Methods for the detection and measurement of waste
materials in water have lagged far behind the many
complex problems facing workers in the water pollution
field. The present study introduces a new method for
the detection and measurement of organic pollution in
water. This new method, the persulfate oxidation, is...
An enzyme system from cell-free yeast homogenates mediating the
transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine-methyl-C¹⁴
or methionine-methyl-C¹⁴ to C-28 of ergosterol has been studied.
The effects of divalent cations, suithydryl inhibitors and reducing
substances on the activity of the enzyme system have been investigated.
It was established that for...
A quantitative comparison was made of the incorporation of 14, C¹⁴ lipid compounds into Lee influenza virus. The compounds tested were either lipids reported to be present in the virus or precursors to virus lipid components. Infected chorioallantoic tissues were incubated in medium containing the C¹⁴ metabolites. The virus was...
When nitrate is used in a biological electron transport
system as the final acceptor of hydrogen to form water,
the system is characterized as "Nitrate Respiration." However,
the quantitative expression of the over-all participation
of NO₃⁻(0) in the oxidation of glucose by denitrifiers
such as Pseudomonas stutzeri deserves clarification.
In...
Methods examined for the preparation of cells from tissues of salmonid fishes for primary cultivation were the fragment (explant) and enzyme dispersion techniques. Both methods were employed for the cultivation of a variety of tissues from Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri gairdneri. A technique was...
Prevailing concepts relating to the non-enzymatic gaseous
loss of nitrite from soil are thought to be inadequate as regards
to the mechanisms involved. The conventional explanation for
nitric oxide formation i.e., the acid decomposition of nitrite,
is held to be insufficient in substrates of only mild or slight
acidity. A...
Studies were conducted under controlled conditions in order
to observe the resulting survival patterns in solid crabmeat of
Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi B, and SaImonella wichita
following individual exposure to various doses of gamma radiation.
As shown in their survival curves, these species of Salmonella
exhibited in varying degrees a...
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding
sulfamethazine to chinook salmon (Oncorhyncus tshawytscha, Walbaum)
as it is used in the Oregon Moist Pellet diet (OMP) for control of
bacterial infections and to compare this drug with sulfisoxazole and
sulfadimethoxine. These drugs were compared in the following manner:
toxicity,...
Chemical and microbial analyses were made at four seasonal intervals on soil horizons under red alder, conifers, and mixed
alder-conifers at the Cascade Head Experimental Forest, established in 1937 by the U. S. Forest Service near Otis, Oregon.
Microbial analyses showed that although plate counts of molds and bacteria fluctuated...
This study was carried out to compare the effects of a quaternary
ammonium compound (QAC) upon strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
which were either sensitive or resistant to the germicide. The cationic
QAC used was alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. The resistant
types were isolated from the sensitive population by selection
of mutants which...
The dairy industry relies primarily on consistent acid production
by the lactic streptococci for the manufacture of certain cheeses
and fermented dairy products. Variation in these cultures due to
genetic exchange has not been thoroughly investigated. This study
was undertaken to determine if genetic homology exists within the lactic
group,...
The terminal reactions in the biosynthetic pathway of methionine
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated in this study. Analyses
of a number of methionine auxotrophs for biochemical deficiences
established four mutant groups. It was observed from qualitative feeding
experiments that some auxotrophs were able to utilize S-adenosylmethionine
(AM) and S-adenosyl-homocysteine (AH)...
An enzyme system was prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
strain MCC, which carries out the transfer of the methyl group from
S-adenosylmethionine or methionine to the side chain of yeast sterols.
The cell-free system has been shown to be incapable of synthesizing
ergosterol but carries out the synthesis of two as...
An ecological study of a microorganism similar to that isolated
in 1956 and designated as Micrococcus radiodurans indicated
that the organism could be isolated from several different environments.
By taking advantage of its radio-resistivity, high levels of
gamma radiation were used in the isolation procedures to inactivate
most of the...
The mechanism of transsulfuration and the role of cystathionine
in the biosynthesis of methionine in yeast were investigated.
Saccharomyces were shown to accumulate cystathionine by use
of the ³⁵S labeled compound.
Cell-free extracts of the wildtype clone as well as methionine
auxotrophs were shown to cleave cystathionine. The enzymatically
produced...
