A significant proportion of catch by artisanal fishers in Ghana is sold through wealthy middle-women, known as “fish mothers,” who often pre-finance fishing trips. This study examined the determinants of catch sales through fish mothers. Data used came from artisanal fishermen at major coastal fishing communities in Ghana. The effects...
As fisheries management becomes more collaborative by seeking input and involvement from stakeholders, it is important to understand and address the diversity of those stakeholders. Gulf Coast fisheries communities include diverse racial and ethnic groups, particularly a large number of Vietnamese Americans involved in all aspects of the seafood industry....
This paper is the result of a project that began with NAAFE 2015 special session on Fisheries Certification, which asked what forces are driving the market for sustainable seafood. Many previous studies looked at consumers' demand, but in this paper we looked at the entire supply chain (from producers to...
National Standard 1 states that a primary function of fisheries management in the single stock case is the determination of the annual allowable harvest, and it is based on the selection of a target stock size and a control rule that will specify a harvest path that that will cause...
In many small-scale fisheries around the world, hookah diving is the main fishing method and gear to catch high-value species like sea urchin, sea cucumber, queen conch and spiny lobster. Decompression sickness (DCS) and carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) are diseases related to hookah diving and are the cause of non-fatal and...
Choosing a policy instrument is a strategic choice. In the case of fisheries interactions with marine mammals and sea turtles, the preferred policy instrument has been a command-and-control approach such as effort reductions (e.g. area closures) and/or technology standards (e.g. gear modifications), even though market based approaches are available. Since...
Parasites and diseases represent major challenges in aquaculture. In the Norwegian salmon farming industry, costs associated with treatment of sea lice are surging and reached 5bn NOK or 10% of the industry’s total export value in 2015. In addition to the direct impact on production, sea lice affect the industry...
The Pacific sardine fishery is shared but independently managed by three nations: Canada, USA and Mexico. As a result, potential conflict scenarios may arise. A stochastic optimal control methodology is presented to analyze potential conflict scenarios by first considering a deterministic logistic stock growth function and adding a stochastic term,...
The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s current micro industry (approximately $500,000 in annual sales) to a fully developed industry. In general, the...
Alaska is the world’s principal supplier of Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria a buttery-flavored whitefish greatly prized in Japan. Sablefish are distributed from Baja California to western Japan but the majority of commercial catches are from the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands off Alaska. Landings volume and value of this...
This presentation provides an overview of a Special Session presentation held at the NAAFE Forum 2017 in March, 2017. The title of the special session was: Saving the World's Most Endangered Marine Mammal. The session was organized by Oriana Poindexter.
This presentation provides an overview of a Special Session presentation held at the NAAFE Forum 2017 in March, 2017. The title of the special session was: Saving the World's Most Endangered Marine Mammal. The session was organized by Oriana Poindexter.
Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) are distributed from Japan to Baja California. Alaska is the world’s principal supplier of sablefish with the majority of commercial landings occurring in the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. This demersal, long-lived fish is in one of Alaska’s highest value commercial fisheries. In terms of...
The paper puts forward a model of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) fishery in the South China Sea that integrates the ecological, social and economic costs and benefits of fisheries activities in a multidisciplinary framework. In particular, In particular, we developed integrated model by linking a regional Social Accounting Matrix...
Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI) groundfish fisheries are hugely productive with 2008 – 2014 harvests averaging 1.6 million tons and generating $1.95 billion annually. The BSAI also hosts a commercial halibut fishery with 2013 landings of 3,500 tons and revenues of $41.5 million. Downward trends in halibut biomass combined with continued...
Purchases made by marine recreational anglers are an important source of economic activity in coastal areas around the United States. In recognition of the economic contributions anglers make to coastal state economies, NOAA Fisheries conducts surveys every three to five years in order to gather data on expenditures made by...
The Gulf of California is undoubtedly the Mexican marine region with the most research and conservation efforts. In addition to overfishing issues, it harbors endemic and Critically Endangered populations of totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and vaquita (Phocoena sinus). Conservation strategies have varied, but there is a wide recognition of their historic...
