The environment under which fish are maintained as broodstock before
reproduction is often stressful; however, the impact of stress on broodstock and gamete
quality is not well known. We investigated the effects of stress over the final stages (i.e.
the 3 months preceding ovulation) of sexual maturation of female rainbow...
The effects of a sublethal concentration of dieldrin (0. 2 ppb)
in the water on the growth and body composition of underyearling rainbow
and cutthroat trout held in aquaria and fed different rations of tubificid
worms or Oregon moist pellets were studied at Oak Creek Fisheries
Research Laboratory, Oregon State...
The nephrotoxicities of the aminoglycoside antibiotics tobramycin (TBM) and netilmicin (NTM) were studied in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to determine the usefulness of salmonids as a sensitive animal mode for investigating the nephrotoxic potential of these agents. Logit analysis revealed that 8-12 day i.p. LD 50's in rainbow trout for...
Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is a mold-produced toxin which has been shown
to be a potent hepatocarcinogen in many animal species. Of the
species studied thus far, rainbow trout have proven to be the most
sensitive. Experiments were conducted to investigate various aspects
of AFB₁ metabolism in this species, including in...
Triplicate groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed six
diets; five based on fish protein concentrate (FPC) ranging in caloric
density from 4.36 to 6.19 kcal/g, and one based on vitamin free
casein with a caloric density of 5.26 kcal/g were evaluated with
respect to diet ingredient utilization. The parameters...
This study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) by a Mt. Shasta strain of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). A commercial mixture of PCB's (Aroclor 1254) was added to the diet at a level of 15 ppm on a dry weight basis. Accumulation of PCB's was...
The fundamental objective of this analysis was to isolate and
identify the factors governing the demand for domestically produced
rainbow trout in a representative west coast market, and assess the
impact on that demand, if any, of the introduction of pansize salmon.
The approach taken in this market demand study...
The rainbow trout population in Elder Creek, Oregon was
studied between June 1965 and November 1966. The physical characteristics
of the stream during the summer season were described.
Rainbow trout were captured in each of three sections on the stream
by electrofishing and were tagged and measured. Population size,
mortality,...
The effects of temperature, temperature fluctuation, and fish size on the growth of juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied in experiments which lasted 10 to 25 days. Groups of fish were fed at ration levels varying from near-starvation to repletion. Decelerating, curvilinear relationships between rates of food consumption and...
Of 109 aquatic birnaviruses (AB) belonging to 9 serogroup A, all replicated and produced rapid and extensive cytopathology in CHSE-214 and RTG-2 cells, whereas only half produced significant levels of cytopathological effect (CPE) in two nonsalmonid cell lines tested (EPC and FHM). In many instances it was found that although...
The toxicity of chlorobenzene (CB) was investigated in rainbow
trout following acute ip administration (1. 0 ml/kg, 1:1 in corn oil)
and chronic exposure (2. 1 ppm and 2. 9 ppm) via the water in a continuously
flowing system for 15 and 30 days.
In the acute study, overt toxicity...
Whole body accumulation and tissue distribution of dieldrin
(HEOD1) in rainbow trout was studied through oral dose disposition
tests and subchronic exposures via water (0.04 and 0.08 jig dieldrin/l)
and/or diet (0.087 jig dieldrin/g fish/day). Growth and maintenance
rations of 4 and 2% body weight/day were employed. Subchronic testing
produced...
Reproduction of salmonid fishes in acidic water was studied
using the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Adult trout were exposed
to various levels of hydrogen ion (pH levels 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and
control [6.5 to 7.1]) during the final 6 weeks of reproductive
maturation. Reduced survival rates of the progeny of...
The Mx protein family of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was characterized at the molecular level. With primers derived from a partial sequence of Perch (Perca fluviatis) Mx genomic DNA, a partial rainbow trout Mx genomic DNA sequence was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. All salmonid fish investigated contained...
Several compounds have been shown to induce the mixed function
oxidase enzyme system of animals, and also to inhibit tumor formation.
Included in this category are several vegetables and isolated
vegetable components from the Cruciferae family. In this
study rainbow trout were fed blanched freeze-dried cauliflower,
broccoli, or Brussel sprouts...
Three studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship between
insulin and nutritional parameters in rainbow trout. In the first study
effects on growth parameters and tissue composition of rainbow trout were
investigated following injection of bovine insulin at two dose levels
every 48 hr for 56 days. In addition, [¹⁴C]-leucine...
