The objective of this research was to investigate
the physiological effects of body posture on cycling.
The familiar positions of bicycle riding have been the
touring posture (hands stretched on top handlebar) and
the racing posture (hands bent at the elbow, with the
back horizontal). However, a relatively new stance...
The rapid pace of climate change is increasing tree mortality and highlighting the need to improve the mechanistic understanding of plant function under increased water stress. However, the processes that control soil moisture availability in steep mountainous terrain are poorly understood, as are the relative effects of atmospheric and soil...
Issues of right to life, as well as death have surfaced as topics of hot debate. In particular, questions about when and if individuals have the right to end their own lives have emerged and gained considerable attention as health policy issues having the potential to affect all Americans..
The...
The European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a tree nut crop that is important in Oregon, which produces 99% of the United States’ hazelnuts but only 5% of the world’s supply. In order to maintain this market share, farmers in Oregon need cultivars that produce high quality nuts, mature early,...
Business is a social institution and society has always designated a role for
business which has been undergoing changes with changing societal values and
paradigms. Thus while business has always had some responsibilities, the modern
connotation of the words corporate social responsibility commonly refers to business
assuming responsibilities in economic,...
Photobiological hydrogen production -- the use of photosynthesis to split water into hydrogen and oxygen -- presents an opportunity for efficient and large-scale solar biofuel development. One of the major challenges in this area is competition for reductant between the hydrogen-evolving hydrogenase enzyme and other metabolic pathways. In this work...
The pesticide carbaryl is applied annually to tidelands in Willapa Bay and Grays
Harbor, WA to control populations of burrowing shrimp which modify sediments making
the habitat unsuitable for oyster culture. Fish trapped on sprayed mudflats are often killed,
but little is known about effects on fish present in subtidal...
According to Block (1999), the greatest problem with inclusion in physical education is the lack of personnel support. Most help comes in the form of teacher assistants such as peer-tutors and paraprofessional who receive very little, if any, direction from the general physical education teacher. However, what remains unknown are...
As the forest industry moves toward the use of younger trees and production of an increasing number of composite products improving durability has gained importance. Coatings are one of the most widely used methods for improving wood durability because they improve resistance to water penetration, and subsequent shrinking and swelling,...
Spalting fungi show strong potential as natural colorants on a variety of materials, specifically textiles and wood. Four species of spalting fungi are currently utilized in this manner: Scytalidium cuboideum, which produces a red pigment called draconin red, Scytalidium ganodermophthorum, that produces an unknown yellow pigment, and Chlorociboria aeruginosa and...
Drug courts are collaborative community programs that provide active oversight and compliance monitoring of individuals engaged in the criminal justice continuum. Adult drug court program requirements include alcohol and other drug treatment, community support services, and other ancillary services intended to promote life changes in participants and ultimately, prosocial behaviors....
The efficiency of cellulose hydrolysis under straight saccharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) conditions was evaluated using three lignocellulosic materials (switchgrass, cornstover, and poplar), which had been pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid under conditions which optimized xylose concentrations in the prehydrolysate liquid. Yields of glucose, cellobiose and ethanol obtained...
The fungus Cochliobolus victoriae causes Victoria blight of oats and Arabidopsis and is pathogenic due to its production of a compound called victorin, which induces programmed cell death in sensitive plants. Victorin sensitivity in Arabidopsis is conferred by the dominant gene LOCUS ORCHESTRATING VICTORIN EFFECTS1 (LOV1), which encodes a coiled-coil-nucleotide...
Garden symphylans (Scutigerella immaculata Newport) are increasingly important pests of below-ground parts of over 100 crops in Oregon. The focus of our work was to improve S. immaculata management through 1) development of a bait sampling method, 2) examination of the susceptibility of selected crops to S. immaculata feeding in...
The American School Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors and counselor trainees must be competent providers of multicultural counseling, able to practice effectively with clients whose identities differ from their own. Pre-service school counselors receive very little training around immigration status and how to work with clients who...