This research combines a utility-theory consistent model of demand for recreational fishing trips with an age-structured stock dynamics model to provide policy relevant advice to managers of the groundfish fishery in the Northeast United States. We provide an overview of the model and describe the challenges encountered with using this...
Ecosystem services (ES) represent a way to represent and quantify multiple uses, values as well as connectivity between ecosystem processes and human well-being. Ecosystem-based fisheries management approaches may seek to quantify expected trade-offs in ecosystem services due to actions such as restoration and gear restrictions, or due to changes such...
Proceedings of the 2017 Forum of the North American Association of Fisheries Economists, held March 22-24, 2017 in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
The Agricultural Act of 2014 (Public Law 113-79) amended legislation regarding the U.S. catfish inspection program to include “all fish of the order Siluriformes,” encompassing imported species: basa, tra, and pangasius. Furthermore, the amendment finalized the transition of catfish and catfish-like product inspection responsibilities to the USDA Food Safety and...
Fisheries management is increasingly being conducted at finer scales of spatial resolution. The spatial distribution of fish stocks is recognized as being an important aspect of stock abundance and spatial management tools, such as marine reserves, have become common. Information on the spatial distribution of fishing effort is critical to...
The traceability practices of 48 seafood businesses were assessed as part of an evaluation of nine global seafood value chains (from harvest to retail). The research was conducted through direct interviews and written surveys in order to assess the reasons why traceability systems were used to strengthen business performance. The...
One of the main concerns surrounding the transition to individual transferable quota (ITQs) is that it could have adverse distributional consequences. Some fisheries, such as the West Coast Groundfish fishery, have implemented moratoria on permanent transfers due to a concern that large-scale firms could take advantage of smaller-scale by not...
We investigated the own- and cross-price elasticity of supply (PES) of 20 fish and shellfish species, caught in mixed fisheries off southwestern Taiwan and serving the local fresh seafood market. Because the licensed fishermen face little regulation constraining their behavior, we hypothesize that they adjust their catch profiles so as...
In this paper we measure the value of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits. For this we model the trade-off between biosecurity and profits in the salmon aquaculture industry. We introduce the concept of “sanitary desirable volume” of the salmon industry, as a goal in a bi-objective model. We...
Many of the tangible benefits of catch share programs (e.g., reducing overcapacity) are dependent on the trading of shares. Additional trading-related questions (such as whether landings will change port or be concentrated geographically) are also important to the overall evaluation of a fishery, but are often asked only during post-implementation...
The California Fisheries Fund (CFF) launched in 2008 as a public-private initiative aimed at demonstrating how to make financial investments in a growing, sustainable commercial fishing industry. Since then, CFF has operated as a nonprofit revolving loan fund, extending 34 loans totaling more than $4.2 million.
CFF’s initial business model...
Fishing for Pacific Hake Merluccius productus in the Gulf of California is carried out by shrimp trawlers. When the shrimp fishing season ends, these boats shift to catching Pacific Hake and other finfish. The Pacific Hake fishery is relatively new and has the potential to grow as an industry. Therefore,...
Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) have been used in British Columbian fisheries management for more than 25 years. When they were implemented, few restrictions were placed on who could own or lease quota. As a result, many retiring fishermen retain quotas to lease or sell to processors and corporations rather than...
A brief overview of changes in the distribution of permanent entry permits in Alaska’s limited fisheries is provided in this presentation. From 1975 to 2014, 79 permit types have been issued in 65 fisheries. This presentation provides an overview of Alaska’ limited entry program, gives statewide data and some fishery-specific...
Over the last decade direct exports to China and Hong Kong of Pacific Geoduck have grown to encompass more than 80 percent of U.S. geoduck production. In December 2013 China shut its doors to U.S. geoduck over possible arsenic contamination and imports from the U.S. fell from over 250 MT...
The farming of Atlantic salmon and other aquaculture ventures have been controversial in many areas. It has apparently been most accepted in Norway, today’s largest producer of Atlantic salmon. Current research on climate, however, suggests that increasing water temperatures will lead to the migration of the industry from Southern and...
Most regulations for recreational fishing in Mexico focus primarily on offshore boat fishing. However, regulations for inshore recreational fishing in Mexico are insufficient. Every year hundreds of European and American fishermen visit Punta Allen, Mexico to practice fly-fishing. Punta Allen is a coastal village located in the Sian Ka'an Biosphere...