Rainbow trout were fed semi-purified diets containing cyclopropenoid
fatty acids, and the biological effects of these acids were
investigated. These fatty acids occur naturally in cottonseed oil and
have been implicated in a large number of physiological disorders.
Included in this study was an investigation of the pattern of deposition...
Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of
cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) on the membrane components of livers
of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In the first study, ¹⁴C-sterculic
acid was administered by intraperitoneal injection into rainbow trout
and the trout maintained for 72 hours. The labelled sterculic acid
was...
Biliary excretion of taurocholate in thermally acclimated rainbow trout was stimulated at higher environmental temperature (18 vs. 14 or 10° C)e Acute 4° C shifts in body temperature produced more pronounced changes in biliary excretion. Thermally modulated biliary excretion was negatively correlated with plasma half live of taurocholate. Absorption of...
Clinical methods to diagnose specific organ dysfunction have not been evaluated in fishes. To determine if an accepted clinical test of mammalian liver function could be applied to fishes, the
hepatic disposition of the organic anion sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was studied in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) treated with a model hepatotoxicant....
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) model
of chemical carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly
important as a supplement to rodent studies. However,
much of the molecular biology of the carcinogenic
response is still unknown in the trout model. The ras
gene family has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of
both spontaneous and...
Previous reports indicate the presence of multiple CYP1A sequences in rainbow
trout, but their functional differences are unknown. This report describes the cloning and partial characterization of four trout CYP1A cDNAs, which are given the tentative
designations CYP1A1v2, v3, v4, and v5. Comparison among these four and three
previously reported...
The characteristics of an inhibitor of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)
found in normal rainbow trout serum (RTS) were studied. The serum inhibitor had a
molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa and was dependent on divalent cations,
either Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺. It was stable at temperatures up to 50°C and...
Changes in blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations were
characterized for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) following intense exercise or exposure to
suspended volcanic ash or topsoil. Significant elevations in blood
calcium and phosphorus accompanied exercise-induced acidemia in both
S. qairdneri and O. kisutch. These elevations persisted...
Temperature influences the incidence of chemically induced cancer in fish,
with warmer temperatures being associated with higher cancer incidence. The
mechanisms of temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis in fish, however,
have not been described in detail. Therefore, one primary objective of this study
was increased understanding of how temperature-modulated genotoxicity of 7,12-...
A dietary level of Aroclor 1254 (100 ppm) was fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 15 weeks to determine the effects on hepatic microsomal enzyme induction. Fish were also fed combined polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (100 ppm) and cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) (50 ppm) to determine the effects on mixed...
A suitable method for the utilization of shrimp processing waste was investigated. The shrimp waste, which consisted of shell, viscera, and residual meat particles, was dried into a pink meal. This meal contained 5.4 percent moisture, 23.5 percent ash, 4. 1 percent crude lipid, 36. 3 percent actual protein, and...
The induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes is a
complex biochemical process manifested not only by
increases in various cytochrome P-450 isozymes and
related activities, but also by alterations in
endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Little work has been
done to examine how cytochrome P-450 inducing agents
influence other cellular processes, such as
phospholipid...
This report consists of tables summarizing data regarding streams receiving hatchery-reared rainbow trout since 1952. It includes data such as sources, sizes of fish, and water temperatures at the planting sites. It also averages data from creel reports from 1965-1972.
The objective of the reservoir research project is to gather and assemble data concerning the game and rough fish populations in Round Butte, Prineville, and Ochoco Reservoirs to enable efficient management of the fisheries.
The project has been divided into three different jobs, and these are:
a. Job 1 -...
A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring
of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under
control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia
was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac
output of trout in spawning condition...
Characterization of the 5' flanking region of rainbow trout ki-ras gene was begun with the cloning and sequencing of this region by the inverse PCR technique and dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. In total, a nucleotide sequence of 1080 bp upstream from the first coding ATG was sequenced. Although this region...
In a comparison of the mammalian and fish immune systems many similarities and differences are found. While most of the differences occur in the acquired or lymphoid arm of immunity, the nonlymphoid immune systems of fish and mammals share many similarities. For instance, both animal groups use phagocytic neutrophils and...
The immune systems of various teleost fish have been studied in some detail for
the past several decades. One aspect of fish immunity, that of endogenously produced
modulating factors, has recently received a great deal of attention. Understanding the
functions and roles of endogenous factors that regulate fish immunity is...
