The enlargement of 21 canopy gaps associated with the root pathogen Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.)
Bref. (; Fomes annosus (Fr.) Karst.) in the mixed-conifer forest of Yosemite Valley was monitored between 1971 and
1998. Mean expanded gap area was 232 m2 (range 38–802 m2) in 1971 and 1455 m2 (range 150–4216...
A series of studies and replicated field sites were implemented in the Oregon Coast Range within Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) sapling plantations infected with varying levels of Swiss needle cast (SNC) caused by the fungus, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (Rhode) Petrak (PG). This research was conducted to understand the effects of...
On average, the water column of Lake Superior is undersaturated with respect to dissolved oxygen and supersaturated with respect to carbon dioxide during the summer-stratified period. On the basis of temporal changes in water column dissolved oxygen, we calculate rates of oxygen consumption that range from 0.19 to 0.75 mmol...
Effective watershed restoration planning and prioritization is often very difficult because decision making typically involves a large number of alternatives evaluated on the basis of multiple and often conflicting technical, social, economic, and environmental objectives and criteria. In order to solve such complex decision making problems, multiobjective decision making (MODM)...
Recent trends in CMOS technology and scaling of devices clearly indicate that leakage power in digital circuits would be crucial and largely depend on the sub-threshold current.
Minimizing leakage is gaining increasing importance along with other critical design aspects primarily due to the growing demand for portable battery-operated electronic devices...
Agricultural revenues, the product of stochastic prices and yields, lead to markets which are
incomplete, thereby entreating and complicating economic inquiry. The following three essays
explore the incomplete nature of agricultural markets and consider the implications of
incompleteness for a range of policy questions and economic tools.
The first essay,...
With ever more inhibited programmes of excavation, new methods of site survey are always
welcome. Here a soil geomorphologist joins forces with archaeologists to read the history of
limestone blocks exposed on the surface at sites in southern Greece. Rillenkarren for example are
vertical grooves caused by rainfall on stones...
The food distribution system in the U.S. is complex. Many players—including middlemen—produce, manufacture, transport, distribute, market, and sell every type of food product imaginable. By the time a product is placed on a grocery store shelf, it has traveled countless miles and has been handled by many people. Each person...
The Pacific Northwest has become one of the nation’s premier sweet cherry,
Prunus avium, production areas. As production of sweet cherries has flourished in
Oregon and Washington, so has powdery mildew, caused by the fungus
Podosphaera clandestina, which infects both foliage and fruit causing severe
economic damage to growers. Sweet...
The goal of many machine learning problems can be formalized as the creation of a function that can properly classify an input vector, given a set of examples of that function. While this formalism has produced a number of success stories, there are notable situations in which it fails. One...