This talk will introduce this special session on coastal and marine spatial planning (MSP). An overview of how MSP is interpreted and implemented in the United States at different geographic scales will be discussed. An emphasis on data and research needs will be given as well as context for the...
The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, and its precursor agency, has collected information about the cost of commercial fishing since the 1950’s. The efforts were intermittent and geographically sporadic until 2000 when a systematic approach was developed and supported by ongoing budgetary commitments. Information about which fisheries within each region...
This research analyzes the effects that a redistributive fishing quota policy, within a collective rights quota assignment system, might have on the profits and employment of artisanal fisher organizations. The Chilean authorities have been pursuing a deliberate quota redistributive policy between ship-owners of different vessel categories. This policy has affected...
Atlantic sea scallop fisheries in Iceland and the United States have been subject to outbreaks of ‘gray meat’, a disease caused by infestation by a new species of apicomplexan parasite that causes progressive myodegeneration of scallop meats that kills scallops and reduces recruitment. Due to reduced exvessel value, fishermen discard...
In this paper we characterize changes in the level and spatial distribution of fishing effort during the extreme ocean temperature event known by oceanographers, climate scientists, and the public as “the Blob.” The Blob was an unprecedented marine heatwave that occurred off of the Pacific Coast of North America from...
Information on the total costs associated with commercial fishing is essential to quantitative estimation of fisheries performance measures that indicate the fleet’s economic health over time as biological, management and cost conditions change. NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) collects fixed and labor costs on a periodic basis through voluntary...
Property rights are the foundation of institutions that shape economic decisions ranging from individual transactions to the performance of a country’s economy. The incentives generated by the institutions in place also translate into measures of vulnerability and recovery in the face of natural disasters. Using the example of Chilean fisheries...
Catch share programs have been criticized for a variety of social impacts. These criticisms can be traced back to the manner in which certain catch share programs were designed; market-based approaches that transfer individual quota to where it is needed and most wanted. Markets tend to allocate resources to the...
Climate change and continued fishing pressure threaten to increase recruitment variability for many stocks globally. Shifts in the inter-annual stability of an exploitable renewable resource may have dramatic consequences for the industries and communities which depend upon them. In this talk, the link between resource volatility and industry structure is...
Fisheries sustainability is a much sought-after goal. Yet, “sustainability” is often too ambiguously defined to be of much practical guidance to policymakers. Furthermore, fisheries managers are increasingly expected to assess and manage fisheries in an “ecosystem-based” manner – accounting for the ecological interdependencies of species and their coupling with the...
Management of data-poor fisheries typically relies on setting an annual catch limit (ACL) using catch-based methods that are concerned with estimating a sustainable harvest and hinge on the logic that historic catches reflect a level of exploitation the stock can sustain. The resulting harvest control rules routinely set ACLs at...
The recovery of fishery management costs from the fishing industry is becoming increasingly common among the fishing nations of the world. Countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand have led the way in applying user charges and other cost recovery mechanisms in their commercial fisheries. The United States and...
ITQs increase fishery efficiency, but have been criticized for redistributing income away from small communities and increasing concentration in production. We empirically examine these effects in the 1995 adoption of ITQs in the Alaskan halibut and sablefish fisheries. Fishing ports generally do not lose harvesting or processing revenue, but both...
Data scarcity and weak institutional governance make the implementation of top-down, quota-based fisheries management in much of the developing world’s fisheries difficult. An alternative to quota-based management is the use of space-based rights such as territorial use rights fisheries (TURFs). In spite of wide spread use of TURFs as a...
The trans-boundary migration of fish stocks creates spatial externalities, and hence, makes international cooperation beneficial. This study provides a model for the management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks and examines the relationship between fish migrations and the benefits from cooperation. Previous studies on trans-boundary fish stock management have...
The Alaska recreational charter boat sector has undergone significant change in recent years due in part to several regulatory changes in the management of the Pacific halibut sport fishery, including a limited entry program, harvest controls specific to the charter sector, and a Catch Sharing Plan (CSP) implemented during 2014....
The Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) conducted a cost-earnings survey for the Hawaii small boat fishery in 2014. This study examines the economic and social characteristics of the Hawaii small boat fishery and presents a wide range of information to further our understanding of the fishery. A mixed mail...
Washington state is currently developing a marine spatial plan for its outer coast under a mandate from its Legislature. One key mandate for the plan involves mapping areas that have “high potential for renewable energy production with minimal potential for conflicts with existing uses and sensitive environments.” Fisheries are a...
The Resource Evaluation and Assessment Division’s Social Sciences Branch (SSB) in the NOAA Northeast region is preparing for an external review in 2017 to evaluate its programs alignment between the strategic objectives of SSB, NEFSC, NMFS, and NOAA. In previous SSB and NEFSC wide reviews, much attention has been drawn...
As part of an effort to describe the recent history and socioeconomics of a small commercial fishery, we were provided access to a large, multi-faceted data set. In using those data, we faced a number of challenges related to data management, data protection and confidentiality, and needed to develop effective...
Influence of the Skipper Effect in fishing efficiency of a mixed fishing fleet, looking at a Mexican case study. Understanding the factors that define technical efficiency in a fleet is a requirement to define strategies to regulate the fishing pressure. In industrial and semi-industrial fleets more weight has been given...
This study investigates optimal catch of Barents Sea stocks, namely Northeast Arctic Cod and Capelin in multispecies ecosystem. We solve a multispecies age structured bioeconomic model for predator-prey interaction. Barents Sea stock data from ICES are employed for model application. Among others, we also include sustainability constraint in the model...
Interest in sustainable fishing communities suggests the need to understand fishermen’s decisions about where to land fish. In this paper, we apply techniques used extensively to analyze fishing location choices to study landings location choices. We analyze detailed microdata from Norwegian groundfish vessels that land fish in fourteen different ports...
Quota allocation mechanisms have distributional effects with important issues concerning the economic organization of the fishery and acceptability. Yet, these distributional effects are rarely studied. In France, where fishing rights are not transferable, the quotas are shared between producer cooperatives based on the historical landings of their members. Each cooperative...
This work reports on how resource rent is distributed among owners of exclusive fishing grounds in the spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery of Punta Allen, Mexico. This MSC certified small-scale fishery is co-managed through Territorial User Rights. Members of the local fishing cooperative, have exclusive access to individual fishing grounds....
"Rationalization” or the change to catch share management in fisheries has been shown to lead to the slowing of fishing activity, input and effort consolidation, cost savings, as well as new market and product development. The effects of rationalization on fishermen’s behavior become more complex when one accounts for the...
This study estimates the harvesters’ dynamic target fishery choice by building an empirical model incorporating dynamic quota use with the insight from a theoretical model. The harvesters’ behavior, which purposes to maximize seasonal profit under constraints of the regulations, are theoretically modeled and solved using a dynamic optimization method. The...
The Mexican shrimp fishery comprises a sequential fishery: an inshore fleet (IF) using cast nets and targeting juvenile shrimps; and the offshore fleet (OF) using trawler boats targeting adult shrimps. The main target species are brown, blue and white shrimps. Conventional aged-structured models are used to advice management of this fishery...
During last decade, the excluding efficiency of circle hooks for sea turtle has given positive and successful outcomes in Oaxaca, Mexico. The research seeks: 1) determine if the change of fishing gear provides positive benefits to local small scale longline fishermen, 2) estimate the benefit and cost functions, 3) determine...
The goal of this research was to characterize the trade-offs between profitability and sustainability when managing a valuable commercial fishery. The Florida finfish fishery generates over $75 million in annual dockside value; the snapper-grouper complex constitutes over half of that total. Currently, federal stock assessment procedures focus on stock size...
While studies have long examined the economic viability of oyster industries along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the mainland United States, Hawai`i has had no industry to speak of in modern times. This may soon change due to the recent establishment of a long-absent water quality monitoring program required...
This paper is to investigate how climate change affect fisheries resources and economic performance of fishing sector and coastal communities in the Arctic with a focus on Svalbard Fisheries Protection Zone. Climate change is projected to alter the productivity of our oceans, the distribution, abundance, composition, quality and quantity of marine...
