study was to quantify recoverable nitrogen and phosphorus from anaerobically digested C. vulgaris. Recoverable nutrients were deemed those present in the liquid phase of anaerobic...
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Microsoft Word - Thesis of Michael Gordon Final Draft No
Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has become a popular remote sensing technology to create digital terrain models and provide forest inventory information. However, little research has been done to investigate the accuracy of using airborne LiDAR to perform measurement tasks common to Forest Engineering. This thesis contains two manuscripts...
Ground-based assessments of foliar diseases including leaf blight are time-consuming and costly. We investigated the potential for using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) in conjunction with a multispectral sensor to determine whether we could more efficiently and reliably detect and quantify leaf blight in Pacific madrones. Our methods included ground-based...
The global positioning system (GPS) has come into widespread use for many forestry applications. However, there is still some uncertainty as to how receivers perform in dense forest, where trees interfere with the GPS signal and increase error. These two manuscripts examine GPS accuracy and overall effectiveness within second growth...
Forests should be monitored and measured frequently to ensure its sustainability and continuity of carbon sequestration. However, conventional monitoring methods are costly and labor intensive. New technologies, such as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) can be used as an alternative method to monitor and measure forests. The objective of this study...
In recent years, unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) have become increasingly affordable and straightforward to incorporate in monitoring applications of forested ecosystems. This shift has facilitated interest in using these tools to monitor aspects of forest ecosystems including vegetation health, forest structure and composition, and potential habitat provided by these systems....
Recently concerns over anthropogenic carbon pollution have received increased global attention and research in forest biomass and carbon sequestration has gained momentum. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing has in the last decade demonstrated forest measurement and biomass estimation potential. The project objective was to compare LiDAR forest biomass...
With a growing population and increasing demand for recreation resources,
managers of public lands face unique challenges in allocating and overseeing resource
use. One of the most reliable methods for gathering information from resource users
involves surveying. Summaries and applications of survey results typically have not
fully addressed the spatial...
A special case of a parallel multiprocessor scheduling (MP) problem
is investigated. A set of jobs with a known process time and a.resource
requirement is scheduled on machines controlled by processors,and
the total changeover cost between jobs is to be minimized. Each processor
may control up to two machines and...
This study measures the recreational boating use in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Improved access conditions to the Sound over the last decade coupled with a statewide increase in outdoor recreation participation among both resident and out of state tourists have made the Sound a focal point for recreational boating in...
Previous research in South Fork Hinkle Creek suggested that coastal cutthroat trout exhibit an aggregated spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales. To evaluate the persistence of the observed abundance patterns and identify factors that affect those patterns, half-duplex passive integrated transponders (PIT-tags) were implanted in 320 coastal cutthroat trout (>...
Airborne discrete-return lidar is an active remote sensing technology capable of obtaining accurate, fine-resolution three-dimensional measurements over large areas. Discrete-return lidar data produce three-dimensional object characterizations in the form of point clouds defined by precise x, y and z coordinates. The data also provide intensity values for each point that...
The City of Pittsburgh, formerly the capital of the American steel industry, suffered economic and social collapse in the late 1980s and 1990s. Since then, it has experienced an economic renaissance supported by the tech and medical care industries. However, despite the surprising recovery of the city, collapsed tax bases...
In this work we introduce some basic concepts within homotopy type theory (HoTT), a proposed alternative mathematical foundation to classical set theory. In particular, our discussion revolves around the Axiom of Choice (AC). In Part I, we introduce the classical AC and some of its most important equivalents. In Part...
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing has demonstrated potential in measuring forest biomass. We assessed the ability of LiDAR to accurately estimate forest total above ground biomass (TAGB) on an individual stem basis in a conifer forest in the US Pacific Northwest region using three different computer software programs...
Logging residue (slash) consists primarily of the branches and treetops of harvested merchantable timber; excluding snags, downed logs, and stumps. Residues may be scattered about the harvest unit, concentrated in slash-piles (SP), or both depending on the harvest method and equipment used. Accurate estimates of residue biomass are useful to...
State-owned forestland in P.R. China has long been an important source of natural resources for communities. The Chinese government has undertaken several conservation initiatives with the intent to restore degraded landscapes and conserve biodiversity, while simultaneously improving the quality of life for rural people. Using Yaze Village, Pingwu County, Sichuan...
The Steller Sea Lion Research Initiative was passed in 2001 to provide funding to help scientists determine causes and solutions for the population crash of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). In response to need to understand population dynamics of Steller sea lions, NOAA Fisheries has spearheaded a large-scale, range-wide research...
Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is an efficient, effective, and precise measurement tool rapidly growing in popularity in a wide variety of fields. Use of TLS data often requires aligning multiple scans for a more complete model of a scene or object, a procedure known as scan registration. Each scan setup...
This study evaluates the productivity and accuracy of surveys completed with single-base real-time kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) using four different GNSS constellation combinations: (1) GPS-only, (2) GPS+GLONASS, (3) GPS+Galileo+BeiDou, and (4) GPS+GLONASS+Galileo+BeiDou. For this comparison, we set up a test site consisting of 20 stations ranging with...
Historians and sociologists of science often identify the efflorescence of social stud ies of science with the work of postwar American intellectuals such as Robert K. Merton and Thomas S. Kuhn. They often also refer to the views of Michael Polanyi (1891-1976) on the roles of tacit knowledge, apprenticeship, social...
Engineers have long been inspired by nature's flyers. Such animals navigate complex environments gracefully and efficiently by using a variety of evolutionary adaptations for high-performance flight. Biologists have discovered a variety of sensory adaptations that provide flow state feedback and allow flying animals to feel their way through flight. A...
Geospatial data analysis is a multifaceted discipline encompassing the collection, processing, and visualization of diverse datasets. It models and delineates the interactions of people, objects, and phenomena within geographical spaces and predicts patterns based on the relationships between different locations. Despite significant advancements in geospatial data engineering and analytics over...
We examined the spatial distribution of crime incidents on USDA Forest Service lands using a geographic
information system and several spatial analysis techniques. Our primary objective was to examine
whether patterns existed in the spatial distribution of crime and to explore the relationship of patterns
to other geographic features using...
With the growing trend in use of 3D laser scanning technology for data collection, it is important to study the various potential applications of this revolutionary technology. One such application is the measurement of road roughness at both large and small scales. At larger extents, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is...
For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting...
Marine debris is a chronic and increasingly pervasive problem for coastal regions around the world. Debris poses environmental risks, threats to wildlife, and degradation of the natural environment. Recent research has shown the advantages of uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) for detection and recognition of marine debris, including the ability to...
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), also known as drones, are an increasingly popular method of collecting surveying and mapping data. Two common drone-based mapping techniques are lidar and structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry, and a frequently-heard (yet nearly impossible to answer) question is: “which is better?” The most common metric for...
One of the most common practices regarding estimation of forest attributes is
the partitioning of large forested subpopulations into smaller areas of interest to
coincide with specific objectives of present and future forest management. New
estimators are needed to improve estimation of selected forest attributes in small areas
where the...
Flexible aerodynamic surfaces have been shown to favorably influence flight characteristics at low Reynolds numbers by increasing lift, angle of attack at stall, and resistance to perturbation. The objective of the research presented within this thesis is to investigate the influence of two aspects of flight observed in biological flyers,...
The transportation of wood and biomass resources from landing and other collection locations to processing and distribution sites is a substantial cost within the wood supply chain. These high costs provide a basis for research aimed at improving biomass transportation planning decisions and potentially reducing biomass transportation costs. Chip vans...
Remote sensing forest inventory gained increased attention in the last decade triggered by the decrease in the price of sensors and the explosion of data availability and formats. Evermore, the constant advances in the hardware processing the data emphasized the necessity to develop algorithms to extract forest relevant information from...
Controlling competing vegetation with the application of herbicides and increased seedling size at planting has been shown to increase seedling survival and growth. These two important reforestation tools have often been studied independently of each other, limiting comparisons that can be made between them. This study utilized a factorial treatment...
Violent right-wing groups have emerged in the German youth scene since reunification in 1990. By the early 1990's, many groups of people have had to face racist violence and harassment as a threatening part of everyday life.
With the social, political, economic, demographical and ideological changes which have taken place...
The production of high value non-conventional products, such as long utility poles; or the production of low value bulky products, such as chips or grindings; provide opportunities for forest owners to increase value from their forests. The transport of these products requires the use of specialized trucks and trailers. However,...
The forest alpine tundra ecotone (FTE, also known as alpine treeline or subalpine parkland), is a conspicuous feature of mountain landscapes throughout the world. Climate change-driven increases in temperature are believed to result in FTE movement and tree invasion of subalpine meadows, which have been documented throughout the Northern Hemisphere...
Natural resources are essential to humanity. With the increase in global development in recent decades, people must monitor the state of the environment, whose disturbance has a more significant impact on society than before. However, conventional environmental monitoring is challenged in highly dynamic ecosystems and large areas. As a solution,...
