This document provides the abbreviated program grid showing a one-page summary of presentations made at the NAAFE Forum 2015, Economic Sustainability, Fishing Communities, and Working Waterfronts, held in Ketchikan, Alaska, May 20-22, 2015. The conference was organized by Keith Criddle and Quentin Fong, University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries...
Many of the tangible benefits of catch share programs (e.g., reducing overcapacity) are dependent on the trading of shares. Additional trading-related questions (such as whether landings will change port or be concentrated geographically) are also important to the overall evaluation of a fishery, but are often asked only during post-implementation...
Over recent years, fisheries managers have been going through a paradigm shift to prioritize ecosystem-based management. With this comes an increasing need to better understand the impacts of fisheries management decisions on the social well-being and sustainability of fishing communities. This paper summarizes research aimed at using secondary data to...
Choosing a policy instrument is a strategic choice. In the case of fisheries interactions with marine mammals and sea turtles, the preferred policy instrument has been a command-and-control approach such as effort reductions (e.g. area closures) and/or technology standards (e.g. gear modifications), even though market based approaches are available. Since...
The traceability practices of 48 seafood businesses were assessed as part of an evaluation of nine global seafood value chains (from harvest to retail). The research was conducted through direct interviews and written surveys in order to assess the reasons why traceability systems were used to strengthen business performance. The...
During the first three years (2007-2009) of the Gulf of Mexico red snapper IFQ program most quota lease trades were local, involving fishers that lived in the same communities. In 2010, the red snapper quota lease market changed as more IFQ participants began trading quota with fishers from different regions...
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia have all developed nutrient trading programs to defray the cost of achieving mandated nitrogen load reductions in Chesapeake Bay, and there is increasing interest in the role oysters can play in generating credits. A number of bioeconomic models highlight the impact these credits have...
The rapid pace of climate change and increased human disturbance of ecosystems in the Arctic is bringing urgency to concern over non-native species introductions and their potential threats to the marine environment and its economic productivity, where before environmental conditions served as a barrier to their establishment. The same characteristics...
From 2012 through 2013, NOAA Fisheries Service conducted a study to collect participation, effort, and expenditure information related to ocean recreation activities in the United States. This study collected information from all 50 states and the District of Columbia in six, two-month waves. There were eight ocean recreation categories of...
"Rationalization” or the change to catch share management in fisheries has been shown to lead to the slowing of fishing activity, input and effort consolidation, cost savings, as well as new market and product development. The effects of rationalization on fishermen’s behavior become more complex when one accounts for the...
The Measuring the Effects of Catch Shares Project is a webportal-based effort that continues to compile and analyze data on ecological, economic, social, and administrative changes in groundfish catch share fisheries on the West Coast and in the Northeast. The purpose of the five-year project is to make the best...
As part of an effort to describe the recent history and socioeconomics of a small commercial fishery, we were provided access to a large, multi-faceted data set. In using those data, we faced a number of challenges related to data management, data protection and confidentiality, and needed to develop effective...
Almost one half of the EEZs of the world are subject to so-called foreign fishing arrangements (FFAs), in which foreign fishing states (distant water fishing states in particular) gain access to EEZs under access arrangements with the relevant coastal states. The FFAs may take the form of “fee fishing” arrangements,...
The opening and closing of the shellfish harvest area inevitably influences the market, particularly the exvessel prices that harvesters receive. Without a better understanding of shellfish market and its behaviors, it is impractical to determine the impact of management policies on the market as well as the fishery resources. Using...
Several factors currently threaten blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in the Chesapeake Bay. In addition to poor water quality, degraded habitat, and shifting environmental conditions, derelict gear has recently been recognized as a significant source of mortality for this economically and culturally significant species. From 2008 through 2014, commercial watermen in...
Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI) groundfish fisheries are hugely productive with 2008 – 2014 harvests averaging 1.6 million tons and generating $1.95 billion annually. The BSAI also hosts a commercial halibut fishery with 2013 landings of 3,500 tons and revenues of $41.5 million. Downward trends in halibut biomass combined with continued...
Electronic monitoring (EM) systems hold promise for the future collection of fishery-dependent data, either to supplement human at-sea observers or replace them. Several pilot studies have been conducted on EM in the New England groundfish fleet, though there are still on the water operational and shore-side protocols to further test...
Fishing years 2012 -2013 brought declines in socio-economic performance for the Northeast groundfish fishery. Severe reductions in catch limits for key species such as Atlantic cod have constrained fishing behavior and declining groundfish revenues cannot be offset by non-groundfish revenues earned by the fleet. Little is known about the way...
Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) are distributed from Japan to Baja California. Alaska is the world’s principal supplier of sablefish with the majority of commercial landings occurring in the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. This demersal, long-lived fish is in one of Alaska’s highest value commercial fisheries. In terms of...
Ecosystem externalities arise when one use of an ecosystem affects its other uses through the production functions of the ecosystem. We use simulations from a size-spectrum ecosystem model to investigate the ecosystem externality created by fishing of multiple species. The model is based upon general ecological principles and is calibrated...
This research analyzes the effects that a redistributive fishing quota policy, within a collective rights quota assignment system, might have on the profits and employment of artisanal fisher organizations. The Chilean authorities have been pursuing a deliberate quota redistributive policy between ship-owners of different vessel categories. This policy has affected...
Overfishing and the destruction of small-scale fisheries in developing countries — particularly through the use of illegal fishing gear — is a pressing issue. Policymakers and local community leaders often suggest fines and enforcement mechanisms to reduce the use of illegal fishing; however, the response of fishery participants to “bans”...
Fisheries management is increasingly being conducted at finer scales of spatial resolution. The spatial distribution of fish stocks is recognized as being an important aspect of stock abundance and spatial management tools, such as marine reserves, have become common. Information on the spatial distribution of fishing effort is critical to...
The Baltic fishery is managed under the European Union Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) which defines procedures for setting annual total allowable catches (TAC) for major commercially harvested species. TACs are given as fixed shares to each member state by applying the principal of relative stability. Poland uses non-tradable individual vessel...
When making policy recommendations, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council balances community stability with efficiency in resource utilization. The Council is considering an action that, for part of the year, would effectively limit the harvest of Aleutian Islands Pacific cod to vessels that deliver to a shore plant in the...
Data scarcity and weak institutional governance make the implementation of top-down, quota-based fisheries management in much of the developing world’s fisheries difficult. An alternative to quota-based management is the use of space-based rights such as territorial use rights fisheries (TURFs). In spite of wide spread use of TURFs as a...
Recreational fishing for popular species like red snapper and grouper in the Gulf of Mexico follows a pattern that is well known in commercial fisheries: fishing under regulated open access promotes short, unpredictable seasons, shrinking bag limits, and large and persistent overharvests. With federal fishing seasons at all-time lows and...
Indigenous fishing rights are partially recognized via allocation of commercial quota rights to tribes. Concern exists, however, that the allocation of commercial quota rights to indigenous groups without restrictions on how the benefits from quota holdings can be allocated and exchanged will lead to class segregation within indigenous groups. Scholars...
A brief overview of changes in the distribution of permanent entry permits in Alaska’s limited fisheries is provided in this presentation. From 1975 to 2014, 79 permit types have been issued in 65 fisheries. This presentation provides an overview of Alaska’ limited entry program, gives statewide data and some fishery-specific...
The Alaska recreational charter boat sector has undergone significant change in recent years due in part to several regulatory changes in the management of the Pacific halibut sport fishery, including a limited entry program, harvest controls specific to the charter sector, and a Catch Sharing Plan (CSP) implemented during 2014....
In this paper we study whether environmental bureaucrats share preferences for environmental policy with the general public. We use the choice experiment method to elicit preferences for improvements in coastal cod abundance along the Swedish West coast. This is done for the general public, Swedish EPA (SEPA) bureaucrats, and for...
Atlantic sea scallop fisheries in Iceland and the United States have been subject to outbreaks of ‘gray meat’, a disease caused by infestation by a new species of apicomplexan parasite that causes progressive myodegeneration of scallop meats that kills scallops and reduces recruitment. Due to reduced exvessel value, fishermen discard...
This study investigates optimal catch of Barents Sea stocks, namely Northeast Arctic Cod and Capelin in multispecies ecosystem. We solve a multispecies age structured bioeconomic model for predator-prey interaction. Barents Sea stock data from ICES are employed for model application. Among others, we also include sustainability constraint in the model...
Interest in sustainable fishing communities suggests the need to understand fishermen’s decisions about where to land fish. In this paper, we apply techniques used extensively to analyze fishing location choices to study landings location choices. We analyze detailed microdata from Norwegian groundfish vessels that land fish in fourteen different ports...
Electronic monitoring (EM) systems hold promise for the future collection of fishery-dependent data, either to supplement human at-sea observers or replace them. Several pilot studies have been conducted on EM in the New England groundfish fleet, though there are still on the water operational and shore-side protocols to further test...
