An exploratory study of 48-hour Pacific oyster embryo
bioassays employing spent sulfite liquor (SSL) in test
concentrations ranging from 10 to 45 ppm was made at two
incubation temperatures, 20° and 24° C. Fourteen separate
bioassays, each employing embryos originating from three to
four different parentages, were conducted at the...
Home range, dispersal, homing and density of Townsend's mole, Scapanus townsendii (Bachman), were studied during 1964 near Tillamook, Oregon. Additional information on the success of marking
and capture techniques and the response of moles to flooding was gathered. This study was initiated to supply information which might aid in the...
Direct observation of a known number of black-tailed deer
(Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), within the Cedar Creek study
enclosure in the Tillamook Burn, Oregon, was carried on throughout
1964. Observations were made from three huts located outside of
the enclosure on surrounding prominences. During this period,
1,410 hours of observational time...
A study was conducted at Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to determine
the age-fecundity relationships in the striped seaperch Embiotoca
lateralis. A questionnaire was sent to California, Oregon, and
Washington to ascertain what regulations were in effect, and the value
of the family Embiotocidae with regard to the sport and commercial
harvest....
The taxonomic placement of Gadopsidae is discussed and an evaluation of its osteological relationships with related families is given. Similarities to the more primitive genera of the trachinoids, notothenioids, and uranoscopoids are noted and the inclusion of Gadopsidae in the Trachinoidae is recommended. A description of the geological history of...
The movements of a population of adult sockeye salmon
(Oncorhynchus nerka) were followed in a small tributary of Brooks
Lake, Alaska until spawning was nearly complete in 1963. The objectives
of the study were to describe the movements of sockeye
salmon on the spawning ground of an entire small stream,...
The fatty acids of coho salmon were identified and then a study
was conducted to determine the effects of exercise on the fatty acids
of salmon forced to swim against water velocities of 52, 54, 56, and
59 cm/sec, The shorter and lighter salmon were less competent at
a given...
In the fall and winter of 1965, 1966, and 1967, 298 ratfish (180 males, 118 females) were collected off the Pacific coast of
Oregon and Washington and examined for food habits , parasites, growth relationships and a method of age determination. The following
food organisms were found to be the...
The rainbow trout population in Elder Creek, Oregon was
studied between June 1965 and November 1966. The physical characteristics
of the stream during the summer season were described.
Rainbow trout were captured in each of three sections on the stream
by electrofishing and were tagged and measured. Population size,
mortality,...
The acute toxicity of Diquat (1:1-ethylene-2:2' dipyridylium
dibromide) and Dichlobenil (2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile) to six selected
pond invertebrates was determined using the median tolerance limit
estimation method. Diquat was more toxic to the amphipod, Hyalella
azeteca than to the aquatic insects Callibaetis, Limnephilus,
Enallagma, Libellula, and Tendipedidae. The addition of mud...
Fishery researchers have attempted to preserve viable fish sperm for extended periods of time. Only limited success has been achieved with storage of spermatozoa from salmonids. The principal accomplishments of this investigation during the fiscal year 1966-1967 were the development of standard methods for the collection
and evaluation of fish...
Data were gathered on the life history of the pile perch
(Rhacochilus vacca) from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, between April,
1966, and July, 1967. Pile perch feed on the bottom and consume
mostly molluscs, barnacles and decapod crustaceans. Food habits
varied among seasons and locations within the bay, whereas the
diet...
The fishes of Upper Klamath Lake appeared to distribute
themselves in three general groups during the summers of 1964
and 1965: (1) the chubs--unrestricted as to distribution with slight
seasonal variations; (2) rainbow trout and yellow perch -- restricted
to certain water conditions that exist only along the northern marsh...
A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook
salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt
to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred
in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs
the North Pacific were examined to...
The effects of sublethal concentrations of kraft mill effluents
(KME) on the growth, food consumption, and swimming ability of
juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum),
were studied from February 1966 to May, 1967.
The KME used in these studies was obtained from two pulp and
paper mills producing paper from...
Six hundred and forty nutrias, Myocastor coypus (Molina), were collected near Corvallis, Oregon, and examined to determine criteria of their growth and reproduction. Two hundred and eighty-nine
were tagged, measured, and released to determine growth under natural conditions. Nutria weights were calculated to the nearest 0.1 pound by weighing the...
Selection of colored nest boxes by wood ducks (Aix sponsa)
was evaluated during the breeding seasons of 1967-68 in Benton
County, Oregon. No color or site factor influence was observed
in 1967 when nest boxes were erected in sets of eight boxes
served in 1967 when nest boxes were erected...