The ability to estimate and monitor standing dead trees (snags) has been difficult due to their irregular and sparse distribution, often requiring intensive sampling methods to obtain statistically significant estimates. This study presents a new method for estimating and monitoring snags using neighborhood attribute filtered airborne discrete-return lidar data. The...
This research investigates shape optimization process, using b-spline models and panel methods, to achieve a high lift to drag ratio for an aerodynamic structure. This research is a proof of concept for further research in aerodynamic shape optimization. The coupled process, involving the design and optimization of a random shape,...
Heatmap regression has became one of the mainstream approaches to localize facial landmarks. As Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) are becoming popular in solving computer vision tasks, extensive research has been done on these architectures. However, the loss function for heatmap regression is rarely studied. In...
The goal of this project is to research an innovative rear wing design for Formula SAE and determine if the concept could be beneficial for automotive racing purposes. The research consists of three steps. First, sensitivity analyses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation were performed on multiple configurations. Next an...
Laboratory screening bioassays and field trapping experiments of spotted wing drosophila flies, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), were conducted to determine the attractiveness of 17 compounds as well as to compare attractant efficiency during peak fruit ripeness and postharvest captures late in the season. Compounds structurally related to each of...
Small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) carrying consumer-grade nonmetric cameras are increasingly utilized to generate high-resolution 3D geospatial data. Low cost, ease of operation, widespread availability and low altitude maneuvering capabilities of UAS, as well as the rapid development of technology and methods, make UAS-based photogrammetry applicable to many civil engineering...
At the start of the 21st century much of the focus of aircraft design has been turned to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which generally operate at much lower speeds in higher risk areas than manned aircraft. One subset of UAVs are Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) which usually are no larger...
Forest understory communities are important components in forest ecosystems providing wildlife habitat and influencing nutrient cycling, fuel loadings, fire behavior and tree species composition over time. One of the most widely utilized understory component metrics is understory vegetation cover, often used as a measure of vegetation abundance. To date, understory...
We compared three existing ecoregional classification schemes (Bailey, Omernik, and World Wildlife Fund) with two derived schemes (Omernik Revised and Climate Zones) to explore their effectiveness in explaining species distributions and to better understand natural resource geography in the Klamath Region, USA. We analyzed presence/absence data derived from digital distribution...
Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUASs) are fostering novel approaches to marine mammal research, including baleen whale photogrammetry, by providing new observational perspectives. We collected vertical images of 89 gray and 6 blue whales using low cost sUASs to examine the accuracy of image based morphometry. Moreover, measurements from 192 images...
Workers in colonies of European honey bees Apis mellifera L. clean their
nestmate's body by allogrooming behavior. This behavior may be initiated by
either grooming dancers or by the allogroomers themselves. The first occurs
less frequently (ca. 17 %) than the later (83 %). By using the inner edge of...
Evaluation of meta-sedimentary bedrock as a source of stored water available
to plants in a mediterranean climate is presented based on: root length distribution
(RLD), root morphology, rock water holding capacity and seasonal pattern of water
depletion. Studies were performed in southwestern Oregon under young stands of
whiteleaf manzanita, ponderosa...
Both transportation costs and market values of woody biomass are strongly linked to the amount of moisture in the woody biomass. Therefore, managing moisture in the woody biomass well can lead to significant advantages in the woody biomass energy business. In this study, two prediction models were developed to estimate...
The Diels-Alder reaction represents a promising tool for use in
asymmetric synthesis. The reaction involves a rigid transition state
that facilitates the formation of one diastereomeric transition state
and is reversible. This satisfies two necessary criteria for
asymmetric synthesis.
The Diels-Alder reactions of 1,l-dialkylspiro[2.4]-4,6- heptadienes
with maleic anhydride and p-benzoquinone...
Spotted wing Drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a pest of small and stone fruits that is widely distributed across much of the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia. Unlike other members of the Drosophilidae that only lay eggs in overripe or rotting fruit, SWD infest ripening and ripe...
Whether media plays a contributory or a conduit role in the policy process has been a salient focus among policy scholars. If media plays a contributory role in the policy process, it not only shares similar policy core beliefs with advocacy coalitions, but also drafts and disseminates stories including policy...
The aim of this research is to understand and quantify the modeling differences between CSiBridge and OpenSees, and to determine sensitive model parameters. When designing bridges for the high seismic region of California, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) performs nonlinear time history analysis of their bridge models. For three-dimensional...
