The development of the Lee strain of type B influenza
virus was shown to be inhibited by puromycin in tissue culture of the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. The
compound is an antibiotic of unique structure which has
been reported to possess a broad range of biological activity
against unicellular and...
The amount of instruction level parallelism (ILP) that can be exploited depends
greatly on the size of the instruction window and the number of in-flight instructions
the processor can support. However, this requires a register file with a large set of
physical registers for renaming and multiple ports to provide...
The growth of applications for embedded processors has spawned a need for highly configurable devices. Custom microprocessors have long life cycles for a fast paced market, where as off-the-shelf designs often do not provide the level of configuration, nor the ability to allow system-on-chip designs. This paper presents a description...
Pathogens may alter their hosts, which consequently increases transmission efficiency by vectors. We examined the effects of Raspberry leaf mottle virus [RLMV; Closterovirus (Closteroviridae)] and Raspberry latent virus [RpLV; Reovirus (Reoviridae)], alone and in a co-infection in raspberry, Rubus
idaeus L. (Rosaceae) cv. Meeker, on the behavior and performance of...
Water temperature is an essential property of a stream. Temperature regulates
physical and biochemical processes in aquatic habitats. Various factors related to
climatic conditions, landscape characteristics, and channel structure directly influence
stream temperature. Numerous studies indicate that increased average air temperature
during the past century has led to stream warming...
The purpose of this multi-case study was to explore the stories and lived experiences of Native American police chiefs who have faced the systemic conflicts and challenges created between Native American tribal policing and an opposing U.S. legal system. It sought to understand the essence of tribal police chiefs’ experiences...
The existence of eigenvalues is shown for certain types of
integral equations with continuous kernels, the proofs utilizing some
basic results of collectively compact operator approximation theory.
Two numerical methods are presented that can be used to solve
second order nonlinear ordinary differential equations with periodic
boundary conditions. One of these methods is a shooting method developed
solely for the periodic problem. The other, "quasilinearization,"
is a method applicable to a wide variety of problems. It is...
In this thesis a relatively new topological technique, due to A. Granas, called Topological Transversality is used to obtain existence theorems for initial and boundary value problems in a variety of settings. This fixed point result is based on the notions of an essential map and on a priori bounds...
The topic of summability methods has been studied by many
although the name of G. H. Hardy and his classical work "Divergent
Series" is best known. Almost all of the early work was done using
single sequences or series. In the past 30 years research has been
done extending some...
The Advent of multi-cores allows programs to be executed much faster than before. Cryptoalgorithms use long-bit words thus parallelizing these operations on multi-cores will achieve significant performance improvement. However, not all long-bit word operations in cryptosystems are suitable for parallel execution on multi-cores. In particular, long-bit words used in Elliptic...
A three-dimensional sea ice model is presented with resolved snow thickness variations and melt ponds. The model calculates heating from solar radiative transfer and simulates the formation and movement of brine/melt water through the ice system. Initialization for the model is based on observations of snow topography made during the...
This thesis examines the characterization of the femme fatale and the implications of this trope for late-Victorian gender and sexuality in the ghost stories of female aesthete Vernon Lee. In her treatment of the femme fatale figure, Lee both reinforces and complicates the image of the sexualized, often bestialized woman...
Pacific shrimp (Pandalus jordani) was washed repeatedly and the
eluted bacteria were enumerated and identified. Selected isolates
were tested for their adhesive properties.
Washing reduced the microbial load by 3.84 to 42.04%. The bacteria
which most resisted wash-off were Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas
spp. The easiest to wash off was Flavobacterium...
The root systems of Douglas-fir trees infected with
Verticicladiella wagenerii and assigned by crown color and terminal
growth characteristics to several stages of decline were excavated at
three widely separated sites in the Coast Range of Oregon. Data were
gathered on insect species present, extent of colonization of the root...
Wireless Networks have been widely adopted into a major part of today's network infrastructure. They have become a popular technology to not only expand the coverage of wired networks but also to interconnect a large wireless network, i.e., wireless mesh networks. As they allow more flexible communication than traditional wired-networks...