In the last several years a number of U.S. policies and directives have laid the foundation for Ecosystem Service Valuation (ESV) to be incorporated into ecosystem-based management (EBM), the current management paradigm for U.S. oceans and coasts. In 2010 the Final Recommendations of the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force instructed...
In February 2010, two agreements were finalized by Federal, State, and Tribal governments and PacifiCorp, a utility company that owns dams on the Klamath River: the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) and the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement (Settlement Agreement). These agreements included provisions that would affect the Klamath River Basin...
The literature on ecosystem service valuation has grown considerably in the past decade as nations around the world have moved towards adopting more holistic, systems-level frameworks to managing both marine and terrestrial resources, ones recognizing and accounting for the interconnectedness of all parts of the ecosystem. In these frameworks, economic...
Future predictions of environmental conditions in Puget Sound exhibit an increased frequency and temporal extent of paralytic shellfish toxin closures. These predictions, generated using experimentally-derived growth responses of the common toxin-producing Alexandrium together with simulations of climate and local hydrology, depict a scenario in which the number of days favorable...
In recent decades, distant-water fishing vessels (DWFVs) have drawn increasing criticism for exacerbating misery in developing nations. As part of a resolution to this issue, a coalition of academics, fishers, processors and others developing nations are field-testing new technologies to extend the fishing power and reach of local small-to-medium-boat artisanal...
The evidence of the destructive economic and biological consequences of “bad” fisheries subsidies is now all but overwhelming. Yet still these subsidies persist, in spite of the evidence. This paper looks at ways of escaping the fisheries subsidies trap, by pursuing and developing a theme, which this author first put...
We develop econometric models to jointly estimate revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) models of recreational fishing behavior and preferences using survey data from the 2007 Alaska Saltwater Sportfishing Economic Survey. The RP data are from site choice survey questions, and the SP data are from a discrete choice...
Recreational fishing for popular species like red snapper and grouper in the Gulf of Mexico has followed a familiar pattern to that observed in many commercial fisheries: fishing under regulated open access has promoted a “race to the fish” with cascades of shorter seasons, shrinking bag limits, and significant fishery...
It has long been argued that the Gulf of Mexico commercial reef fish fishery would benefit economically by being managed by “a system of tradable harvest permits” (Weninger and Waters 2003; Waters 2001). Between 2007 and 2010, all the major species in this fishery were transitioned into catch share management,...
Cooperatives in the Rights-based Fisheries Management have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of Individual Transferrable Quotas. The New England groundfish sector management, a new regime under which fishermen can voluntarily form sectors with each sector constrained by a total allowable catch or Annual Catch Entitlement (ACE), is...
During the first three years (2007-2009) of the Gulf of Mexico red snapper IFQ program most quota lease trades were local, involving fishers that lived in the same communities. In 2010, the red snapper quota lease market changed as more IFQ participants began trading quota with fishers from different regions...
Catches of several potential choke species in the Pacific groundfish IFQ are highly uncertain and tend to be concentrated while quota is broadly distributed. An analysis prior to implementation of the IFQ suggested substantial risk of individual vessels accidentally exceeding quota allocations for several rockfish species and Pacific halibut. Many...
Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) systems have been used to control harvests and increase fisheries’ economic efficiency; however, they do not eliminate competitive fishing which can result in stock and congestion externalities that are especially apparent when resources are spatially heterogeneous within the controlled region of the ITQ system. These externalities...
Recently, the U.S. Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Health and Human Services (HHS) recommended that pregnant and nursing women consume at least 8 to 12 ounces of seafood per week as part of a well-balanced diet. Thus, the seafood market has been flooded with health benefit/risk information targeted at women...
Eco-labels have been developed to face the difficulties faced by States in managing fisheries. They promote the voluntary adoption of sustainable practices, through market differentiation of sustainably produced items. In fisheries, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is the most commonly used eco-label. The label is presumed to increase the social and...
An empirically-estimated production function for a Japanese off-shore longline fishing vessel for swordfish fishery is integrated with a demand model and operating costs. This integrated model is used to explore optimal fishing efforts, a combination of days for (a) searching fishing grounds and (b) actual longline fishing operations. The results...