Eelgrass (Zostera marina) provides critical ecosystem functions and services and is a vital biogenic habitat on Washington’s marine aquatic reserves but its placement at the land-sea interface leaves it vulnerable to multiple environmental and anthropogenic stressors. In this study, published scientific literature is examined to identify thresholds of environmental stressors...
Coastal-based high-frequency (HF) radar systems are an increasingly used tool for measuring surface currents in the coastal ocean. These systems provide a spatial and temporal resolution not achievable with other methods. Standard-range sites typically generate hourly maps of surface currents on a 2km grid extending approximately 50km from shore while...
Programming parallel machines has been a difficult and unrewarding task. The short lifespan of parallel machines and their incompatibility have made it difficult to utilize them. Our goal here is to create an environment for parallel computing which allows users to take advantage of parallel computers without writing parallel programs....
The biology of the two external Acarapis mites of honey bees,
Acarapis dorsalis Morgenthaler and Acarapis externus Morgenthaler
was studied. It was observed that both Acarapis species have similar
developmental period (8-9 days) with males emerging earlier than
females.
Mite load and infestation rate of A. dorsalis decreased as bees...
The 100 North Pacific rockfish species in the genus Sebastes are highly diverse. Rockfishes fertilize their eggs internally and release swimming larvae. Complex courting behaviors may allow female rockfish to be selective about their mates and may promote and maintain speciation. In this study, I applied genetic techniques to survey...
Aspects concerning the bionomics of the parasitic honey bee brood mite, Varroa
jacobsoni Oudemans were investigated. Mite mortality is great during the winter season
when the host colony is not rearing brood, appearing to be independent of the mortality of
its host. In winter period, no significant association between the...
Many meteorologists rely heavily on their experience of past weather events to supplement their forecasting tools, such as using past experience to help decide between conflicting numerical weather prediction models. Experiential knowledge is an important piece of forecasting, however it is highly subjective and variable from one forecaster to another....
Numbers of wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis) have increased dramatically during the past 30 years in the lower Columbia and Willamette Valley systems. The damage they cause by grazing and trampling plants can be substantial.
The objectives of this research were to:
1) Develop methods that provide reliable estimates of...
Cellooligosaccharides are the reaction intermediates produced during the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. Hence, they have the same chemical structure as cellulose, just shorter chain lengths. Cellooligosaccharides up to DP eight are soluble in water. The soluble cellooligosaccharides can be used "as is" in the food industry as non-digestible oligosaccharides...
Dashiell Hammett's fiction and detective pulps generally, offered the reader a chance to participate in vicarious power, by giving them a sense of the profession of detection, both in and out of the stories. It was the realism of the detective figure that allowed the audience to relate to him....
The World Trade Center disaster brought into focus, tragically, the need for well-designed evacuation systems in modem buildings. Today, designing an efficient evacuation system has become an integral part of designing large buildings. Simulation software enables an evacuation system to be evaluated. Modern day buildings, whether airports, auditoriums, public office...
There is a growing movement within the counseling profession calling on counselors to integrate a social justice perspective into counseling theories, paradigms, and practices. However, there are no empirical studies illustrating how counselor preparation programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) are preparing...
This study analyzes the impact of the Poultry Extension and
Training Subproject (PETS) on the village household in North Yemen.
The subproject was funded by the U.S. Agency for International
Development and implemented by Oregon State University
The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of
the...
Falls, particularly those due to slips, constitute a major health risk for older
adults. Past research has found that individuals can learn not to fall through repeated
exposure to a slipping perturbation. Slips can be unpredictable, however. The goal
of this study was to determine whether similar adaptations would occur...
Public policy narratives and stories are often referenced by the media, politicians, advocacy groups, and across many disciplines in academia. Studies of social and political narratives support the notion narrative matters, but often lack systematic design capable of producing generalizable findings. The Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) has responded to this...
Photoacclimation is the process by which plants and phytoplankton adjust the concentration and composition of their photosynthetic machinery (i.e. their photoacclimation state) in response to changes in their light or nutrient environment. The purpose of photoacclimation is to balance the rate at which light energy is absorbed with the energetic...
To facilitate the evaluation and design of structures subjected to fluid loading, a study of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) using the particle finite element method (PFEM) is presented to approximate the responses and sensitivities of structures which interact with fluid. A wide range of structural types are permissible by making no...
