This thesis addresses the problem of learning dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) models to support reinforcement learning. It focuses on learning regression tree models of the conditional probability distributions of the DBNs. Existing algorithms presume that the stochasticity in the domain can be modeled as a deterministic function with additive noise....
Cancer is class of diseases that has great diversity and unfortunately is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Chemotherapy remains an important cancer treatment modality, and superior chemotherapeutic drugs are constantly being sought. Gemcitabine is an anti-tumor chemotherapeutic drug and it is the first line...
Full Text:
From a Gemcitabine Prodrug Incorporated into
Lecithin-Based Nanoparticles
By
Michael
Cancer is class of diseases that has great diversity and unfortunately is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Chemotherapy remains an important cancer treatment modality, and superior chemotherapeutic drugs are constantly being sought. Gemcitabine is an anti-tumor chemotherapeutic drug and it is the first line...
Full Text:
Slide 1
By
Michael A. Sandoval
Dr. Zhengrong Cui
Dr. J. Mark
Cancer is class of diseases that has great diversity and unfortunately is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Chemotherapy remains an important cancer treatment modality, and superior chemotherapeutic drugs are constantly being sought. Gemcitabine is an anti-tumor chemotherapeutic drug and it is the first line...
Full Text:
Prodrug
Incorporated Into Nanoparticles
Michael A. Sandoval, Brian R. Sloat and Zhengrong Cui
College of
Anaerobic digestion of lipid-extracted algal biomass has been proposed as a method to
recover and recycle nutrients in algal biofuel systems. The purpose of this study was to quantify recoverable nitrogen and phosphorus from anaerobically digested C. vulgaris. Recoverable nutrients were deemed those present in the liquid phase of anaerobic...
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Microsoft Word - Thesis of Michael Gordon Final Draft No
The smartphone is changing the way individuals interact with one another in society. Given the instant accessibility and multitude of socially iconic features, the contemporary handheld device grants users an unprecedented level of connectedness. However, despite the new breadth of access, perhaps the depth of the resulting social networks is...
Full Text:
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Michael J.C. Yee for the
Historians and sociologists of science often identify the efflorescence of social stud ies of science with the work of postwar American intellectuals such as Robert K. Merton and Thomas S. Kuhn. They often also refer to the views of Michael Polanyi (1891-1976) on the roles of tacit knowledge, apprenticeship, social...
On February 9th, 2014 Michael Sam stated in an interview with ESPN's "Outside the Lines" that he is gay. Since he was drafted, Sam will become the first ever openly gay player in NFL history. The following study aims to explore ESPN's coverage of Michael Sam, with a goal of...
During mitosis, sister chromatids are separated by the action of the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes at centromeres through a protein complex called the kinetochore. While ~100 proteins have been identified at kinetochores and centromeres, the function of most is poorly understood.
The centromere protein, CENP-T (Centromere...
In a discrete review inventory process, when the demand
forms a stochastically convergent sequence of random variables,
it seems reasonable that the optimal stationary (s, S) inventory
policy will be a function of the limiting demand and cost structure
only. The intent of this paper is to provide a rigorous...
Lycopodium alkaloids have generated enormous amounts of interest from the scientific community, both as synthetic targets and for their medicinal properties. Herein is described work towards a unifying approach to large segments of the Lycopodium family. An organocatalyzed intramolecular heteroatom Michael reaction method, for the construction of piperidine and piperizine...
Effective methods for the enantiopure formation of substituted piperidine rings are significantly important due to their presence in alkaloid products. A valuable method to form these ring systems would be via an intramolecular heteroatom Michael addition from the corresponding enone or enal. Described herein is a methodolgy that has been...
This thesis traces the relationship between the First World War, constructions of masculinity, and the life and poetry of T.S. Eliot. Central to this relationship is a study of homoeroticism, which the author characterizes as different from homosexuality but not exclusive of it, in late 19th and early 20th century...
During his lifetime C. S. Lewis chose to speak to Christians in plain and simple language that they could understand. Lewis taught and defended truths that he felt were discernible through reason. Morality, free will, and the divinity of Jesus Christ were fundamental to his core beliefs and teachings. His...