In the past decade, declines in amphibian populations have captured scientific and popular interest. The causes of the declines are likely to be complex and involve interactions between several environmental stressors. Using multifactorial experiments, I investigated the combined effects of several anthropogenic stressors on developing amphibians in Oregon, USA. In...
The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in students' drinking patterns and the resultant negative consequences based on gender role identity,
gender role ideology and self-reported drinking motivations on a college campus. A
questionnaire was administered to a sample of 735 university students. Gender...
Policy makers in the United States (US), following recommendations made by the international scientific community, have drafted national emissions reduction legislation in hopes of minimizing the harmful effects of global climate change. Included in this legislation is a national cap-and-trade system with provisions for carbon offsets. Specific provisions for forest...
Background: Prior research has shown that distance learning courses have higher failure rates at community colleges then equivalent face-to-face to courses. There are a few programs and courses, however, that consistently achieve completion rates as high as or higher than their equivalent face-to-face courses. The research to date has not...
Coral reefs form vast ecosystems in tropical oceans that are hotspots for biodiversity and are economically valuable. The ecological success of coral reefs is made possible by the symbiotic relationship between corals and dinoflagellate algae from the family Symbiodiniaceae. In this symbiosis, the algae are found within host gastrodermal cells...
Firms' participation in exporting or foreign direct investment is an extremely rare behavior: only 4 percent of over 5.5 million U.S. firms were exporters in 2000. Exporters are generally larger (e.g. output and employment) and more productive than firms serving only domestic markets. Such heterogeneity within a narrowly defined industry...
RNA interference pathways can involve amplification of secondary siRNAs by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. In plants, RDR6-dependent secondary siRNAs, including transacting siRNAs (tasiRNAs), arise from transcripts targeted by some microRNAs (miRNAs). In the case of TAS3 tasiRNA formation, ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7)-miR390 complexes interact with primary transcripts at two sites, resulting in recruitment...
Many studies suggest that weedy plant species are most successful when
soil nitrogen in abundant. Consequently, I used soil nitrogen manipulations to
determine if altering nitrogen would affect the establishment of both weedy and
native plant species in a western Oregon wetland prairie. In two studies, we
added carbon amendments...
A firm's productivity is composed of two parts: pure technical change and location-specific (agglomeration) externalities. Regional productivity is thus an aggregation of productivity of firms producing similar goods and located in a given region. International trade can affect both components of regional productivity. First, trade openness in a closed economy...
This qualitative study informed by a phenomenological approach explored the experiences of students when deciding to disclose bias-related incidents. Through an individual interview and follow-up focus group, eight participants shared their experience with bias-related incidents, decision to disclose or not to disclose, and perception of university resources. Five themes emerged...
Physical education is important to promote physical activity of adolescents with and without disabilities, but many adolescents are not active during physical education classes. Innovative instructional strategies are imperative to change this phenomenon, but it will be challenging to develop effective instructional strategies without thorough understanding of students' physical activity...
Potato Virus Y (PVY) is an enduring problem for potato production worldwide. Potato varieties that resist the “ordinary” strain PVYO were developed by breeders, but in recent years, recombinant strains of PVY have been able to circumvent this strain-specific resistance and evade growers and seed certification officials by causing fewer...
Polyoxometalates are discrete anionic oxo clusters of the Group V and VI transition metals that can be conceptualized as molecular metal oxides. Because they are pairable with any alkali cation, a great deal of fundamental chemistry can be gleaned from their study, including solubility trends and insight into cation binding...
The methods to educate students with disabilities in physical education contexts vary greatly due to their unique characteristics and special needs, requiring different teaching methods on an individual basis. In order to improve educational outcomes for students with disabilities in physical education settings, teachers should employ evidence-based practice (EBP). However,...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of trained hearing peer
tutors on the physical activity levels of deaf students in integrated elementary
physical education classes. This study utilized a single subject multiple
baseline design across subjects.
Eight deaf 4th and 5th grade students and eight hearing...
Tibial stress fractures are common in runners. However, it is unclear what factors are associated with tibial stress fractures. This study aimed to investigate 1) magnitudes of bone contact forces occurring while running 2) whether or not repeated application of running loads is sufficient to explain tibial stress fractures and...
