The concept of sustainable resource management can be applied at multiple scales.
Monitoring is an essential component of sustainable natural resource management
schemes, and as we begin to confront the need to manage natural resources at the
global scale, the importance of monitoring at the global scale is also growing....
Real-time PCR assays using locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes and high resolution melt (HRM) analysis were developed for molecular differentiation of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli, causal agents of cucurbit and hop downy mildew, respectively. The assays were based on a previously identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the cytochrome...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants generated as byproducts of natural and anthropogenic combustion processes. Despite significant public health concern, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling efforts for PAHs have so far been limited to naphthalene, plus simpler PK models for pyrene, nitropyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The dearth of...
Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) is a transplacental carcinogen in mice (15 mg/kg; gestation day (GD) 17). To mimic residual exposure throughout pregnancy, dams received 4 smaller doses of DBC (3.75 mg/kg) on GD 5, 9, 13 and 17. This regimen alleviated the previously established carcinogenic responses in the thymus, lung, and liver....
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) were used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification from two economically important obligate plant pathogens, Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli. Twenty isolates of P. cubensis and 19 isolates of P. humuli were genotyped using RNA-seq and GBS. Principle components analysis (PCA) of each data...
Dibenzo(def,p)chrysene (DBC), (also known as dibenzo[a,l]pyrene), is a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) found in the environment, including food, produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. DBC, classified by IARC as a 2A probable human carcinogen, has a relative potency factor (RPF) in animal cancer models 30-fold higher...
Native point defects, defect complexes, and oxygen impurities in BaCuChF were studied using density
functional theory calculations, self-consistent thermodynamic simulations, and various experimental techniques.
Unintentional p-type conductivity in BaCuChF is explained by the presence of copper vacancies with
transition levels in the valence band. These acceptor-like defects are partially compensated...
Lead-free ceramics of composition Bi(Mg₁/₂Ti₁/₂)O₃-(Bi₁/₂K₁/₂)TiO₃-(Bi₁/₂Na₁/₂)TiO₃ were prepared
using solid state synthesis techniques. The dielectric spectra showed a Tmax of more than 320 °C
for all compositions, and the transitions became increasingly diffuse as the Bi(Mg₁/₂Ti₁/₂)O₃
content increased. A lower temperature transition, indicating a transformation from an ergodic to a
non-ergodic...
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), was compared to dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) and combinations of three environmental PAH mixtures (coal tar, diesel particulate and cigarette smoke condensate) using a two stage, FVB/N mouse skin tumor model. DBC (4 nmol) was most potent, reaching 100% tumor incidence with a shorter latency...
The piezoelectric fatigue behavior of Pb-free ceramics based on solid solutions of Bi(Zn₀.₅Ti₀.₅)O₃-(Bi₀.5K₀.₅)TiO₃-(Bi₀.₅Na₀.₅)TiO₃ was characterized at 50 kV/cm after 10⁶ bipolar cycles. Ferroelectric compositions containing 2.5% Bi(Zn₀.₅Ti₀.₅)O₃ exhibited only minor losses in maximum strain (~10%). In compositions with 5% Bi(Zn₀.₅Ti₀.₅)O₃ that exhibit large electric field-induced strains, the electromechanical strain actually...
Continental precipitation not routed to the oceans as runoff returns to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration. Partitioning this evapotranspiration flux into interception, transpiration, soil evaporation, and surface water evaporation is difficult using traditional hydrological methods yet critical for understanding the water cycle and linked ecological processes. We combined two large-scale flux-partitioning...
Seamounts are ubiquitous features of the seafloor that form part of the fabric of oceanic crust. When a seamount enters a subduction zone, it has a major affect on forearc morphology, the uplift history of the island arc, and the structure of the downgoing slab. It is not known, however,...
In their recent Canadian Journal of Forest Research Comment 368 article, Wilson and Oliver (2000) developed an equation for predicting the average ratio of height to diameter at breast height for the largest 250 trees/ha (H/DL250) in unthinned stands as a function of initial density and dominant height of the...
Sustaining forest resources requires a better understanding of forest ecosystem processes, and how management decisions and climate change may affect these processes in the future. While plot and inventory data provide our most detailed information on forest carbon, energy, and water cycling, applying this understanding to broader spatial and temporal...
The Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) is in decline in the Columbia River Basin, and translocating adult lamprey to bypass difficult migration corridors has been implemented since 2000. We describe and report results from two current translocation programs, provide context for use of translocation, and discuss potential benefits, risks, and uncertainties....