The phenomenon of phantom limb pain has been well documented for centuries, but little clinical work has been done to alleviate it. Physician and neuroscientist Vilayanur S. Ramachandran began researching this condition nearly two decades ago, and has discovered a promising alternative treatment: mirror-box therapy. This therapy is not yet...
Within The Lamplighter, a novel written in 1854, Maria
Susanna Cummins defines a version of the sentimental novel
that significantly differs from the prescriptive analysis
male critics have offered for the genre. This thesis
argues that feminist theory and recent rhetorical theory
have caused a critical paradigm shift that has...
The Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) requires that Final Status Surveys be performed on materials and surfaces that vary in surface smoothness and/or uniformity. To obtain accurate survey data, it may be necessary to adjust detector response for these surface variations. NUREG-1507 refers to such surface efficiency...
Maps from the report "Modeling sea level rise impacts to Oregon’s tidal wetlands : Maps and prioritization tools to help plan for habitat conservation into the future.”
Histones, as part of nucleosomes, are responsible for DNA packaging in chromosomes. They also affect DNA expression by a multitude of post-translational modifications, especially prevalent on the amino terminus of histones. Co-activator protein complexes “write”, “read”, or “erase” histone modifications, and in balance determine which sections of DNA are free...
Benton County has experienced substantial growth in the past 30 years, and is expected to continue growing (BCWP 2008). Continued development has occurred in the Willamette Valley, housing development in the nearby hills of the Coast Range is growing. New houses in the foothills of the Coast Range may not...
Rotifers and brine shrimp (Artemia) are important prey items for rearing marine fish larvae. Their availability in the water column may be reduced when they are transferred to larval rearing tanks at lower temperature. In this study, Brachionus rotundiformis (SS-type) and Brachionus plicatilis (L-type) were semi-continuously cultured and fed on...
Recreational fisheries regulations at the state level along the US Atlantic coast are constantly changing to ensure the sustainability of marine fish populations. It is hypothesized that effective management of recreational fishing effort should have a positive impact on fish stocks. Using recreational catch per unit effort (CPUE) as a...
Wastewater treatment plants around the world are becoming increasingly at risk of sea level rise impacts as these facilities are typically located in low-lying areas to utilize gravity flow for influent (incoming sewage) and effluent (discharged treated sewage). As these risks become realized, treatment plant managers and decision-makers must know...
In order to restore conifers in hardwood dominated riparian forests 25% of the
experimental reach forests alongside four streams in western Oregon was clearcut.
Clearcutting removed 400 m without residual buffers from a 1600-m streamside forest
reach in patchcuts spanning 100 and 200 meters. To assess the cumulative and direct...
Since the decline of salmonid populations in the Pacific Northwest, supplementation programs have become frequently implemented by hatcheries as a way to protect and conserve wild stock. However, hatchery-reared fish have lower fitness than wild fish which is likely due to adaptation to the hatchery environment, i.e., domestication selection. Fish...
Parasites are unique study organisms for evolutionary ecologists. Yet, molecular ecology studies on parasites have lagged far behind those on free-living organisms. The goal of the review in Chapter 2 was to illustrate areas of research that may be of particular interest in relation to the parasitic life style and...
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic trematodes in the genus Schistosoma. 200 million people are infected with schistosomes. Schistosomiasis causes acute and chronic disease, and may lead to death in chronic infections. Schistosomes have a complex life cycle that requires passage through a snail intermediate host. Understanding...
The determination of the number and locations of optimal supply
points in centralized distribution systems is considered from both
theoretical and institutional aspects.
The Euclidean distance problems that typify the theoretical
school of location search are discussed and seven different solution
techniques are investigated: the Torricelli, linear programming,
exhaustive search,...
Schistosomiasis afflicts 200 million people and is responsible for 200,000 deaths per year. The infection is caused by a digenean trematode in the genus Schistosoma. The parasite must cycle through both a vertebrate (human) and invertebrate (snail) host to complete the life cycle. My dissertation focuses on the genetic mechanisms...
Resource Planning and Management (RPM) network is a graphical
representation of input-output relationships among activities and
resources within a system. Both resources (events) and activities
(decisions) are explicitly represented as nodes in all RPM networks.