Pseudomonas fluorescens WH6 secretes a germination-arrest factor (GAF) that we have
identified previously as 4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine. GAF irreversibly inhibits germination of the
seeds of numerous grassy weeds and selectively inhibits growth of the bacterial plant pathogen
Erwinia amylovora. WH6-3, a mutant that has lost the ability to produce GAF, contains a...
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factor
Rachel A. Okrent,1 Anne B. Halgren,2 Mark D. Azevedo,2 Jeff H. Chang,1,3
Dallice I. Mills,1
This dissertation studies two different wireless microwave sensing applications in the subjects of environmental monitoring and biomedical devices. The environmental sensing application presents a design of novel wireless sensor node configurations. These nodes are intended to be used specifically in a built environment of railroad track ballast for its health...
Improved monitoring of forest biomass is needed to quantify natural and anthropogenic effects on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Landsat's temporal and spatial coverage, fine spatial grain, and long history of earth observations provide a unique opportunity for measuring biophysical properties of vegetation across large areas and long time scales. However,...
This dissertation's three essays explore the determinants of food insecurity for rural farm households, the influence of rainfall variability and long-run changes in rainfall levels on the migration decisions of working-age household heads, and the distributional impacts in core and periphery regions of food assistance to households in the hinterland....
Geologic CO₂ sequestration is a climate change mitigation strategy that prevents CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere by capturing CO₂ gasses from large point source emissions streams and then pressurizing and pumping the supercritical-state CO₂ into underground geologic storage reservoirs. Once underground, CO₂ is prevented from buoyant migration to the surface...
]. ...................................................................................................................... 10
2-4. Interfacial tension (IFT) of CO2 and brine as a function of pressure (P), temperature, and
Agrobacterium species transform plant cells by targeting a portion of plasmid-encoded bacterial DNA to the host nucleus. Genetic transformation by A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes requires secreted effector proteins. The tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid from virulent A. tumefaciens encodes VirE2, a secreted single-stranded DNA-binding protein required for efficient transformation of hosts....
Pseudomonas fluorescens WH6 secretes a germination-arrest factor (GAF) that we have
identified previously as 4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine. GAF irreversibly inhibits germination of the
seeds of numerous grassy weeds and selectively inhibits growth of the bacterial plant pathogen
Erwinia amylovora. WH6-3, a mutant that has lost the ability to produce GAF, contains a...
Transcriptomics and gene expression profiling enables the elucidation of the genetic response of an organism to various environmental cues. Transcriptomics enables the deciphering of differences between two closely related organisms to the same environment and in contrast, enables the elucidation of genetic responses of the same organism to different environmental...
More than 2.3 billion pounds of pesticides with a value of $4.1 billions are applied by farmworkers to agricultural crops each year. These chemicals applied to farm lands lead not only to acute and chronic health effects, they also enter the groundwater and food chain of populations. In recent years...
During the 1400s – 1600s, spalted wood was an expensive commodity used in marquetry style artworks across primarily Germany and Italy. It fell out of favor during the Industrial Revolution, but is currently experiencing resurgence in popularity with US woodturners. How spalted wood is used, and what types of spalted...
The biology of the two external Acarapis mites of honey bees,
Acarapis dorsalis Morgenthaler and Acarapis externus Morgenthaler
was studied. It was observed that both Acarapis species have similar
developmental period (8-9 days) with males emerging earlier than
females.
Mite load and infestation rate of A. dorsalis decreased as bees...
Native populations of forest trees are specifically adapted to the climates they inhabit. The farther trees are moved from their local climates (i.e., as the climatic transfer distance increases), the more growth and survival tend to decrease. The transfer limit is the climatic transfer distance beyond which plantation performance is...
Variable area surveys are used in large geographic regions to estimate the density of birds distributed over a region. If some birds go undetected, a measure of the effective area surveyed, the amount of area occupied by the birds detected, is needed. The effective area surveyed is determined by observational,...
American Indians and Alaska Natives have disproportionately high rates of diabetes, and it is not known if perceived medical discrimination is associated with diabetes health measures and poorer health for this population. This study examined the
effect of perceived medical discrimination (PMD) in American Indian women on health care decisions,...
Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests...
Each year an estimated one million young women in the United States develop an eating disorder. Without early recognition of symptoms and early intervention/treatment, these eating disorders can lead to a host of chronic and debilitating illnesses.
Tooth erosion is one of the first signs of an eating disorder, providing...
Foresters care about site productivity and stem quality in Douglas-fir plantations for many reasons. The profitability of forest land and the economic returns on silvicultural investments are directly related to site productivity. Thus, understanding the relationships among Douglas-fir productivity, stem form and site characteristics is important economically. My objective was...
The generation mechanism for downslope windstorms was shown to vary according to inversion height and strength using a series of numerical experiments. Strong low level inversions were dominated by interfacial waves on the inversion, while high level inversion and cases without an inversion were dominated by internal gravity wave (IGW)...
Decades of educational research has not reached and benefited most students due to the "implementation gap." The implementation gap is a term used to describe the divide between the number of research-based curricular materials created and the number that are broadly used in classrooms. A common approach to researching this...
The intracellular life cycle of Chlamydia has been difficult to study due to the inability to genetically manipulate the bacteria. As a result, indirect methods have been employed to study the pathogen and the aspects that contribute to its unique intracellular life cycle. A wide variety of laboratory adapted strains,...
Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in
water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was
conducted to determine if current physical and chemical properties of water in three
streams located in the Oregon Coast Range differed from historically measured...
This qualitative study considered faith as a part of the lifespan development of adults with developmental disabilities between the ages of 30 and 67 years. Ten individuals who participated attended an adapted liturgy and/or fellowship group hosted by two Roman Catholic faith formation groups. The data were gathered through individual,...
This dataset was created for the purpose of collecting and cataloguing sources that mentioned aspects of cultural diversity or workforce diversity within natural resource professions. The exploratory questions that prompted the collection of sources in this dataset were:
- Is diversity discussed in scholarly sources within natural resources?
- If...
Oomycete and fungal pathogens threaten food, fiber, and forests around the world. With climate change, these pathogens are expected to emerge more frequently. Evolution can facilitate their emergence through mechanisms such as mutations that change or expand host range. Characterizing evolutionary mechanisms in plant pathogens will contribute to our ability...
Implementation climate is the most proximal organizational predictor of implementation success. First-level supervisors are in a pivotal position to influence implementation climate, as they directly oversee frontline staff who deliver evidence-based interventions (EBIs). First-level supervisors who exhibit strong leadership and utilize best practices in supervision may be able to establish...
Non-native ecosystem engineers, which modify the structure and function of their ecosystems, are often a particularly concerning and costly group of invasive species. Such organisms may have substantial impacts on ecosystem services, or the benefits that humans derive from their ecosystems. Many factors play a role in the invasion success...
The Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (Oregon) was built between 1957 and 1964. As a result the anadromous steelhead trout was extirpated from the upper Deschutes Basin by 1968. The Deschutes Basin is a model for instream flow restoration projects in the Pacific Northwest that are largely driven by the...
Background:
The number of people diagnosed with chronic physical conditions is increasing in the United States. Chronic mental illnesses are also common in the country. Low-income women and those on Medicaid bear a disproportionate burden of chronic conditions and these conditions significantly contribute to obstetric morbidity. Prioritizing preventive measures and...
This workshop was held in 107 Richardson Hall on the Corvallis campus of Oregon State University with the intended goal of introducing participants to the skills required for evidence-based natural resource analysis. These skills include: framing answerable questions to address policy & practice concerns, finding the best available evidence to...
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Humaidan, P., & Polyzos, N. P. (2012). (Meta)analyze this: Systematic reviews might lose credibility
Bacterial canker is the number one killer of young sweet cherry trees in Oregon. This publication covers cause and symptoms, disease cycle, and disease management. A version for mobile devices is also available.
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canker of sweet cherry in Oregon
Bacterial canker of
sweet cherry in Oregon
Robert A. Spotts, Jeff
This workshop was held in 107 Richardson Hall on the Corvallis campus of Oregon State University with the intended goal of introducing participants to the skills required for evidence-based natural resource analysis. These skills include: framing answerable questions to address policy & practice concerns, finding the best available evidence to...