Denali National Park and Preserve (Denali) contains one of the highest densities of nesting Golden Eagles (Aquila cluysaetos) in North America. Productivity of this migratory population varies both temporally and spatially. Regardless of prey abundance, more fledglings are consistently produced at some nesting territories than others. In many raptor studies,...
A greater than 10-fold increase in Canada goose (Branta canadensis) populations over the past several years has resulted in concerns over grazing impacts on grass seed production in the mid-Willamette Valley, Oregon. This study was designed to develop methods to quantify and statistically analyze goose-grazing impacts on seed yields of...
This dissertation treats information theory and its applications
to the general area of decision making. Specifically, three areas are
covered; (1) information theory applied to Bayesian analysis,
(2) estimation using multi-factor information channel models, and
(3) information theory applied to Markov chain analysis.
A major portion of this dissertation concerns...
Intrinsic characteristics of Pacific sardines were determined. The lipid content
in sardines was initially low (6.79%) in the beginning ofthe season, increased to
22.95% in mid-August, and decreased slightly by the end of September. An inverse
correlation (R² = -0.90) was found between lipid and moisture content. Analysis
showed that...
The occurrence of band-tailed pigeons (Columba fasciata) three mineral sites in Western Oregon was studied during the summers of 1974-1976. Objectives of the study were o: determine seasonal patterns of utilization of mineral sites by pigeons of different sex and age classes; determine productivity of pigeon populations associated with Mineral...
Anthropogenic climate change is threatening biodiversity as I currently understand it. There is now a large body of work highlighting species responses, globally, to this threat. Importantly, responses at the species level emerge from responses at lower levels of biological organization (individuals and populations) across a species’ geographic range. For...
The portability and reduced price of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in recent years has led to a broad range of new UAS-enabled scientific inquiries, including for forestry. Small, consumer-grade UAS are advantageous for forest measurements due to their portability, ease and safety of deployment, and notably, they are currently the...
Intensive management of young-growth Douglas-fir plantations has emphasized volume growth over wood quality. A better understanding of the variables that affect wood quality is needed so that wood quality and stand yield can be systematically combined into a silviculture program. This experiment utilized two separate experiments to establish the relationship...
Few studies have evaluated non-migratory Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti)
interactions and habitat use on lands undergoing extensive timber removal. We captured and
radio-tracked for 14 months representatives from 29 different bands of elk across a 37,000 ha area
of Oregon's Coast Range. We identified 6 habitat variables within individual...
An examination of a commercial honey-bee apiary for the Acarcapis species complex revealed the following: queens were essentially free from Acarapis parasitism: colonies were more frequently
infested with A. dorsaiis and A. woodi than A. externus: individual worker-bee hosts were
rarely parasitized by more than one Acarapis species. Observed sex...
Force data for a flapping foil energy harvester with active leading edge motion operating in the low reduced frequency range is collected to determine how leading edge motion affects energy harvesting performance. The foil pivots about the midchord and operates in the low reduced frequency range of 0.06, 0.08, and...
Airfoil flow simulation tests were carried out in a 20-inch
diameter double layer circular electrolytic tank. Results of the
tests indicate that the tank very closely approximates ideal conditions.
The double layer circular electrolytic tank is shown to
generate a very large rectangular tank. Formulas were derived to
show that...
The purpose of this study is to examine the rhetorical efforts of President George W. Bush in defending his administration's warrantless wiretapping program. Specifically, the study attempts to determine the president's underlying motives when he defended the National Security Agency in a December 2005 radio address by applying Kenneth Burke's...
The western Nearctic species of the genus Phytocoris Fallen were
taxonomically revised. Over 15,000 specimens were examined.
Information concerning host plant associations and distributions was
compiled and summarized for use by future researchers. External
morphological features and characters of the male genitalia were used
to distinguish species. The genital tubercles...
The microbial contamination rate was compared for parenteral nutrition solutions prepared by patients for home use and by pharmacy personnel for inpatient use. The methodology was divided into three phases. Phase I validated the Ivex[superscript R]-2 0.22 micron inline filter as a tool for microbiological testing in 5% dextrose injections....
Health effects stemming from animal feeding operations pollution in the contiguous United States are analyzed using a 20-year, county-level data set. Several quasi-experimental, potential outcome models are used to estimate the impact of high concentrations of animal units on mortality rates and other health and economic outcomes over a 20-year...
Little is known about the fall and winter ecology of hibernating bats in western North America. Filling knowledge gaps for these populations has become more urgent with the westward spread of the white-nose syndrome, a disease that infects bats during hibernation. Due to the thermal requirements of the fungal pathogen...