The public health and economic significance of rapid acid production
by lactic streptococci in controlled dairy fermentations is well
known. However, the fast acid-producing characteristic of these organisms
is not stable, and cultures of fast organisms have been shown
to contain slow cells. These studies were carried out to characterize...
Studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of enzymatic
control of methionine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Enzymatic studies demonstrated that, in addition to the methionine
activating enzyme, the S-adenosylmethionine:homocysteine
transmethylase enzyme was induced during cultivation in the presence
of excess methionine. A similar, though reduced effect was
observed when...
Comparatively little work has been done on bacterial lipids.
There are profound differences between bacterial lipids in general
and lipids of the higher forms of life in such respects as the absence
of sterols, phospholipids low in nitrogen but high in inositol
and carbohydrate, the presence of large proportions of...
Some enzymes of the citric acid cycle and glycolytic pathway
in cell-free extracts of Vibrio marinus MP-1 were compared for
thermal lability. After one hour of moderate temperature exposure,
enzymes of both pathways rapidly lost catalytic activity. For all
but one enzyme, 50 percent remaining activity occurred near an
averaged...
Comparisons were made of the abilities of Streptococcus lactis,
Streptococcus cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis bacteriophages
to endure various laboratory isolation and storage treatments.
Neutralization of Cottage cheese whey containing phages offered no
survival advantage over unneutralized samples, refrigeration of
neutral and acid whey samples increased the survival of only the...
Routine studies of bacterial fatty acid and lipid composition,
made possible by recently developed techniques, have brought about
an increasing interest in the physiological significance of these
compounds. The purpose of this study was to characterize the fatty
acids of the vegetative cells of Clostridium botulinum 33A, as the
first...
The purpose of this research was to determine whether the transducing phage Pl picks up original bacterial chromosome segments and whether these segments are always the same size. The plan of approach was to grow the donor bacteria Escherichia coli C600 gal⁺ (galactose) in minimal media containing the heavy isotopes...
The difficulties encountered in working with micro-quantities
of lipids have been overcome by the advent of new and improved
procedures in chromatography which have made possible better
fractionation and identification. Bacterial lipids because of their
different lipid pattern from other life forms have stimulated much
interest. Studies have been made...
The purpose of this research was to determine if a basic protein
was associated with the DNA of Bacillus subtilis W168, and to determine
if there was a difference in the amount and type of protein
associated with the DNA at different times during the growth cycle
of the organism....
Vibrio marinus MP-1, an obligate psychrophilic marine
bacterium, was severely damaged when heat-shocked in the presence
of nutrients. Thermally induced leakage materials from cells tested
for in the medium were 260 mμ absorbing material (nucleic acids),
orcinol reacting material (RNA), ninhydrin reacting material (amino
acids), protein, malic dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate...
Experiments were carried out to purify and characterize the
galactosidase of the Streptococcus lactis 7962. Purification was
accomplished using standard procedures; however the lability of
the enzyme to numerous treatments limited the techniques that could
be used and the amount of active enzyme recovered. Gel filtration
revealed that the enzyme...
This study was undertaken to determine the role Leuconostoc
citrovorum may play in carbon dioxide production in milk. The
ability of L. citrovorum strains to produce gas was studied by two
methods. A qualitative method used visual measurement of gas where
an agar plug was forced up the neck of...
The purpose of this study was to compare and test the efficiency of the leading kinds of media being used for the isolation and identification
of Clostridium botulinum type E strains, and to develop a
more reliable method and media for the differentiation of this organism
based on the "pearly...
The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize any
segregants of the heterogenotes formed from sexduction by an F'
donor. Following the mating of F' W4520, carrying an F' gal₁⁺
gal₂⁺ factor, with W3350, a gal₁⁻ gal₂⁻ recipient, a number of
recombinant clones were picked and examined for...
This project was initiated to determine the incidence, distribution
and species of fish affected by Ceratomyxa shasta in Oregon
waters. Returning adult Pacific salmon and steelhead trout were
chosen for the survey because they were known to be susceptible to
infection. The parasite was also believed to be an important...