Some elementary teachers want to be more child-centered in their
teaching. They are trying to consider the needs of the students
before the coverage of curriculum. Much of the inspiration for this
educational approach has come from the British primary schools.
The purpose of this study was to see if...
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) utilizes ‘Himalaya’ blackberry, Rubus armeniacus
Focke (Rosaceae), as a host and may invade berry and stone fruit crops from field margins
containing this invasive weed. Laboratory and semi-field studies were conducted to determine (1)
the persistence of protein marks including 10% chicken egg whites (egg...
The purpose of this thesis is to explore the design of a multimedia extension Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) for a reconfigurable processor. An Extendable Multimedia Module (EM3) was designed as an optional module for X32V. X32V is a prototype configurable processor simulator developed at Oregon State University by John Mark...
Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades,
including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A 15 km2 study area in the Sheep Rock Unit of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in eastern Oregon was selected to study spatial...
Temperature and humidity affect insect physiology, survival, fecundity, reproductive status and behaviour. Complementing previous work investigating the effects of temperature on adult survival and fecundity of the invasive frugivorous pest, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), this study was conducted to determine the effect of humidity on D. suzukii larval development, adult survival,...
Few studies have examined the acute effects of
resistive-type exercise on lipid-lipoprotein profiles. This
study examined the acute effects of a single session of
circuit weight training (CWT) on plasma lipid-lipoprotein
profiles: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high
density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and the ratio...
The time-domain simulation of wave-structure
interactions using the finite element method is presented
in this study. Combined initial and boundary value
problems for diffraction and radiation of waves by large
structures are posed. Linearized free surface boundary
conditions are used, but motions of the structural
boundaries compared to the wave...
A method is developed for calculating the reactivity
worth of the heavy water coolant of the Plutonium
Recycle Test Reactor (PRTR). The coolant reactivity
worth is determined by calculating the effective multiplication
constant of the reactor core with and without
the coolant in given process tubes. The calculational
method includes...
¹¹¹In/Cd perturbed angular correlation (PAC) gamma spectroscopy was used to
study the point defect thermodynamics of tetragonal zirconia (t-zirconia).
PAC can be used to measure, among other things, oxygen vacancy defect
concentrations in t-zirconia. Higher than expected concentrations of oxygen vacancies in
undoped samples were found using PAC. It was...
Shan-Mei, a Tsou aboriginal village in Taiwan, is widely known as a legend of environmental conservation, where ecotourism has been successfully combined with integrated community development. Indigenous knowledge containing "ecological wisdom" and decision-making based on consensus are perceived to be the greatest contributors to this achievement. I conducted three months...
Leptarctia californiae (Walker) was studied on clear and semi-forested southern slopes in the Coast Range Mountains of Benton County, Oregon. The spring of 1965 had an unusually long warm period (21 days) resulting in adult emergence approximately 25 days earlier than in the cooler spring of 1966. Peak flight activity...
A method of calculating the normal vibrations of polymer molecules
is presented in detail. The method is based on that used by
Schachtschneider and Snyder in their analysis of polypropylene but
has not heretofore been published. The factoring of the infinite matrix
and reduction to the coordinates of the unit...
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were produced against the
myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta, and were characterized
by indirect immunofluorescent techniques, western blot analysis,
and immunoelectron microscopy. The resulting Mabs reacted
specifically with the trophozoite and sporoblast stages of the
parasite, but not with the mature spore, indicating that certain
antigens are stage-specific....
We investigated 32 net primary productivity (NPP) models by assessing skills to reproduce integrated NPP in the Arctic Ocean. The models were provided with two sources each of surface chlorophyll-a concentration (chlorophyll), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), sea surface temperature (SST), and mixed-layer depth (MLD). The models were most sensitive to...
Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), may utilize wild ‘Himalaya’ blackberry (HB) Rubus armeniacus Focke or other non-crop plants as refugia and possibly exploit adjacent field margins before colonizing cultivated fruiting crops. Studies were conducted to determine the role of field margins containing HB and their effect on...
The fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. causes a wilt disease of
peppermint, Mentha pipertita L. Propane flaming of peppermint
stubble is widely used to control Verticillium wilt in the Willamette
Valley of Oregon, but little is known about the temperature required
for effective control of the fungus.
The purposes of this...
The thesis area includes 44 square miles of the Centennial
Range in Beaverhead County, Montana, and Clark County, Idaho.
The rocks exposed in the area range in age from Precambrian
to Recent and have been divided into 23 mapped units. Pre-Belt
metamorphic basement rocks are overlain unconformably by 3,433
feet...
Full Text:
, Centennial range, Montana-Idaho
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
JOHNLEE MORAN for the MASTER OF SCIENCE
The thesis area includes 44 square miles of the Centennial
Range in Beaverhead County, Montana, and Clark County, Idaho.
The rocks exposed in the area range in age from Precambrian
to Recent and have been divided into 23 mapped units. Pre-Belt
metamorphic basement rocks are overlain unconformably by 3,433
feet...
The thesis area includes 44 square miles of the Centennial
Range in Beaverhead County, Montana, and Clark County, Idaho.
The rocks exposed in the area range in age from Precambrian
to Recent and have been divided into 23 mapped units. Pre-Belt
metamorphic basement rocks are overlain unconformably by 3,433
feet...
Little is known about mixing in the abyssal equatorial oceans in spite of its inferred importance for upwelling dense water. Here we present full-depth microstructure turbulence profiles obtained in the equatorial Pacific that show evidence for intense wind-generated abyssal mixing. Mixing was intensified over the bottom 700 m where the...
This dissertation focuses on the life of Dixy Lee Ray as it examines important developments in marine biology and biological oceanography during the mid twentieth century. In addition, Ray's key involvement in the public understanding of science movement of the 1950s and 1960s provides a larger social and cultural context...
Landscape heterogeneity is thought to differ among farm management types (i.e. organic and conventional), and this difference is hypothesized to result in variations in pest control by natural enemies. However, it is unclear if these variations in pest control are driven by landscape structure or by farm management practices themselves....
The Gulf Stream is a major conduit of warm surface water from the tropics to the subpolar North Atlantic. Here we observe and simulate a submesoscale (<20 km) mechanism by which the Gulf Stream exchanges water with subpolar water to the north. Along isopycnals, the front has a sharp compensated...
The El Salvador porphyry copper deposit in the Indio Muerto district of northern Chile has been geologically investigated for more than 60 years and provides one of the best bases for understanding similar environments of ore formation elsewhere in the world. Fourteen new zircon U/Pb isotopic ages obtained via in...
This research explores the consequences and effects for men
enrolled in introductory Women Studies courses at Oregon State
University. Men are enrolling in the feminist classroom in larger
numbers due to institutional changes allowing Women Studies to
provide credit for baccalaureate core curriculum. The intention of
this study is to...
NAND flash based solid state drives (SSDs) require out-of-place updating due to the characteristics of flash memories. In addition, due to the mismatched granularity between read/write and erase operations, a cleaning policy involving garbage collection and wear leveling has to perform data migration incurring high overhead. Another challenge is that...
Since the eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18,1980, the rural communities within its shadow have experienced tremendous change. Tourism has become a highly visible and somewhat controversial component of change in the region, and its importance to local economies has increased. As a result of increased tourism development...
High Definition video streaming over WLANs faces many challenges because video data requires not only data integrity but also frames have strict playout deadline. Traditional streaming methods that rely solely on either UDP or TCP have difficulties meeting both requirements because UDP incurs packet loss while TCP incurs delay. This...
This thesis focuses on performances of masculinity by British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) airmen in the charged landscape of the First World War prisoner of war (POW) camp. I examine how captive airmen coped with imprisonment by reasserting the familiar homosocial communities of pre-capture squadron life, particularly through practices associated...
This is a psycho-socio-linguistic study of language
as the primary tool of institutions such as education,
government, and religion. These institutions have goals
associated with identifying with, communicating with, and
influencing individuals in the general public who are not
Part of the group. A review of psycho-socio-linguistic
theory suggests that...