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/JaguarDepredationManualSPANISH_reduced.pdf)
Quigley, H., & Crawshaw, P. (1992). a conservation plan for the jaguar panthera-onca in the
Bacterial canker is the number one killer of young sweet cherry trees in Oregon. This publication covers cause and symptoms, disease cycle, and disease management. A version for mobile devices is also available.
Full Text:
, Oregon
State University. Jeff Olsen, Extension horticulturist, Yamhill
County, Oregon State University
Two diametric paradigms have been proposed to model the molecular co-evolution of microbial mutualists and their eukaryotic hosts. In one, mutualist and host exhibit an antagonistic arms race and each partner evolves rapidly to maximize their own fitness from the interaction at potential expense of the other. In the opposing...
Plants are constantly exposed to a large and diverse array of microbes; however, most plants are immune to the majority of potential invaders and susceptible to only a small subset of pathogens. The cytoskeleton comprises a dynamic intracellular framework that responds rapidly to biotic stresses and supports numerous fundamental cellular...
This workshop was held in 107 Richardson Hall on the Corvallis campus of Oregon State University with the intended goal of introducing participants to the skills required for evidence-based natural resource analysis. These skills include: framing answerable questions to address policy & practice concerns, finding the best available evidence to...
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High-resolution beach morphology data collected along much of the U.S. West Coast are synthesized to evaluate the coastal impacts of the 2009–10 El Niño. Coastal change observations were collected as part of five beach monitoring programs that span between 5 and 13 years in duration. In California, regional wave and...
This publication includes tables that summarize characteristics of the main hazelnut varieties produced in the United States, lists varieties' susceptibility to eastern filbert blight, and shows varieties' compatibility with each other for pollination.
Population viability analyses provide a quantitative approach that seeks to predict the possible future status of a species of interest under different scenarios and, therefore, can be important components of large-scale species’ conservation programs. We created a model and simulated range-wide population and breeding habitat dynamics for an endangered woodland...
Research has shown that more efforts are needed to increase high school completion and postsecondary enrollment among Latino youths. However, little is known regarding efforts that engage both Latino youths and their parents. To address this gap, we surveyed Juntos Oregon participants to examine the school and community context Latino...
There is no scientific consensus about how dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface waters is regulated. Here we combine recent literature data from 49 catchments with detailed stream and catchment process information from nine well established research catchments at mid- to high latitudes to examine the question of how climate...
BACKGROUND: Effective implementation of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) in primary care
practices requires training and other resources, such as
online toolkits, to share strategies and materials. The
Veterans Health Administration (VA) developed an online
Toolkit of user-sourced tools to support teams
implementing its Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT)
medical...
Commercial fishing in Queensland, Australia, involves a diversity of fishing activities such as trawl, line, net and crab. Due to a complex licensing arrangement (Licence Packages), most fishers are endorsed to operate in more than one fishery providing flexibility for commercial fishing operations. The aim of this paper is to...
This biological assessment (BA) documents the potential effects of existing Forest Service (FS) Land and Resource Management Plans (LRMPs), or 'Forest Plans' and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Land Use Plans (LUPs) on the Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis), hereafter referred to as the lynx. LRMPs and LUPs are collectively referred...
The challenges faced by manufacturing companies have forced them to become more efficient. Cellular manufacturing is a concept that has been accepted as a technique for increasing manufacturing productivity in batch type production by efficient grouping of parts (jobs) with some similarities in processing operations into groups and sequentially matching...
This dissertation presents a study of structure-property relationships within 3d/4d metal oxides containing precious metals through detailed structure refinements using high-resolution neutron and X-ray diffraction data along with exploration of the resultant properties.
Oxides of 4d or 5d transition metals tend to show new topological phases due to significant spin-orbit...
Pseudomonas fluorescens WH6 secretes a germination-arrest factor (GAF) that we have
identified previously as 4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine. GAF irreversibly inhibits germination of the
seeds of numerous grassy weeds and selectively inhibits growth of the bacterial plant pathogen
Erwinia amylovora. WH6-3, a mutant that has lost the ability to produce GAF, contains a...