The Pacific sardine fishery is shared but independently managed by three nations: Canada, USA and Mexico. As a result, potential conflict scenarios may arise. A stochastic optimal control methodology is presented to analyze potential conflict scenarios by first considering a deterministic logistic stock growth function and adding a stochastic term,...
Recreational fishing for popular species like red snapper and grouper in the Gulf of Mexico has followed a familiar pattern to that observed in many commercial fisheries: fishing under regulated open access has promoted a “race to the fish” with cascades of shorter seasons, shrinking bag limits, and significant fishery...
From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish aquaculture operations, these operations are sometimes opposed by local communities claiming the devaluation of housing property due to the construction of...
Purchases made by marine recreational anglers are an important source of economic activity in coastal areas around the United States. In recognition of the economic contributions anglers make to coastal state economies, NOAA Fisheries conducts surveys every three to five years in order to gather data on expenditures made by...
The North Atlantic U.S. groundfish and scallop processing industries are a tale of two fisheries. The groundfish processing industry has suffered a steep, almost continual decline in landings starting in 1984 that resulted in 2014 landings that were only 16% of 1983 landings. US scallop landings increased from 5 million...
Climate change and continued fishing pressure threaten to increase recruitment variability for many stocks globally. Shifts in the inter-annual stability of an exploitable renewable resource may have dramatic consequences for the industries and communities which depend upon them. In this talk, the link between resource volatility and industry structure is...
Ecologists warn that the rapid evolution occurring as a result of high-intensity commercial fishing could have potentially disastrous economic and ecological effects. The evolution of economically relevant life-history traits in fish, which can occur due to the harvesting pressure from commercial fisheries, can irreversibly diminish fisheries yields and ecological services....
Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) have been used in British Columbian fisheries management for more than 25 years. When they were implemented, few restrictions were placed on who could own or lease quota. As a result, many retiring fishermen retain quotas to lease or sell to processors and corporations rather than...
We empirically disentangle the efficiency mechanism of revenue sharing, in which a group of harvesters shares catch and/or revenue among members of a fishery cooperative, by incorporating the influence of social capital. In addition to each of revenue sharing and social capital influencing a fishery independently we hypothesize social capital...
In an environment of limited resources and expanded management expectations, fisheries regulators face hard decisions about how intensively to regulate different stocks. The Fishery Management Councils are required to regulate harvest of all stocks in a sustainable manner, but have discretion on how much regulatory effort to invest in individual...
The for-hire sector plays a significant role in providing recreational fishing opportunities for Atlantic highly migratory species (HMS) such as tuna, billfish, swordfish, and sharks. Because of the high cost of equipment needed to pursue HMS, many saltwater anglers find chartering a for-hire vessel to be the only affordable alternative....
Ecosystem services (ES) represent a way to represent and quantify multiple uses, values as well as connectivity between ecosystem processes and human well-being. Ecosystem-based fisheries management approaches may seek to quantify expected trade-offs in ecosystem services due to actions such as restoration and gear restrictions, or due to changes such...
Fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels, potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to economic performance of the fishery over time. For example, targeting observable traits within a population can impact genetic diversity, targeting populations within a species can impact population diversity, and targeting valuable species can impact biodiversity at the ecosystem...
The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s current micro industry (approximately $500,000 in annual sales) to a fully developed industry. In general, the...
Commercial fishing is generally hazardous, but some types of commercial fishing are more dangerous than other types. Since much of the fishing industry is composed of small family-owned businesses, commercial fishermen have to rely on the private health insurance markets, health insurance offered through a landside job, spouses’ plans, social...
Over the last decade direct exports to China and Hong Kong of Pacific Geoduck have grown to encompass more than 80 percent of U.S. geoduck production. In December 2013 China shut its doors to U.S. geoduck over possible arsenic contamination and imports from the U.S. fell from over 250 MT...
The paper puts forward a model of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) fishery in the South China Sea that integrates the ecological, social and economic costs and benefits of fisheries activities in a multidisciplinary framework. In particular, In particular, we developed integrated model by linking a regional Social Accounting Matrix...
Fisheries sustainability is a much sought-after goal. Yet, “sustainability” is often too ambiguously defined to be of much practical guidance to policymakers. Furthermore, fisheries managers are increasingly expected to assess and manage fisheries in an “ecosystem-based” manner – accounting for the ecological interdependencies of species and their coupling with the...