Polycrystalline ferroelectric lead-free 85 mol% (Bi₀.₅Na₀.₅)TiO₃–10 mol% (Bi₀.₅K₀.₅)TiO₃–5 mol% BaTiO₃ (85BNT–10BKT–5BT) thin films were fabricated via chemical solution deposition on platinized silicon substrates. The permittivity and dielectric loss at 1 kHz were 610 and ∼3.5%, respectively. The ferroelectric properties at room temperature and as a function of the temperature up...
Many wind-power facilities in the United States have established effective monitoring programs to determine turbine-caused fatality rates of birds and bats, but estimating the number of fatalities of rare species poses special difficulties. The loss of even small numbers of individuals may adversely affect fragile populations, but typically, few (if...
This work advances a unified approach to process-based hydrologic modeling to enable controlled and systematic evaluation of multiple model representations (hypotheses) of hydrologic processes and scaling behavior. Our approach, which we term the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA), formulates a general set of conservation equations, providing the flexibility...
The relationships of the unusual salticid spider Depreissia from central Africa and Borneo have been difficult to resolve, obscured by its highly modified ant-like body. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene 28S strongly supports its placement outside the major clade Salticinae and within the clade of cocalodines, spartaeines and lapsiines, with...
Lead-free Bi(Mg₁/₂Ti₁/₂)O₃-(Bi₁/₂K₁/₂)TiO₃-(Bi₁/₂Na₁/₂)TiO₃ (BMT-BKT-BNT) ceramics have
been shown to exhibit large electromechanical strains under high electric fields along with
negligible fatigue under strong electric fields. To investigate the role of point defects on the
fatigue characteristics, the composition 5BMT-40BKT-55BNT was doped to incorporate acceptor and
donor defects on the A and...
In order to develop dielectric ceramics with temperature-stable permittivity characteristics, perovskite BaTiO[subscript 3]-Bi(Zn[subscript 1/2]Ti[subscript 1/2])O-[subscript 3]-NaNbO[subscript 3] ceramic solid solutions were investigated with a particular focus on effects of BaTiO[subscript 3] and NaNbO[subscript 3] contents on the dielectric properties of ternary compounds. Keeping the ratios of the other two constituents...
A near-large-eddy simulation approach with size-revolving (bin) microphysics is employed to evaluate the relative sensitivity of southeast Pacific marine boundary layer cloud properties to thermodynamic and aerosol parameters. Simulations are based on a heavily drizzling cloud system observed by the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown during the Variability of the...
The defect mechanisms that underpin the high energy density dielectric 0.8BaTiO₃–0.2Bi(Zn₁/₂Ti₁/₂) O₃ were investigated. Characterization of the nominally stoichiometric composition revealed the presence of a Ti³⁺-related defect center, which is correlated with lower resistivities and an electrically heterogeneous microstructure. In compositions with 2 mol. % Ba-deficiency, a barium vacancy-oxygen vacancy...
Thoreau's experiment at Walden Pond reveals two potentially contradictory desires, one of which can be linked to agrarian reform, and the other to ecological knowledge. Thoreau conceived his Walden project in a cultural milieu in which agrarian reform was receiving incrasing attention, and the Walden experiments was, in important ways,...
Phylogenetic relationships of the Antiperyphanes Complex of the genus Bembidion are inferred using DNA
sequences from seven genes (two nuclear ribosomal, four nuclear protein coding, and one mitochondrial
protein coding). Redefined subgenera within the complex are each well-supported as monophyletic. Most
striking was the discovery that a small set of...
Continuous records of upper water column (0–150 m) temperature profiles, spectral distribution of downwelling irradiance, and phytoplankton solar-induced fluorescence at 25 m depth were obtained during the inaugural deployment of the Hawaii Air-sea Logging Experiment, A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment (HALE ALOHA) mooring, near the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) Station...
Density estimation for marine mammal species is performed primarily using
visual distance sampling or capture-recapture. Minke whales in Hawaiian waters
are very difficult to sight; however, they produce a distinctive “boing” call, making
them ideal candidates for passive acoustic density estimation. We used an array of
14 bottom-mounted hydrophones, distributed...
There is a great deal of evidence that altered sphingolipid metabolism is associated with fumonisin-induced
animal diseases including increased apoptotic and oncotic necrosis, and carcinogenesis in
rodent liver and kidney. The biochemical consequences of fumonisin disruption of sphingolipid
metabolism most likely to alter cell regulation are increased free sphingoid bases...