The major purpose of this study was to develop a resource unit
in consumer education. In order to plan this unit, the writer:
1. Reviewed findings in the literature.
2. Discovered, through use of student questionnaires, which
concepts were most relevant to senior students at Grants Pass
High School, and...
Hand detection is a fundamental step for many hand-related computer vision tasks, such as gesture recognition, hand pose estimation, hand sign language translation, and so on. However, robustly detecting hands is a challenging task because of drastic changes in appearance based on finger articulation and changes in lighting conditions, camera...
The AE32000 processor core, developed by Advanced Digital Chips Inc., Korea, is used primarily in the embedded processing environment. The AE32000 simulator models this embedded processor core having high code density. An enhanced simulator was developed to study the performance of the present Instruction Set Architecture after comparison with the...
Autonomous robotic agents are on their way to becoming in-home personal assistants, construction assistants, and warehouse workers. The degree of autonomy of such systems is reflected by the manner in which we specify goals to them; the abstraction of low-level commands to high-level goals goes hand-in-hand with increased autonomy. In...
This study was designed to determine personal and professional
traits of effective and ineffective selected home economics teachers of
sophomore girls and to discover if characteristics of effective and
ineffective teachers varied between large schools of 1,000 or more
pupils and small schools with 500 or fewer students.
A survey...
The central problem of the study was to explore the relationship
between the minimum competencies and characteristics chosen by
child development specialists as necessary for a child care aide and
those sought by child care center directors when hiring an aide. A
survey instrument was developed consisting of 49 basic...
Historically, patient days were used to assess pharmacy staffing levels at Albany General Hospital. It was the impression of the director of pharmacy that patient days were an incomplete and therefore unacceptable indicator of personnel requirements. Therefore, a study was initiated to: 1) develop a methodology that would document and...
In the thesis, an application of a genetic algorithm (GA) is considered to solve the vehicle routing problem (VRP) which involves heterogeneous vehicles to serve known customer demands from multiple depots achieving the minimum delivery cost, where each customer must be satisfied by one or more visit(s), and each vehicle...
This investigation was concerned with the work values of tenth
grade girls and their relationship to the girls' aspirations and expectations
for future education and marriage-career roles.
The instrument employed for the value measurement was the
Work Values Inventory of Super (1968). An original questionnaire was
developed by the researcher...
Since its introduction in the early 1990s, the quick growth of the World Wide Web
(WWW) traffic raises the question of whether past Local Area Network (LAN) packet
traces still reflect the current situation or whether they have become obsolete. For this
thesis, several LAN packet traces were obtained by...
This field investigation was designed to further
the understanding of the significant influence which
parent population density, as well as dispersion, have
on the dynamics of enclosed populations of the montane
vole, Microtus montanus (Peale). The study was conducted
in Klamath County, Oregon from June, 1963 to February,
1964. The...
Wireless High Definition Video Transmission (WHDVT) over 802.11-based networks enjoys widespread deployment among today's multimedia solutions. Examples include Intel® Wireless Display and Apple Airplay®, to name a few. In these systems, peer-to-peer networks are established over which H.264-encoded video is transported wirelessly to be decoded and played back at the...
In container terminals, the efficiency of loading operations in a container yard highly
depends on the productivity of yard cranes. In loading operation, yard cranes have to
pick-up the containers which are stacked in the yard-bays to satisfy the work schedule
requirement of quay crane, the equipment for loading and...
Old women face a unique set of obstacles in their
quest for empowerment. In this study the concept of
empowerment is explored by politicizing issues of personal
safety. The most significant factors that impede an old
woman's sense of safety and control include oppression,
primarily ageism and sexism, along with...
Books and literature help children and young adults develop language, cognitive, and social skills. Additionally children's literature enables individuals to develop a deeper appreciation for their own, and others' cultures and histories. This thesis analyzes the young adult historical fiction series Dear America, published by Scholastic press, and examines how...
The purpose of this investigation is to explore gender role attitudes among Thai
college students and to determine whether differences in gender role attitudes among
Thai college students are related to the sex of students, college major and family
structure. To investigate this problem a Gender Role Attitude Inventory is...