New Bedford’s share of Atlantic sea scallops landings and revenues increased from 44% in 1996 to 67% in 2013. Explanations for industrial agglomerations often focus on the relative importance of natural advantage and economies of scale or scope. We use the absolute and relative Theil indices of disproportionality to examine...
In 2011 an individual fishing quota (IFQ) system was implemented for the limited entry trawl component of the Pacific groundfish fishery in the US. The IFQ system allocates quota shares (QS) for 29 IFQ stocks and individual bycatch quota (IBQ) shares for Pacific halibut. Each year quota shareholders are issued...
Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) systems have been used to control harvests and increase fisheries’ economic efficiency; however, they do not eliminate competitive fishing which can result in stock and congestion externalities that are especially apparent when resources are spatially heterogeneous within the controlled region of the ITQ system. These externalities...
Two species of the Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois miles and P. volitans) have rapidly expanded throughout the Gulf of Mexico, mid- and south Atlantic and the Caribbean following their introduction to Florida coastal waters during the mid-1980s through releases from marine aquaria. There is overwhelming scientific agreement on the threats that...
Multispecies fisheries pose a considerable management difficulty with respect to quota allocation between species. Externalities of direct control over the harvest may include, among others, creation of unbalanced predator‐prey relationships in the environment. That, in turn, may affect the individual economic incentives of fishing vessels. Combining economic and ecological factors...
Cooperatives in the Rights-based Fisheries Management have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of Individual Transferrable Quotas. The New England groundfish sector management, a new regime under which fishermen can voluntarily form sectors with each sector constrained by a total allowable catch or Annual Catch Entitlement (ACE), is...
In this paper we measure the value of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits. For this we model the trade-off between biosecurity and profits in the salmon aquaculture industry. We introduce the concept of “sanitary desirable volume” of the salmon industry, as a goal in a bi-objective model. We...
Quota allocation mechanisms have distributional effects with important issues concerning the economic organization of the fishery and acceptability. Yet, these distributional effects are rarely studied. In France, where fishing rights are not transferable, the quotas are shared between producer cooperatives based on the historical landings of their members. Each cooperative...
This paper investigates the impact of fishery subsidies on resource stocks in 23 OECD countries for the period 1996-2011. Country level subsidy data is matched with a resource stock index prepared by the Sea Around Us Project. Since the impact of subsidies is likely to vary by type, subsidies are...
The paper analyzes a situation in which the fishing fleet is subject to restrictive regulation regarding the harvest of its primal target species due to biological overfishing that in turn reveals a high level of overcapacity. The goal is to model fishermen’s expectations and likely responses to the government initiated...
As fisheries management becomes more collaborative by seeking input and involvement from stakeholders, it is important to understand and address the diversity of those stakeholders. Gulf Coast fisheries communities include diverse racial and ethnic groups, particularly a large number of Vietnamese Americans involved in all aspects of the seafood industry....
Alaska is the largest seafood producing state in the US. In 2013, Alaska landed 1.88 billion USD worth of seafood, with a volume of 2.63 million MT. This consists of 34% of the total value and 60% of the total volume landed in the US. Of the top 20 fishing...
While studies have long examined the economic viability of oyster industries along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the mainland United States, Hawai`i has had no industry to speak of in modern times. This may soon change due to the recent establishment of a long-absent water quality monitoring program required...
In recent decades, distant-water fishing vessels (DWFVs) have drawn increasing criticism for exacerbating misery in developing nations. As part of a resolution to this issue, a coalition of academics, fishers, processors and others developing nations are field-testing new technologies to extend the fishing power and reach of local small-to-medium-boat artisanal...
The Agricultural Act of 2014 (Public Law 113-79) amended legislation regarding the U.S. catfish inspection program to include “all fish of the order Siluriformes,” encompassing imported species: basa, tra, and pangasius. Furthermore, the amendment finalized the transition of catfish and catfish-like product inspection responsibilities to the USDA Food Safety and...
As fisheries management becomes more collaborative by seeking input and involvement from stakeholders, it is important to understand and address the diversity of those stakeholders. Gulf Coast fisheries communities include diverse racial and ethnic groups, particularly a large number of Vietnamese Americans involved in all aspects of the seafood industry....
National Standard 1 states that a primary function of fisheries management in the single stock case is the determination of the annual allowable harvest, and it is based on the selection of a target stock size and a control rule that will specify a harvest path that that will cause...
This document provides details of the Scientific and Social Programs at the NAAFE Forum 2015, Economic Sustainability, Fishing Communities, and Working Waterfronts, held in Ketchikan, Alaska, May 20-22, 2015. The conference was organized by Keith Criddle and Quentin Fong, University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, with...
