Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation
 

Factors influencing methyl ketone formation in milk fat

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  • Recent studies have shown that when milk fat is heated, a homologous series containing the n-alkyl members of methyl ketones with odd numbers of carbon in their chains are produced (48; 44; 38; and 3). The same series of compounds also is found in evaporated and dried whole milk and in these products the concentration increases during storage (70 and 46). It is believed by some investigators that the methyl ketones play an important role in flavor deterioration of milk fat and in the aforementioned concentrated products. At the present time, however, there is disagreement on the factors influencing methyl ketone production; some workers relate their formation to autoxidation (25), while there are others who report that heat and water are essential in the reaction (48; 38 and 3). Finally, a recent report indicates that anhydrous milk fat will give rise to methyl ketones when heated in the absence of oxygen (44). The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of various factors on the qualitative and quantitative composition of methyl ketones in heat treated milk fat. It is anticipated that the resulting information will contribute to a more thorough understanding of the reactions leading to ketone production in the fat; hence, to development of suitable processing measures for prevention of this type of deterioration in dairy products. Milk fat was prepared from raw cream two days after milking. It was washed free from phospholipids, centrifuged at 30,000 x G for 20 minutes and degassed at two to five microns pressure for one hour. The fat was then heat treated in sealed vials at various temperatures and time periods under controlled conditions. The samples were quantitatively analyzed for methyl ketones by direct conversion of the ketones to 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) derivatives in the intact fat sample. The derivatives were isolated from the fat, separated and identified by a combination of column and paper chromatographic methods and by their absorption spectra. Methyl ketone formation in heated milk fat was shown to be non-oxidative. A plateau in ketone production was approached in the 120°C to 140°C range when the time of heat treatment was 30 minutes. Added water enhanced total methyl ketone production at 140°C but not at 200°C. Air did not hinder ketone production. Maximum ketone production (1.733 mM/kg fat) was noted after three hours of heat treatment at two to five microns pressure, and 140°C. Milk fat centrifuged at 30,000 x G for 20 minutes and degassed at two to five microns pressure for one hour was found to contain 0.27% water. This quantity of water is sufficient for hydrolysis of β-ketoesters assuming them as the precursors of the methyl ketones. Conventional methods of preparing "anhydrous" milk fat were not adequate for removal of trace amounts of water. When milk fat was dried over calcium hydride (35) prior to heat treatment, total ketone formation was significantly reduced indicating that water is a limiting factor in ketone formation. A homologus series of n-alkyl methyl ketones (C₃, C₅, C₇, C₉, C₁₁, C₁₃, C₁₅) was isolated from heat treated samples. The ketones produced in large amounts were the C₃, C₇, and C₁₅. When the heat treatment was for three hours or longer the C₄ ketone was detected and composed approximately 11% of the total. The possible origin of the C₄, ketone is discussed. The reaction of intact fat with DNP-hydrazine and the subsequent isolation and identification of methyl ketones were quantitatively evaluated.
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file details LANGLERJAMES1964.pdf 2017-08-19 Pubblico Scaricare