The abundance and distribution of the Pacific harbor seal
(Phoca vitulina richardi) and the northern or Stellar sea lion (Eumetopias
jubata) in Oregon are described, The number of seals and sea
lions presented for bounty in Oregon since 1925 is presented.
Based on periodic surveys conducted between December, 1967
and...
A study of the distribution, relative abundance and diet of
fishes sympatric with juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka
(Walbaum), within the freshwater nursery areas of the Naknek River
system was undertaken from 1961 to 1963. The study was part of an
extensive investigation to determine what factors in the freshwater...
Numerous tests were applied to rainbow trout
of eleven months of age to determine whether
ascorbic acid is an essential element of the diet
of these fish. Although previous work had been
done on this question, conflicts in the results,
the large reliance upon abnormal symptoms such as
lordosis and...
The individual stocks of sockeye salmon that make up the
annual spawning migration to the Bristol Bay region of Western
Alaska are produced in the lakes and streams of ten major river
systems, which discharge into the bay over a shoreline distance of
120 miles. The hypothesis adopted in this...
The black crappie was evaluated as a pond fish in four experimental
ponds in the Willamette Valley. Two ponds were stocked with
largemouth bass, bluegill sunfish, and black crappie (1:9:3), and
two ponds with largemouth bass and black crappie (1:3).
Total biomass was greatest in the three-species ponds (80 kg/...
A study was conducted at the Pacific Cooperative Water Pollution
and Fisheries Research Laboratories, Oregon State University,
to determine the effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the early developmental
stages of the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Experiments
were performed from May, 1965, through May, 1968, on the
survival, growth, and bioenergetics...
Aspects of the limnology and benthic ecology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, are described emphasizing those features that identify its uniqueness. The lake is large, shallow, and characterized by nuisance abundances of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and midge flies. Results of this study indicate that it does not stratify and dissolved oxygen...
Of 149 wild animals from two western Oregon river drainage
areas and other localities in which "salmon poisoning" disease (SPD)
is enzootic, including ten mammalian and two avian species, 79
harbored Nanophyetus salmincola, the SPD vector. The shorttail
weasel, Mustela erminea; river otter, Lutra canadensis; spotted
skunk, Spilogale putorius; Norway...
This thesis reports the results of a study on the influence of biologically
stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME) on the food relations and
production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
(Walbaum), in laboratory streams. Experiments were conducted at
the Oak Creek Fisheries Research Laboratory, Oregon State University,
during 1967 and...
Numerous fishery researchers have attempted to preserve viable fish sperm, but only three investigations were successful in the fertilization of fresh eggs with frozen and thawed sperm: Blaxter (1953); Hoyle and Idler (1968); and Graybill and Horton (1969). Significant advances reported in this thesis were: the development of suitable life...
One means of evaluating the temperature requirements of an
animal is to determine changes temperature causes in the uses and
losses of energy and materials in the food the animal consumes. To
develop energy budgets for cichlids (Cichlasoma bimaculatum) at different
temperatures (20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 C) data...
Reproductive characteristics of introduced eastern cottontail
rabbits, Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen), were determined from
486 rabbits collected between January 1, 1968 and June 30, 1969,
near Corvallis, Oregon.
Sex ratios were 1:1 for all rabbits collected and for all embryos
20 days or more gestation. On the basis of...
Criteria for the design and construction of a prototype streamside
incubator for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) eggs and alevins
are described. Operation of the prototype and methods of transporting
freshly spawned salmon eggs from distant sources are reported.
Effects of water velocity, stocking density, and substrate type
on the growth, development,...
Rates of birth, death and population change were calculated for Cyclops sp. and Diaptornus forbesi in Soap Creek Ponds V-VIII near Corvallis, Oregon during the interval April, 1968 to April, 1969. An egg ratio method was used in calculating these rates. Duration of development of the eggs of both species...
The reproductive characteristics of the mountain cottontail
rabbit, Sylvilagus nuttalli (Bachman), were investigated from 269
specimens collected in central Oregon between 28 May 1968 and
28 August 1969.
Male rabbits were in breeding condition between mid-February
and 3 July 1969. Nearly 77% of the females bore four litters between
7...
The experiment was conducted at the Soap Creek farm ponds
near Corvallis, Oregon. Oregon Moist Pellet and Purina Trout
Chow at three different rates of feeding for each diet were used
to feed fingerling channel catfish stocked at the rate of 1,000 per
acre. A complete random design and Fisher's...