Tides in the Delaware Bay (USA) have been modeled from 7000 years before present (7 ka) to the present day and for selected future sea-level rise scenarios (100 years, 300 years). Historic bathymetries were constructed through use of glacial isostatic adjustment models and a very high spatial resolution (< 100...
A new composite system, Ba(Zr[subscript 0.07]Ti[subscript 0.93])O₃ (BZT93) ceramic/NiO nanoparticles, was fabricated to investigate the effect of NiO nanoparticles on the properties of these composites. M-H hysteresis loops showed an improvement in the magnetic behavior for higher NiO content samples plus modified ferroelectric properties. However, the 1 vol. % samples...
Acoustic methods are frequently used to monitor endangered marine mammal species. Advantages of acoustic methods over visual ones include the ability to detect submerged animals, to work at night, and to work in any weather conditions. A relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use acoustic float, the QUEphone, was developed by converting a...
Materials based on BiMO₃-modified BaTiO₃ have been shown to exhibit a number of attractive electrical and electromechanical properties. In addition, many of the materials in this broad family exhibit reduced sintering temperatures for densification as compared to pure BaTiO₃. We report here a study of the phase evolution and sintering...
One deciduous cultivar of Rhododendron L., Gibraltar (AZ), and two evergreen cultivars, P.J.M. Compact (PJM) and English Roseum (ER), were grown in containers for 1 year to determine the effects of irrigation frequency during container production on plant performance the next spring when the plants were transplanted into the landscape....
The community of trophically transmitted marine parasites of juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon across 8 years (2002–2009) was related to indices of physical and biological ocean conditions
and adult returns. When the biomass of lipid-poor, southern origin copepods in the coastal ocean was high during juvenile...
Diagnostic carbon cycle models produce estimates of net ecosystem production (NEP, the balance of net primary production
and heterotrophic respiration) by integrating information from (i) satellite-based observations of land surface
vegetation characteristics; (ii) distributed meteorological data; and (iii) eddy covariance flux tower observations of
net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (used in...
Vibrio tubiashii is reported to be a bacterial pathogen of larval Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea
gigas) and has been associated with major hatchery crashes, causing shortages in seed oysters for commercial shellfish
producers. Another bacterium, Vibrio coralliilyticus, a well-known coral pathogen, has recently been shown to...
The occurrence of wildfires within municipal watersheds can result in significant impacts to water quality and ultimately human health and safety. In this paper, we illustrate the application of geospatial analysis and burn probability modeling to assess the exposure of municipal watersheds to wildfire. Our assessment of wildfire exposure consists...
Genetic-modification strategies are currently being developed to reduce the transmission of vector-borne diseases, including African trypanosomiasis. For tsetse, the vector of African trypanosomiasis, a paratransgenic strategy is being considered: this approach involves modification of the commensal symbiotic bacteria Sodalis to express trypanosome-resistance-conferring products. Modified Sodalis can then be driven into...
A primary focus of the US Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics
(GLOBEC) program was to identify the mechanisms of ecosystem response to large-scale
climate forcing under the assumption that bottom-up forcing controls a large
fraction of marine ecosystem variability. At the beginning of GLOBEC, the prevailing
bottom-up forcing hypothesis was that...
Deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) ratios in Earth’s hydrologic cycle have long served as important tracers of climate processes, yet the global HDO budget remains poorly constrained because of uncertainties in the isotopic compositions of continental evapotranspiration and runoff. Here bias-corrected satellite retrievals of HDO and H₂O concentrations from the Tropospheric...
Context: Antibiotic prescribing in hospice patients is complicated by the focus on palliative rather than curative care and concerns regarding increasing antibiotic resistance.
Objective: To estimate antibiotic use in a national sample of hospice patients and identify facility and patient characteristics associated with antibiotic use in this population.
Methods: This...
Global warming is expected to cause significant changes in the pattern of precipitation minus evaporation (𝑃 − 𝐸), which represents the net flux of water from the atmosphere to the surface or, equivalently, the convergence of moisture transport within the atmosphere. In most global climate model simulations, the pattern of...
OBJECTIVE: Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) has been found to reduce delinquency among girls in juvenile justice through 2-year follow-up. Given that such girls are at elevated risk for suicide and depression into adulthood, we tested MTFC effects on long term trajectories of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms.
METHOD: Girls...