Three products derived from shrimp processing waste (Pandalus
jordani) and a protein concentrate extracted from king crab waste
(Paralithodes camschatica) were evaluated as feed supplements for
standard dark and sapphire pelter mink (Mustela vison) replacing
approximately 10 and/or 20 percent of the protein in a standard wet
diet (33 percent...
The purpose of this thesis is to explore methods which can reduce the power dissipation of a mobile system while decoding MPEG video. MPEG decoding is a microprocessor intensive process that makes heavy use of both the L1 and L2 caches as well as main memory. The heavy load placed...
Wireless technologies advance rapidly in the recent time. The maJor initiative is the realization of the third generation wireless network that provides high bandwidth access to digital data on the Internet. Moreover, recent improvements in computer and embedded systems have enabled portable devices with sufficiently high computing capability.
The combination...
Mobile devices are becoming more prevalent and complex. As a result, the wireless communication aspect of these devices is becoming increasingly significant. At the same time, video demands in terms of availability and quality are also on the uprise. High definition (HD) video is the standard of choice for meeting...
AE32000 microprocessor was developed mainly to address the need for the reduction in the amount of memory accesses in embedded applications. One of the primary goals of a computer architect is the design and construction of machines, that support the efficient execution of the programs that will run on them....
This study addresses women's experiences in higher education at Oregon Agricultural College between 1870 and 1916. The experiences of these women illustrate how they were affected by society's beliefs and values, and further, how their education encouraged them to develop skills necessary to transform their role in society. Education has...
This dissertation has two objectives. The first objective is to determine where best to situate the study of mentoring (i.e. the 'making of scientists') on the landscape of the history of science and science studies. This task is accomplished by establishing mentoring studies as a link between the robust body...
This study presents a comparison of differences in cognitive mapping as a result of navigating an unfamiliar space with GPS or with Google Glass. Using the Yerkes-Dodson law and attenuation theory, the study attempts to uncover how attention is diverted or focused through each of these wayfinding platforms. In addition...
The ubiquity of high quality video and proliferation of mobile devices has contributed to an unprecedented rise in video consumption. HTTP, in conjunction with adaptive streaming, has become the de facto mechanism for delivering the vast majority of video as it readily caters to heterogeneous networks and devices. This dissertation...
Traditional approaches to streaming H.264 video over a network typically rely on a single method of transport (i.e., reliable or unreliable) and/or use static values for parameters that can have a significant negative impact on the perceptual quality of the received video. This dissertation presents a dynamic method for wireless...
There are a number of well known techniques for extracting parallelism from a given program. They range from hardware implementations, building restructuring compilers or reorganizing of programs so as to specify all the available parallelism. The success rate of any of the known techniques is rather poor over all types...
Within the U.S. there is a growing interest in the case of female adolescents being coerced into the sex industry (Bernstein, 2010; Estes & Weiner, 2001; Soderlund, 2010; Williams and Frederick, 2009). This interest, which emerged due to U.S. involvement in the international trafficking phenomena and grassroots organizing, has resulted...
:
_______________________________________________________________
Janet Lee
Within the U.S. there is a growing interest in the case of female adolescents
•Plant population genomics informs evolutionary biology, breeding, conservation and bioenergy feedstock development. For example, the detection of reliable phenotype–genotype associations and molecular signatures of selection requires a detailed knowledge about genome-wide patterns of allele frequency variation, linkage disequilibrium and recombination.
•We resequenced 16 genomes of the model tree Populus trichocarpa...
Model–data comparisons of plant physiological processes provide an understanding of mechanisms underlying vegetation responses to climate. We simulated the physiology of a pi~non pine–juniper woodland (Pinus edulis–Juniperus monosperma) that experienced mortality during a 5 yr precipitation-reduction experiment, allowing a framework with which to examine our knowledge of drought-induced tree mortality....
John Wesley Powell worked actively for public land system
reform while a director of geographical and geological surveys in
the West from 1869 to 1894. Although this has won him acclaim as a
conservationist, the basis of Powell's linkage of reform with
scientific work is poorly understood.
A study of...