Depending upon the relationships being depicted, RPM networks can
be classified into Relational (R), Precedence...
This dissertation is an attempt at developing a method for the analysis and estimation of the effects of disruptions due to uncertainties. Such uncertainties may result from design changes and engineering drawing delays in large-scale, complex, research and development, or construction projects.
In order to provide management with a simple...
Transgenerational immune priming occurs when an adult is exposed to a parasite or other pathogen and then transmits information to its offspring through protective phenotypes to cope with the same pathogen (Moret, 2006). There has been evidence for transgenerational immune priming in various invertebrates (Tidbury et al. 2011). Here we...
Releasing hatchery reared salmon and steelhead to supplement threatened and endangered populations is a widely used conservation tool. One issue with this strategy is hatchery fish have lower reproductive fitness than wild fish when spawning in the wild. One of the drivers of fitness loss in steelhead is adaptation to...
The maximum principle developed by the Russian mathematician,
L.S. Pontryagin is considered to be one of the most significant
contributions to the recent advances in mathematical optimization
techniques.
Unfortunately, most of the published literature on the application
of the maximum principle is in the field of control system design,
and...
Pattern recognition techniques and their application to a
consumer behavior study are presented. The Local Majority Method
(LOMAME) utilizes a set of prototypes and corrective factors which
undergo a training cycle before being utilized as pattern classifiers.
Its advantages over the Minimum-Distance Method and the Fix
and Hodges Method are...
A Resource Planning and Management System (RPMS) and Goal
Programming algorithm are integrated into a tool for optimization of
resource allocation in university academic departments. The integrated
approach is then applied to the management models of the
Industrial and General Engineering Department at Oregon State
University and of the Industrial...
A multi-phase methodology is proposed as an aid to
resource planning and management activities in a high
technology company faced with an uncertain marketing
future. An attempt is made to incorporate both quantifiable
and non-quantifiable factors.
The problem analysis phase of the proposed methodology
employs Resource Planning and Management (RPM)...
An analytical tool to assist municipal planners in evaluating
alternative planning strategies is proposed. Schlager's Land Use
Plan Design Model provides the linear formulation of the problem,
Goal Programming is used to create alternatives, and Brown and Kirby's
Measures of Urban Performance serve to evaluate the alternatives.
Resource Planning and...
A new method is developed for solving linear optimization
problems based on the RPM network modeling technique which represents
the primal and the corresponding dual models simultaneously
upon a single graph. The network structure is used to eliminate
the need for explicit logical variables and to provide a graphic
tool...
Branch-and-Bound algorithms are developed to optimally
schedule static single- and multi-stage job-shop productions. The 'corollary' of the study is to experimentally verify the effectiveness of
branch-and-bound algorithms to overcome the "curse of dimensionality" due to the combinatorial nature of job-shop scheduling problems.
The static scheduling problem contemplated in this dissertation...
Some of the problems concerning the present educational programs
which confront the institutions of higher education are, reviewed.
Resources allocation is at the root of the issue.
Budgeting orientations are presented with special emphasis on
Planning Programming Budgeting Systems. PPBS is still in its
developmental stage in the field of...
This dissertation focuses on the evolutionary forces of genetic drift and gene flow in frog populations. The balance of these two forces and the force of mutation largely determine the amount of neutral genetic variation within populations as well as the degree of genetic similarity among populations. The stochastic evolutionary...
A system's analysis study utilizing Resource Planning and
Management System network methodology, integer programming, and
goal programming is presented. The integrated approach is developed
and applied to the rare metals production process of the Oregon
Metallurgical Corporation (OREMET). As defined by OREMET
management, optimization of the production process required the...
In this dissertation I study evolutionary patterns at genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in frogs. AMPs are short, amphipathic, cationic, secreted proteins that kill bacteria and other pathogens through a non-catalytic mechanism that involves
binding to and disrupting the microbial cell membrane. In many animal taxa, positive selection is much...
Line balancing is concerned with the optimal assignment of work elements to individual operators in an assembly line of a mass producing system. This paper summarizes the assembly line balancing terminology, the computational methods, and objective functions applicable to a wide variety of assembly lines. Single and mixed-model situations for...