We present a new hypothesis to explain the millennial-scale temperature variability recorded in ice cores known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) cycles. We propose that an ice shelf acted in concert with sea ice to set the slow and fast timescales of the DO cycle, respectively. The abrupt warming at the onset...
The transition of mature pollen to the progamic phase represents an important step in the regulation of plant sexual reproduction. The progamic phase encompasses the initiation of pollen tube germination, growth of the pollen tube through the stigma (the silk in maize) and concludes with fertilization of the female gametophyte....
Oregon's nursery and greenhouse industry has ranked the first in the State's agricultural for 18 years. The majority of nursery sales from the Pacific Northwest come from Oregon. Due to data limitations, empirical study of the Oregon nursery industry is rare. The present dissertation consists of three essays that analyze...
Eukaryotic small RNA (~20-30 nucleotides) are diverse regulatory molecules that repress gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, defend hosts against invading viruses and defend genomes against selfish DNA elements. Small RNA populations are studied by high-throughput sequencing of the total small RNA fraction isolated from cells, however, the...
Relatively recent increases in ponderosa pine abundance have effected unprecedented changes to ecosystem structure and function. Efforts to restore ponderosa pine systems are often focused on the manipulation of tree structure and the re-introduction of a more natural fire regime. Successful restoration should also incorporate understory components but information addressing...
Reported here is an investigation to determine the in vitro and in vivo metabolism
of xanthohumol (XN). XN is the major prenylated flavonoid of the female
inflorescences (cones) of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus). It is also a constituent of
beer, the major dietary source of prenylated flavonoids. Recent studies...
European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an important crop Oregon's Willamette Valley, producing 99% of the hazelnuts grown in North America and brings over US $60 million dollars to the region annually. Hazelnuts are rich in fiber and vitamins, as well in demand by consumers due to their popularity as...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of untrained and
trained peer tutors on the motor performance of students with developmental
disabilities in integrated physical education classes. This study utilized a single
subject delayed multiple baseline design across subjects.
Six elementary age students with developmental disabilities and...
Coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var menziesii) forests are extensive west of the crest of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington and are renowned for their productivity, biodiversity, and the ecosystem services they provide. Increasing wildfire activity in recent years including the extensive 2020 Labor Day fires, and a warming...
Many database users are not familiar with formal query languages, the concept of schema, or the exact content of their database. Thus, it is challenging for these users to formulate their information needs over semi-structured and structured databases. To address this problem, researchers have proposed usable query interfaces over which...
The Cackling goose (Branta hutchinsii minima) population has increased from a low of 20,000 in 1984 to the current population of 220,000-300,000 (Stehn 2012, Sanders 2013). As the Cackling goose population began to recover in the late 1990s, the majority of the population relocated from wintering in California to the...
Honey wine, also known as mead, is one of the oldest alcoholic beverages known to man. Made primarily from honey, water, and yeast, this beverage has recently been experiencing a resurgence in popularity. It is imperative that commercial producers focus on consistently creating quality products to differentiate themselves from competitors...
Juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) are one of the primary prey items for bird and mammal predators in the Bering Sea and support a large commercial fishery. An understanding of the environmental factors that determine the horizontal and vertical distribution of juvenile pollock is needed to estimate the effects that...
How should reinforcement learning (RL) agents explain themselves to humans not trained in AI? To gain insights into this question, we conducted a 124 participant, four-treatment experiment to compare participants’ mental models of an RL agent in the context of a simple Real-Time Strategy (RTS) game. The four treatments isolated...
Pseudomonas syringae is a phylogenetically diverse species of Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens responsible for crop
diseases around the world. The HrpL sigma factor drives expression of the major P. syringae virulence regulon. HrpL controls
expression of the genes encoding the structural and functional components of the type III secretion system...
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. Baltrus3, Jason S. Cumbie4,5, Jeff H. Chang4,5,6, Corbin D. Jones1,2,7,8,9,
Jeffery L. Dangl1,2,7,9,10,11