This research incorporates unique household survey data and a discrete shift in fisheries management into a model of migration in order to analyze the drivers of outmigration in rural Alaskan communities that traditionally depend on fisheries for income. Although there is evidence that a transition to rights-based management decreases the...
Pollock recruitment and biomass in the Bering Sea has fluctuated in concert with environmental changes since the early 2000s. As pollock spatial distributions, densities, and abundances varied, fishers have adjusted their fishing behavior. Utilizing ~30,000 trips made by Bering Sea pollock catcher vessels from 2003 – 2014, we found strong...
The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of the current state of fisheries subsidies worldwide, and how they are likely to affect the sustainability of fisheries. More specifically, I will review previous investigations of global subsidies issues, and give a brief overview of the impact of subsidies...
Information acquired by fishermen while fishing play a crucial role in their decision-making process. Those are used to form the basis for update of beliefs on productivity of a range of available fishing grounds while acting in an uncertain environment. In this paper, we focus on the formation of fishermen's...
Fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels, potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to economic performance of the fishery over time. For example, targeting observable traits within a population can impact genetic diversity, targeting populations within a species can impact population diversity, and targeting valuable species can impact biodiversity at the ecosystem...
A behavioral study on fishery participation and fishing location choice for the West Coast Salmon fishermen was undertaken to determine the effect of salmon fishery closures on the distribution of fishermen across alternative fisheries and fishing locations. A dataset describing fishing trips from West Coast salmon vessels from 2005 to...
From 2012 through 2013, NOAA Fisheries Service conducted a study to collect participation, effort, and expenditure information related to ocean recreation activities in the United States. This study collected information from all 50 states and the District of Columbia in six, two-month waves. There were eight ocean recreation categories of...
New Bedford’s share of Atlantic sea scallops landings and revenues increased from 44% in 1996 to 67% in 2013. Explanations for industrial agglomerations often focus on the relative importance of natural advantage and economies of scale or scope. We use the absolute and relative Theil indices of disproportionality to examine...
This study investigates harvesters’ effort in terms of days at using dynamic discrete choice model. Fishing effort as a form of time has been analyzed with trip level data, in which only averaged daily catch is available. On the other hand, daily level data enables us to have the variation...
Commercial fishing is generally hazardous, but some types of commercial fishing are more dangerous than other types. Since much of the fishing industry is composed of small family-owned businesses, commercial fishermen have to rely on the private health insurance markets, health insurance offered through a landside job, spouses’ plans, social...
In this paper we study whether environmental bureaucrats share preferences for environmental policy with the general public. We use the choice experiment method to elicit preferences for improvements in coastal cod abundance along the Swedish West coast. This is done for the general public, Swedish EPA (SEPA) bureaucrats, and for...
Los Islotes is the southernmost breeding site of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in Northern Hemisphere and represents one of the most important economic activities for the city of La Paz, Mexico. The increasing tourism activity grew without any control until researchers and organizations started to be concerned about...
As part of an effort to characterize the dynamics of the small-scale commercial fishery for California halibut, we were provided access to a large, multi-faceted data set. The landings data included price per pound, along with multiple factors that could influence that price. We combined fishery participants’ knowledge with statistical...
We empirically disentangle the efficiency mechanism of revenue sharing, in which a group of harvesters shares catch and/or revenue among members of a fishery cooperative, by incorporating the influence of social capital. In addition to each of revenue sharing and social capital influencing a fishery independently we hypothesize social capital...
Maps of fishing locations are important in assessing fishery exposure to management alternatives and facilitates stakeholder outreach (e.g. the New England Fishery Management Council’s Omnibus Habitat Amendment 2, http://www.nefmc.org/library/omnibus-habitat-amendment-2 and the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council’s Amendment 16 to the Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish Fishery Management Plan, https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/regs/2016/September/16msbamend16ea.pdf). Fishing location...
As anthropogenic changes interact with natural climate cycles, the variability of marine ecosystems is likely to increase. This variability influences the behaviour of fishers, which can affect the profitability and sustainability of stocks and may have wider economic and ecological effects. We use data from the US West Coast salmon...