Line balancing is concerned with the optimal assignment of work
elements to individual operators in an assembly tine of a mass producing
system.
This paper summarizes the assembly line balancing terminology,
the computational methods, and objective functions applicable to a wide
variety of assembly lines. Single and mixed-model situations for...
The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the microprocessor's
potentials to improve the productivity of Industrial
Engineers engaged in work design and measurement. More exactly, the
following four hypotheses were proposed and investigated:
(1) A Universal Time Data (UTD) structure could be used to
accommodate a variety of...
A major goal of conservation biology is to elucidate the population genetic structure in threatened species and assess the relative importance of the evolutionary forces that shape that population genetic structure. I conducted three studies in the declining amphibian Rana cascadae to assess levels of population genetic differentiation and the...
A discrete multi-facility plant location algorithm developed by Basheer Khumawala is modified and applied to the location analysis of offices of the State of Oregon Health Facilities Licensing and Certification Section (HFLC). Choice of the algorithm is based upon a literature survey of available computational procedures which compares their relative...
This thesis presents an introduction to Marketing Research concepts,
relates Operations Research to Marketing Research and discusses
the limitations of each. An Information Theory approach based
on Shannon's fundamental theorems and extended by Kunisawa is
applied to one-factor and two-factor marketing problems.
The objective of one-factor information channel models is...
The viability of incorporating optimization within budgeting
methodologies is examined.
Resource Planning and Management System and optimization are
proposed as tools to enhance the planning and control functions of the
budgeting process. Three hypotheses are proposed: (1) Integer
Programming, Integer Goal Programming and Dynamic Programming
can be substituted in place...
Algorithms capable of automatically drawing Resource Planning and Management (RPM) network models from standard Linear Programming data files are developed. An RPM network is a unique graphical representation that is capable of representing both the primal and the dual model of a mathematical programming problem on a same network model....
Effects of stochastic variations of parameters in the planning
and design of a particleboard production system are studied. The
solution obtained from a linear deterministic optimization model is
compared against both the solution derived from the traditional
stochastic programming techniques and the distribution of optimal
objective function values obtained from...
This thesis presents a linear programming package that uses an
algorithm and data storage method efficient enough to solve a medium
sized linear programming problem (250 variables and 100 constraints)
on a minicomputer with small core memory space (4000 bytes).
In this routine the problem is formulated by the use...
A primary goal of population genetics is to identify the role of
microevolutionary forces in producing observed patterns of molecular and phenotypic
variation. I conducted four studies in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, to
determine just how mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection influenced,
genetic structure of mitochondrial DNA...
A special case of a parallel multiprocessor scheduling (MP) problem
is investigated. A set of jobs with a known process time and a.resource
requirement is scheduled on machines controlled by processors,and
the total changeover cost between jobs is to be minimized. Each processor
may control up to two machines and...
This dissertation treats information theory and its applications
to the general area of decision making. Specifically, three areas are
covered; (1) information theory applied to Bayesian analysis,
(2) estimation using multi-factor information channel models, and
(3) information theory applied to Markov chain analysis.
A major portion of this dissertation concerns...
This thesis extends Wagner-Whitin's Planning Horizon Theorem
to discount situations in multiperiod multiple-item dynamic lot sizing
problems. Three heuristic techniques are developed using the Least
Unit Cost Method, Silver-Meal Method, and Inoue-Chang Method. The
three techniques are described and compared in terms of their effectiveness
in dealing with the dynamic...
Recommendations are provided in this watershed analysis to identify actions and management decisions on the part of BLM that might improve watershed health in the Trask River watershed.
There are seven commercially important species of salmon and trout (genera Oncorhynchus and Salmo) in North America, many of which are closely related but command markedly different prices. The purpose of this research was to provide improved and novel methods for the detection of salmon species substitution on the commercial...
The goal of this dissertation is to examine the effectiveness of high intensity-short duration goat browsing for the control of Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) and English ivy (Hedera helix), two widespread noxious weeds in the Pacific Northwest.
The effects of goat browsing on Himalayan blackberry vigor, as quantified by densities...