The enzymes and pathways involved in the catabolism of
glucose by several strains of Streptococcus diacetilactis, Streptococcus
cremoris, and Streptococcus lactis, commonly called the
lactic streptococci, were studied. The presence of aldolase,
triosephosphate isomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase in these
organisms provided evidence for the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway...
Ten helminth-free sheep were given two doses of 10,000,
X-irradiated, H. contortus, third stage larvae 30 days apart. These
animals and a group of ten non-vaccinated sheep were challenged
with 50,000, normal, H. contortus, third stage larvae 60 days
following the second vaccination. Antibody levels were measured
in both groups...
A report in the literature suggesting that the use of cottage
cheese dressing cultured with S. diacetilactis would afford enhanced
flavor and shelf life in the finished product prompted this study to
examine reasons for its effectiveness. The method used involved
addition of a culture of S. diacetilactis 18-16 to...
Sporadic outbreaks of diacetyl off-flavor in beer are a serious
economic problem to the brewing industry. Studies were carried out
in an attempt to improve the understanding of the problem and to experiment
with new ways of controlling this defect.
The Owades and Jakovac method of diacetyl determination as
modified...
The association of other materials with DNA has been studied
extensively in higher organisms and more recently in bacteria.
However, investigation of these complexes in bacteria have for the
most part been restricted to the study of a specific function this association
may serve, or a specific kind of association....
While the genus Cytophaga has been defined and classified on
a morphological basis, knowledge of fresh water members of this
group of myxobacteria is scanty. In the present study cultural and
morphological characteristics were investigated in an attempt to
classify a group of fresh water cytophaga.
Microscopic examination revealed all...
The marine psychrophilic bacterium Vibrio marinus MP-4
possessed a maximum temperature and hydrostatic pressure of
20 C and 425 atm for growth. The effects of temperatures of 21 and
25 C and hydrostatic pressures of 200, 400, 500, and 1,000 atm on
protein, RNA and DNA synthesis by V. marinus...
Disc gel electrophoresis of the vegatative cell -free extracts ofstrains of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, E, and F and therelated nontoxic group showed limited value as a means for identifyingthese closely related microorganisms, since separation,though not consistent in all cases, could only be based on the numberof protein...
The effect of Endothal (3, 6-endoxyhexahydrophthalic acid),
sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) and TD-47 (di-N, N-dimethylcocoamine
salt of Endothal) on the microbial populations, ammonification,
nitrification and respiration in six different soils was investigated.
It was found that Endothal at 20 and 200 ppm had no adverse
effect on the microbial population, ammonification,...
Factors influencing diacetyl production by the aroma bacteria
Leuconostoc citrovorum and Streptococcus diacetilactis were investigated.
When grown in association with lactic streptococci, L. citrovorum
strain 91404 decreased in cell numbers from 10⁸ to 10⁶ over
two weeks of daily subculturing in sterile non-fat milk incubated at
21°C. The ability to...
The mycorrhizal rootlets of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) were extensively investigated. A jet-black mycorrhiza was found to be dominant on Douglas-fir rootlets. The fungal symbiont was identified as Cenococcum graniforme (Sow.) Ferd. and Winge. Two forms of mycorrhizae predominated on root systems of...
This project was initiated in an attempt to control furunculosis
(Aeromonas salmonicida) in a production hatchery rearing coho salmon.
An oral vaccine was prepared and administered to 520,000
juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) at the Siletz River Salmon
Hatchery prior to the onset of a predictable naturally occurring
epizootic of...
The purpose of this investigation was to purify and characterize
the autolytic enzyme from cell walls of Bacillus subtilis 168. The
crude enzyme was obtained by autolysis of purified cell walls in
buffer at 37° C. Two purification methods were developed. The first
involved fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The...
The presented study was undertaken to determine the
operational catabolic carbohydrate pathway(s) contributing
to the synthesis of the DNA of the actinophage for
Streptomyces griseus. The incorporation of glucose-6-¹⁴C versus glucose-1-¹⁴C was determined for the
deoxyribose and purine and pyrimidine bases of the phage
DNA. The specific activities of the...
The primary purpose of this investigation was to characterize
the lipids of the spores and vegetative cells of Cl. botulinum. A
second purpose was to explore the possibility that lipids might serve
as a means of differentiating the chiefly proteolytic Cl. botulinum
type B from the nonproteolytic Cl. botulinum types...