Juvenile fall chinook salmon were acclimated to full strength sea water at 66, 73, and 80 days after hatching. Survival in sea water for 14 days was used as the criterion for successful acclimation. The growth of salmon acclimated to sea water was slower over the period of observation (134...
Plumage development and growth were studied in young whooping
cranes (Grus americana) from hatching until 450 days of age. The
downy stage of the young cranes lasted about six weeks; the development
of the juvenal plumage took until 100 days of age, and the molt
to the adult or all...
Growth characteristics of otoliths were used to determine age, and to separate known races and stocks of steelhead trout (Salmo
gairdneri). Otoliths were the first calcified structures observed in X-ray photographs of steelhead embryos, and a continuous record of events through life was interpreted from these structures. A direct
relationship...
The production of crop-milk in band-tailed pigeons was investigated
to estimate losses of squabs that occur from hunting
pigeons during September.¹ Living birds held captive were examined
with a cystos cope and pigeons killed by hunters were examined in the
field to determine changes in gross appearance of crops and...
Selected zooplankton from three oligotrophic lakes in Oregon were studied to determine whether or not their instantaneous birth rates and densities could be used in lake classification. The species of zooplankton studied in their respective lakes were Daphnia, pulex in Crater Lake, Daphnia longispina in Odell Lake, and Daphnia longispina...
The relation of nutria (Myocastor coypus) feeding to total abundance, species composition, and seasonal use of the marsh flora on
the William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge was studied during
1969 and 1970. Nutria numbers were estimated by livetrapping. Food
habits data were compiled from observations of feeding nutria. Phenology,...
The nature of the interaction between juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and fall chinook salmon, 0. tshawytscha (Walbaum), was studied in Sixes River, Oregon. Seining, snorkeling, and tagging were used to determine distribution and patterns of growth of these two species in the stream environment. Experiments conducted in flowing-water...
This study was designed to provide life history information about juvenile fall Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
(Walbaum), in a small coastal river by 1) documenting the length of residence of the juveniles throughout the river, 2) exploring several factors possibly influencing their length of residence, and 3) assessing the relative...
Precocious male coho are of limited economic value and control of their numbers returning to the hatchery or the increased survival of full-sized adults would be beneficial. Factors influencing
early sexual maturation and attempts to suppress this maturation of males through the incorporation of a hormone in the diet, treatment...
Prior to onset of the breeding season, a ration containing 18.4 mg/kg N-(Ethylmercuri)-p-toluene sulphonanilide was fed to 6 male and 16 female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Birds
receiving the mercury-treated ration were separated from the opposite sex. After receiving the mercury-treated ration for 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 days,...
The objective of this research was to study the effects of increased water temperature characteristic of clearcut watersheds of Pacific coastal streams upon the growth rate of juvenile coho salmon. The natural temperature fluctuations of the stream were used in the study of growth of underyearling fish held in aquariums...
This study examines the ecology and dynamics of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in environments experimentally altered by logging. The objective was to evaluate processes that stabilize or regulate the populations. Two small watersheds in Oregon's Coast Range were logged in
1966, one clear-cut, the other patch-cut. A third adjacent watershed...
A study designed to evaluate the use of floating cages for rearing fingerling and subadult channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and fingerling brown bullheads (I. nebulosus) on a commercial basis in Oregon's Willamette Valley was conducted at a pond seven miles north of Corvallis, Oregon, from May 23 to October 17,...
Studies were conducted during late winter and spring of 1970 to
establish the extent of spawning of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus
pallasi Valenciennes) in the Yaquina estuary, and to define the degree
of egg mortality on certain substrates. Routine surveillance of the
north shore of the estuary provided information on...
Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were reared from
fertilization of the eggs to several weeks after complete yolk absorption
at dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.5, 5.0, and 7.3 mg/liter and air-saturation
at temperatures of 10.5, 12.0, 13.5, and 15.0 C. Decrease of either
temperature or dissolved oxygen concentration resulted in increase...
Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)) and aquatic invertebrates were subjected to experimentally increased, but naturally fluctuating, temperatures in a model stream channel. Coho of the 1969, 1970, and 1971 year classes were reared in the heated model stream and in an unheated control stream, both located at the Oak...
The effects of a sublethal concentration of dieldrin (0. 2 ppb)
in the water on the growth and body composition of underyearling rainbow
and cutthroat trout held in aquaria and fed different rations of tubificid
worms or Oregon moist pellets were studied at Oak Creek Fisheries
Research Laboratory, Oregon State...
This paper lists, and gives individual accounts of, those Oregon mammals that at some time have been referred to as being of a status other than common. Although rare and endangered wildlife species were listed on a national level in the United States, the
large areas of land included in...