Time-dependent electronic transport is increasingly important to the state-of-the-art device design and fabrication. The development of nanoscale sensing, the harnessing and control of structural fluctuations, and the advancement of next-generation materials all require a treatment of quantum dynamics beyond the level of traditional methods and a more nuanced approach to...
The capabilities of modern three-dimensional (3D) capture technology such as laser scanning and image-based 3D reconstruction are well suited to enhance the practice and research of civil engineering. However, given the often-overwhelming focus placed on the incredible capabilities of these tools and techniques, it is important to investigate the limitations...
An emerging strategy to reducing food waste is converting food processing byproducts to nutritious and inexpensive food ingredients. A relevant food processing waste stream is brewers’ spent grain (BSG), the primary byproduct of beer production. BSG is a promising candidate as a food ingredient because of its high protein and...
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal released into the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The organic form of mercury is a potent neurotoxin that is especially dangerous to developing nervous systems. Results of recent studies have caused the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency...
RNAseq data among copepods (Calanus pacificus) were sampled and analyzed in relation to oceanographic and climatic conditions to determine if new information derived from such an approach might assist applications that use copepods as ecosystem indicators to predict fishery yields. These samples were taken as part of long-term studies conducted...
Foreign occupation and extraction have arguably existed since the very emergence of interstate conflict millennia ago. Yet despite humanity’s vast experience on the topic, we know surprisingly little about its long-term economic consequences. It is generally accepted by most that the extraction of resources by a foreign power tends to...
From my personal experiences, I’ve noticed that Latinx students and families are most receptive to college-related information communicated as anecdotes. Latinx students are among the most poorly represented demographic at universities nationwide, which I believe can be mitigated through calculated efforts to increase collegiate literacy and understanding. This project is...
From my personal experiences, I’ve noticed that Latinx students and families are most receptive to college-related information communicated as anecdotes. Latinx students are among the most poorly represented demographic at universities nationwide, which I believe can be mitigated through calculated efforts to increase collegiate literacy and understanding. This project is...
Marine sediments are one of the largest habitats for microbial life on earth. These microorganisms play critical roles in biogeochemical cycling both within the subsurface and between the sediment and water columns. However, microbial communities in sediments are highly heterogeneous and the factors defining microbial community structure and metabolic function...
The principal objective of the study was first to
present a historical discussion of foreign and domestic
trade in canned salmon in the United States and Canada, and
secondly, to estimate the ex-vessel derived demand characteristics
for red and pink salmon facing the fishermen in both
countries. Secondary sources were...
The number of international inbound tourists to the United States has risen steadily. To serve these and other tourists best, traffic signs need to communicate information correctly across a potential language barrier. Of particular interest is the traffic sign intended to communicate directions to Tourist Information centers. While the general...
Characteristic methods are widely known to be very accurate approaches to the
solution of numerical transport problems. These methods are most often used for
neutron transport applications (i.e. lattice physics calculations) where spatial cells
are of intermediate optical thickness (O(1) - O(100) mean free paths, depending on
the energy group)...
The Gandghar Range and Kherimar Hills, located in the Hill Ranges of northern
Pakistan, contain rocks that are transitional between unmetarnorphosed foreland-basin
strata to the south and high-grade metamorphic and plutonic rocks to the north. The
southern Gandghar Range is composed of a succession of marine strata of probable
Proterozoic...
This thesis presents methods for treating annihilation photon pairs in deterministic pulse height distribution (PHD) simulations. The methods are applied in PHD simulations for monoenergtic sources of 1.6 and 2.6 MeV photons incident on 5 and 10 cm 1-D slabs of germanium, sodium iodide, and lead and the results are...
Few river systems in the world are under equal or more stress than Southeast(SE) Asia’s Mekong River. Several factors threaten the Mekong as the riparian states of China, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam jockey for position within its geopolitical sphere. Climate change, globalization,industrialization, urbanization, economic growth, and hydro-hegemony...
Few river systems in the world are under equal or more stress than Southeast (SE) Asia’s Mekong River. Several factors threaten the Mekong as the riparian states of China, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam jockey for position within its geopolitical sphere. Climate change, globalization, industrialization, urbanization, economic growth,...