This thesis will cover my work relating to the developing field of terahertz (THz) science and technology. It will present experimental and theoretical studies investigating the optical and electrical properties of various material systems using novel THz imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Due to its low photon energy, THz imaging and...
Vegetation diversity in the Wyoming big sagebrush/Thurber needlegrass (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young/Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth. syn. Stipa thurberiana Piper) plant association was studied across a condition class gradient in southeastern Oregon. All observable vascular plant species were counted during 6 seasons and 2 years and diversity...
Recreation opportunity planning, including use of the recreation
opportunity spectrum (ROS), was developed to aid land managers in
inventorying, classifying, and managing outdoor recreation resources
within an overall planning framework. This planning concept, which
combines physical, managerial, and social setting characteristics
into an array of recreation opportunities ranging from primitive...
Over the years, the performance of construction projects has been a main source of concern given the percentage of a project cost associated with poor project performance. As a result of the growing clamor to improve the output of the built industry, comprehensive studies have been conducted to examine the...
_______________________________________________________________________
John A. Gambatese
Over the years, the performance of construction projects has been a main
A growing realization that wetlands are potentially
valuable resources has recently stimulated efforts towards
their protection. While a foundation for wetland management
exists, decision makers still lack adequate tools for addressing
issues of wetland preservation vs. development.
Wetland preservation values are often neglected in traditional
market analyses and in the...
Real-world datasets are dirty and contain many errors. Examples of these issues are violations of integrity constraints, duplicates, and inconsistencies in representing data values and entities. Applying machine learning on dirty databases may lead to inaccurate results. Users have to spend a lot of time and effort repairing data errors...
Several studies were conducted to determine if a more consistent
predictor of phytotoxicity to winter oats could be obtained with a
surfactant-herbicide ratio or a per-unit-volume concentration of surfactant,
independent of volume. The herbicides tested were 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), 1,1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridinium
(paraquat), and 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil) with
the nonionic surfactant X-77...
The western spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata
undecimpunctata) and the western striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma trivittatum) are
pests of many crops, including vegetable, fruit, and nursery crops. Pesticides are
commonly used to control this pest. Trap and kill technologies are under development as
use in an alternative control for cucumber...
Forests in the Blue Mountains region of eastern Oregon and Washington are facing a large-scale forest health crisis. Poor forest conditions have greatly increased the risk of catastrophic wildfire. Resource managers in the Wallowa-Whitman, Umatilla, and Malheur National Forests are utilizing prescribed fire and mechanized thinning treatments to reduce hazardous...
The communicative behavior of five species and subspecies of
Tropisternus Solier (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) was studied. These
aquatic beetles have stress and calling chirps (both sexes), a second
male calling signal (one species), a single male courtship sound
(usually), a male copulatory sound, and a female aggressive rejection
buzz (three species)....
Farlowia mollis is a marine red alga that grows in the
intertidal region along the coast of Oregon. We began studying
the chemistry of this alga after a survey of Oregon seaweeds
revealed possibly interesting chemistry and antimicrobial activity
in its crude organic extract.
Over the past three years the...
Adequate energy stores are essential for survival, and sophisticated neuroendocrine mechanisms evolved to stimulate foraging in response to nutrient deprivation. Food search behavior is usually investigated in young animals, and it is not known how aging alters this behavior. To address this question in Drosophila melanogaster, we compared the ability...
This study aimed to determine the interactions 31 among salt (NaCl), sodium phosphate
(SP) and mild HPP in brine-injected beef. Beef strip loin segments were injected to 10% over initial weight with solutions containing water and various levels of salt (0, 2 or 4% of solution)
and/or SP (0 or...
A coupled biophysical model is used to examine the impact of the great Arctic cyclone
of early August 2012 on the marine planktonic ecosystem in the Pacific sector of the Arctic
Ocean (PSA). Model results indicate that the cyclone influences the marine planktonic
ecosystem by enhancing productivity on the shelves...
Marine provinces, founded on contrasting floras or faunas, have been recognized for more than 150 years but were not consistently defined by endemism until 1974. At that time, provinces were based on at least a 10% endemism and nested within biogeographic regions that covered large geographic areas with contrasting biotic...