Rainbow trout cystatin C cDNA has been isolated from
trout liver. The full-length cystatin cDNA (674 bp)
included the 5'untranslated region and the polyadenylation
signal sequence AATAAA in the 3' region. Translation of
the cDNA defines 132 amino acid residues. Comparison of
the amino acid sequence with those of family...
Recent advances in DNA vaccine technology has brought about a promising strategy for the control of viruses that contain surface membrane glycoproteins. This type of vaccine involves the intramuscular injection of a bacterial plasmid containing a gene encoding a viral protein. The strategy uses eukaryotic processing of the protein as...
The effects of different dietary lipids on the growth, nutrition
and tissue lipid profiles of rainbow trout raised to market size on a
commercially available ration were examined. Rainbow trout of 80 g
mean initial weight were fed pellets prepared according to Oregon
Moist Pellet specifications for 20 weeks. Salmon...
Numerous tests were applied to rainbow trout
of eleven months of age to determine whether
ascorbic acid is an essential element of the diet
of these fish. Although previous work had been
done on this question, conflicts in the results,
the large reliance upon abnormal symptoms such as
lordosis and...
This document covers the massive decline in catch and return on trout stocked in Diamond Lake starting in the 90s and describes issues addressing the most likely cause, an increased Tui chub population competing for resources with the trout. The report discusses the persistent issue of Tui chub in Diamond...
"In January 1946 the Oregon State Game Commission authorized a study of Diamond Lake to determine reason for an apparent decline in the size and number of rainbow trout with the object of maintaining a maximum annual yield through proper management." (From Introduction)
DNA fragments of the gene for VP2, the major capsid protein of Infectious
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), were expressed in Escherichia coli and
characterized immunologically with antisera made to different serotypes of
IPNV. The entire VP2 gene was excised from the plasmid pUC19/A+SΔK and
fragmented with restriction enzyme Sau3A1. The...
The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PTBR) of trout brain was
pharmacologically characterized and pyrethroid interaction with this site
investigated. High-affinity binding sites for [³H]PK 11195 were detected in brain
membranes of rainbow trout; these shared some of the characteristics of the
PTBR of rodent brain (i.e., high affinity for PK 11195...
Rainbow trout were exposed to aluminum at pH 7.25 and
8.25 and four hardnesses (10, 30, 80, and 120 ppm CaCO₃)
for 96 hours in a continuous-flow system and mortality and
aluminum accumulation in the gills were determined.
Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured
daily for each treatment. Dissolved...
This thesis tests the hypothesis that innate immunity may be enhanced
immediately following a stressful event. The experiments characterize the acute
effects of the fight or flight response on some immunological and endocrine
parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Plasma cortisol and
catecholamines were elevated within seconds of the initiation...
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) inhibits chemically induced tumor
formation in rodents and rainbow trout. This study examines the
effect of I3C and its analog, indole-3-acetonitrile (I3N) on
xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme systems. The modulation of these enzyme
systems have been shown to have significant effects on the
interaction of chemical carcinogens and cellular constituents....
The extent to which responses to stress are maladaptive or adaptive to the long-term survival of fish remains to be better understood. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in the livers of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, responding to an experimental stressor. Gene expression responses were...
Steelhead and rainbow trout are common names for marine-migratory (anadromous) and freshwater-resident forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss, a partially migratory salmonid fish. Anadromous and resident forms are sympatric and can produce offspring with a life history different from their own (i.e., steelhead parents can produce rainbow trout offspring and vice versa)....
Experiments were conducted to determine survival, growth, and accumulation of HEOD (major component of dieldrin) in the tissues of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) embryos, alevins, and fry exposed to dieldrin concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 52 ppb. The fish were held in specially designed exposure chambers provided with continuously renewed...
In this study, I examine the influence of habitat gradients created by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington USA on a recently established Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population in the Spirit Lake basin. My goal was to evaluate the responses of fish in seven streams across a volcanic...
South Twin Lake in Deschutes County, Oregon was chemically treated September 14, 1965, to eliminate a population of Tui Chub (Siphateles bicolor). A total of 605 gallons of liquid synergized rotenone and 9,750 pounds of powdered rotenone was applied to the lake. It was estimated that 130,000 mature chub were...
The virulence of selected isolants of infectious hematopoietic
necrosis virus (IHNV) were differentiated and correlated with
electrophoretic mobilities of virion structural proteins by sodium
dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A type 1
electropherotype of IHNV was more virulent for kokanee salmon
(Oncorhynchus nerka) and a type 2 strain more virulent for...