In this thesis, I conduct an analysis of blogs in order to understand their potential use in the composition classroom with the goals of students writing for a public audience and developing their rhetorical and civic agency. I do so by exploring the potential for the blogosphere as a public...
A laboratory investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect
of lateral spacing and lateral diameter on the flow characteristics of
a three dimensional blowing manifold.
The model used in the experimental work was constructed of
clear cast acrylic pipe, five inches in diameter. Laterals of two and
four inch diameter,...
The effects of improved oral hygiene on the nutrition of 23
elderly institutionalized men and women were investigated. An experimental
group of 12 received professional oral hygiene treatments
three times weekly for a period of five weeks, while a control group
of 11 received only placebo work. Changes in taste...
Burial Lake sediments from the Noatak Basin in the northwest Brooks Range of Arctic Alaska (68.43°N, 159.17°W, 21.5 m water depth) provide the oldest continuous lacustrine record of paleo-environmental change and paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) in eastern Beringia. A precise radiocarbon chronology, determined through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) allows us...
Seasonal data on tides, water quality and sediments in the
Siuslaw Estuary were collected. Tide and velocity data were analyzed
to evaluate damping conditions in the estuary. The system was found
to approximate a weakly damped standing wave. A strong relationship
of damping conditions to river flow was observed. The...
Salmonid B lymphocytes were stimulated both in vivo and in vitro
and shown to produce antibody specific for the immunogen. A passive
hemolytic plaque assay was employed to demonstrate B cells producing
specific antibody. Characterization of plaque forming cells (PFCs)
involved sequential inhibition with a series of graded concentrations
of...
Ion therapy has long been investigated as a potential modality to improve cancer treatments beyond what is currently feasible with photon irradiations. Ions offer both a physical and biological advantage over photons. The physical advantages are well understood, ions deposit their maximum dose at defined penetration depths, allowing for minimal...
Geotextiles are experiencing increased use in arctic and subarctic
construction in separation, reinforcement, erosion control, and
drainage applications. The use of geotextiles as capillary cutoff
layers to prevent frost heave has been proposed as well.
In recognition of the need to investigate properties of geotextiles
in cold regions applications, a...
Reforesting harvested lands in southwestern Oregon has been
difficult because of low rainfall, high evaporative demand, and
competitive understory vegetation. Herbicides have been a preferred
method to control competing vegetation but herbicide use on federal
lands was curtailed in 1984. As a result, interest in livestock
grazing as a vegetation...
The focus of this thesis is to determine the biological impact of dose from
brachytherapy sources commonly used in cancer treatment. To achieve this goal, the
Monte Carlo code PENELOPE was used to simulate point sources of four different
isotopes (¹⁰³Pd, ¹²⁵I, ¹³⁷Cs, and ⁹⁰Sr) in an infinite medium of...
The objective of this study was to identify aroma volatiles in sweet whey powder. Volatiles were isolated by solvent extraction and solvent assisted flavor evaporation. Fractionation was followed to separate acidic volatiles from nonacidic volatiles. Gas chromatography/olfactometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used for the identification ofaroma compounds. Osme methodology...
Conservation of natural resources has become a new watchword of the scientific community. While many terrestrial ecosystems are well protected, marine ecosystems have only recently come to the forefront. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been introduced as a means of protecting biodiversity, commercial stocks, and ecosystem services. There are many...
Acoustic scanned holography is a method of lensless photography
which uses sound waves to construct the hologram and light waves to
reconstruct the image. The receiving transducer scans a plane area
containing the sound field generated or scattered from the objects. In
simultaneous source receiver scanning, both the source and...
The main objective of this research was to compare the demand and
the price of hard red winter (HRW) wheat and white wheat (WW) to
determine the similarities and the differences between these two wheat
classes.
Using Granger's causality test with average monthly cash prices
and daily Free on Board...
Experiments were designed to answer key questions about diatom-derived organic matter cycling (i.e., production and degradation) in coastal systems. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) production was examined in axenic batch cultures of five diatom species. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release rates varied between species, but were significantly higher for all species...