Rates of defecation of black-tailed deer in the Tillamook Burn of western Oregon were estimated using counts of groups of fecal
pellets in 1959 and 1960. A 340-acre enclosure was divided into eight range types on the basis of depth of soil, aspect, and elevation. The estimated rates of defecation...
Glochidial development in freshwater mussels (Mararitifera margaritifera) located in the Siletz River, Oregon, was completed in 13 days at an average water temperature of 12.8 C. Glochidia were released by these mussels for 33 days, May 13 to June 15, 1971. The comparative susceptibility of four species of salmonid
fishes,...
Comparison of the toxic effects of six herbicide formulations in simultaneous moving water and static water bioassays showed that mortality of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), was less in the moving water tests. The moving water tests were conducted in troughs with powered paddlewheels while the static tests were conducted...
Variances among individuals within populations are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Utilizing quantitative genetic theory, environmental and genetic components of variance have been
compartmented for a variety of quantitative characters of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.
A significant genetic component of variance in a quantitative attribute related to reproductive...
The effects of sublethal concentrations of cyanide, pentachlorophenol and zinc individually and in combination on the growth and production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and aquatic invertebrates in model stream communities were studied in three experiments during 1971 and 1972 at the Oak Creek Fisheries Research Laboratory, Oregon...
Blackside dace, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus (GIRARD), were
collected from ten western Oregon streams and examined for variation
among morphological and meristic characters. Several characters were
observed to vary between populations studied. Number of vertebrae,
number of scales in and above the lateral line, length of snout, and
depth of body...
Natality of black-tailed deer in McDonald State Forest was determined by examination of 147 reproductive tracts. Yearlings collected from November of 1968 to May of 1970 had an average of 0.79 corpora lutea per doe, and adults 1.76 corpora lutea per doe. Yearlings collected during the spring in 1969 and...
A reliable, easy, and inexpensive method for determination of
molecular hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in solutions of simple and complex
metal cyanides is described. The method was used to determine
molecular HCN concentrations as low as 0.005 milligram per liter,
and can be used for determination of even lower levels. It...
A laboratory investigation was performed to determine the influence of 2,4-dichlorophenol on the flavor of fish. The study was conducted at the Oak Creek Fisheries Laboratory of the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University. The three experimental apparatus used in this study were designed to deliver 250 ml/min...
Reported are results of a study of otolith nuclei as a means to separate juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) from juvenile rainbow trout (S. gairdneri) which co-exist in the lower Deschutes River, Oregon. An intensive recreational fishery necessitated development of a technique for separation so that the impact
of the...
Biliary excretion has been of considerable interest in mammals
but has not been extensively studied in fish. To understand the
significance of biliary excretion in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri),
two studies were conducted.
The objective of the initial study was to evaluate the ability of
rainbow trout to excrete a...
A group of trout that reside in streams of the desiccating lake
basins of southeastern Oregon differ markedly from other known
Salmo. Known commonly as the red-band trout, this fish was subjected
to chromosome analysis for comparison with other species of
western North American Salmo. The karyotype of the red-banded...
The effects of exposure to suspended silt, kaolin and fuller's
earth on growth and condition of Pacific oysters, 16 months of age,
were studied. The exposure apparatus maintained a continuous flow
of turbid water through chambers containing test oysters. Additional
studies measured the filtration rates of oysters exposed to suspended...
Benthic samples were collected during the summer, winter and
spring seasons from upper Yaquina Estuary, a region used by Georgia-
Pacific Corporation for log dumping and storage. Samples came from
an active log dump and storage areas as well as areas not associated
with log handling activity. The samples were...
The contribution of genetic effects to the variation in percent normal development observed in a bay mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) embryo bioassay was determined. A factorial breeding experiment
was accomplished in which 9 males were mated with 3 females. Each mating was repeated 10 times, yielding 270 mussel embryo cultures,...
Acute toxicity bioassays and growth studies, with juvenile salmon
as test animals, were used to identify and characterize the major
toxic components of a zirconium process effluent (ZPE) produced by
Teledyne Wah Chang Albany Corporation.
The major toxic component of the ZPE is ammonia. Although
other components of the ZPE...
Five species of aquatic organisms were exposed to TCDD. Lethal effects of initial exposure to coho salmon of 23.4 nanogram TCDD/gram fish wet weight (23.4 ng/g), or equivalent to 100 nanogram
per liter (100 ng/l) TCDD in water, for 24 hours were irreversible; 95% mortality occurred in 60 days. Exposure...