Factors that influenced the uptake, storage, and elimination of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied to obtain an understanding of the mechanisms affecting the bioaccumulation of dietary contaminants in teleosts. Rainbow trout readily absorbed ¹⁴C-quinoline from pelleted food (1% ration at 138 ug quinoline/g food) and most...
Immunological memory has been shown to occur
unequivocally in mammals. However, controversy exists regarding
the capability of fish to elicite a memory response. This study
demonstrates that memory does occur
rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus rnykiss.
Trout injected with a T-dependent antigen,
trinitrophenylated keyhole-limpet hemocyanin, (TNP-KLH) (100
μg/fish) were able to produce...
For ras gene mutation analysis in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) model system, a partial trout ras sequence was identified
using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two synthetic
oligonucleotides based on rat K-ras gene sequence were used as
primers for the PCR procedure. A 90 base pair (bp) sequence,
referred...
Persistent organochlorines (OCs) bioaccumulate in aquatic biota and potentially impair reproduction via endocrine disruption. The present research evaluated estrogenic effects of the OCs, chlordecone (CD) and o,p'-DDT/DDE, and the antiestrogenicity of 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (345-HCB) in juvenile rainbow trout, utilizing vitellogenesis as a biomarker. Vitellogenesis, estrogen regulated hepatic production of the yolk...
Currently little is known about the mechanisms and locations of
lymphocyte development in teleosts. In this study several aspects of the
underlying factors which govern B lymphocyte development in trout
were investigated which included: the isolation and characterization of
immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) genes, the recombination activating
genes 1 and...
The acute phase response (APR) includes an early response of the innate immune
system to an inflammatory agent. Acute phase proteins (APP) are produced at
increased rates in the liver during this response. The APR has been well
characterized in mammals, but it is unclear to what degree teleosts mount...
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA), which are a group of
fatty acids produced by plants of the order Malvales, are known
to induce adverse physiological effects when administered to a
variety of animal species. A structurally strained cyclopropene
ring is present in all CPFA and is believed responsible for the
toxic...
A partial cystatin cDNA from rainbow trout was
generated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
with two degenerate primers. The partial cystatin PCR
product was 168 bp and used to screen trout liver λgt 11
cDNA library. Four positive clones were isolated and
designated as cstl, cst2, cst3 and cst4....
Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (EMBA), a carcinogen that requires
metabolic activation to produce active metabolites capable of
binding to DNA, has been studied in the trout and other fish.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are of importance as they
are ubiquitous in the environment and their carcinogenic effects
in fish from contaminated...
The DNA repair capabilities of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
were studied vising the method of autoradiography. Trout were fed a
semi-purified control diet containing 0 ppm, 50 ppm, or 300 ppm
cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) for 6-9 weeks. Liver slices were
prepared and exposed in vitro to a control treatment,...
Proteinase P-II purified from parasitized Pacific whiting muscle was previously
identified to be one form of cathepsin L. It appeared to be present in three isozymatic
forms on non-denaturing PAGE gel stained for activity. Its autolytic degradation was
observed on SDS-PAGE gel under its optimum condition, 55°C and pH 5.5,...
The hypotheses to be tested in this investigation are: 1) there is a threshold level of liver lipid and glycogen content above which the health condition of hatchery-reared fish is impaired, 2) fatty and high glycogen livers impair liver function and structure, and 3) fatty and high glycogen livers increase...
Previous work (Thorgaard, G. H. et al., Aquatic Toxicology 46:121-126, 1999)
showed triploid rainbow trout (0. mykiss) given embryonic carcinogen bath exposures
had significant reduction of induced tumors relative to diploids. In the present study,
trout were made triploid by thermal shock after fertilization. At age of 5 months they...
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has modeled twelve reference animals and plants (RAPs) with simple geometric shapes to be used when estimating radiation dose to non-human biota (NHB). In recent years, there has been interest in creating more realistic models in order to better understand the radiation interactions...
Alternative male phenotypes in salmonine fishes arise from individuals that mature as either larger and older anadromous marine-migrants or as smaller and younger freshwater residents. Variability in age and size of males at maturity is hypothesized to be preceded by early differences in growth in size and lipid storage. Water...
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) experience a variety of stressors in their natural environment as well as in aquaculture that can have negative effects on their physiology. The effects of physiological stress and endocrine disruption have been well described in fish. However, there is a scarcity of information on the effects...