In 2013 a stock of sea cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus) was discovered in northern shelf of Yucatan. A survey calculated a biomass of 17,600 tons. The species has an attractive price for local fishers, therefore, in order to avoid the “race for sea cucumbers” and the collapse of the stock, authorities...
This presentation provides an overview of a session presentation held at the NAAFE Forum 2017 in March, 2017. The title of the session was: Rights-Based Management. The title of the presentation was: We Need to Restore Ourselves First: The Story of El Manglito.
Billfish have greater value as living targets for non-consumptive, or minimally consumptive, recreational fisheries than they do as either directed catch or by-catch species in commercial fleets. The pilot projects seek a Coasian solution to this problem through private funding mechanisms. The angler sector has a high willingness to pay...
This study investigates harvesters’ effort in terms of days at using dynamic discrete choice model. Fishing effort as a form of time has been analyzed with trip level data, in which only averaged daily catch is available. On the other hand, daily level data enables us to have the variation...
The tuna catch from the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) amounted to 2.86 m mt in 2014, worth USD5.8 b and accounting for about 60% of the global tuna catch. About 60% of the catch was taken in the waters of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) member-countries...
Catch share programs have been criticized for a variety of social impacts. These criticisms can be traced back to the manner in which certain catch share programs were designed; market-based approaches that transfer individual quota to where it is needed and most wanted. Markets tend to allocate resources to the...
The recovery of fishery management costs from the fishing industry is becoming increasingly common among the fishing nations of the world. Countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand have led the way in applying user charges and other cost recovery mechanisms in their commercial fisheries. The United States and...
Traceability for globally traded seafood already exists due to concerns over health and safety, and some businesses have embraced innovative traceability technologies as a way to improve business efficiencies. But traceability is also being heavily pushed as a potential approach to promote sustainable seafood, specifically as a way to combat...
By 2015 The European Common Fisheries Policy Reform includes a landing obligation (discard ban) in some fisheries and over the next few years all EU fisheries will be facing the landing obligation restriction. This is one of the most significant changes of the Common Fishery Policy (CFP) since 1983, the...
A hot topic for purse seine tuna fisheries in the Eastern and Western Central Pacific regions is the management of incidentally caught tuna species that are overfished or undergoing overfishing. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific managing the mortality of small bigeye and yellowfin tunas caught in the pursuit of skipjack...
Informal fisheries (including unreported legal, illegal and discarded catch) have significant benefits for communities that official statistics often ignore, yet there is an associated loss in potential economic impacts compared to catch that is processed and marketed formally. This represents a significant global issue, as recent estimates suggest that about...
Future predictions of environmental conditions in Puget Sound exhibit an increased frequency and temporal extent of paralytic shellfish toxin closures. These predictions, generated using experimentally-derived growth responses of the common toxin-producing Alexandrium together with simulations of climate and local hydrology, depict a scenario in which the number of days favorable...
The overall goal of the Walton Family Foundation’s (WFF) Chile Oceans Initiative is to create well-managed, sustainable fisheries that contribute to healthy ocean ecosystems and provide greater social and economic security to coastal communities and industries. Chile is the eighth largest fishing nation in the world, and although Chile boasts...
We examine the status of the world's fisheries and the potential for economic and ecological benefits from fishery management reforms. Global fisheries are at a crossroads - they are on average overexploited, suggesting a global benefit from recovery. But many fisheries are already biologically sustainable. Even in these fisheries, economic...
Illegal fishing is a serious problem that threatens the sustainability of fisheries around the world. Historically, fisheries managers have attempted to increase the costs of illegal fishing through imposition of stricter sanctions and improvements to monitoring and enforcement programs. Non-monetary factors also influence illegal fishing behaviors, and failing to address...
Despite the success of co-management policies and territorial use rights in achieving the sustainability of some small scale fisheries, a considerable part of them still operate under open access, with very limited management and monitoring (if any), and even facing the risk of overexploitation. As a result, fleet reduction and...
Alaska is the world’s principal supplier of Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria a buttery-flavored whitefish greatly prized in Japan. Sablefish are distributed from Baja California to western Japan but the majority of commercial catches are from the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands off Alaska. Landings volume and value of this...
Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) are increasingly used as a tool to promote sustainable and profitable fisheries. Their success depends on shifting incentives to longer time horizons by securing the future benefits of fisheries reforms for TURF owners. One challenge to this security is the spillover of fish across...
The concept of rents has a venerable history in economic theory. In his fundamental work on the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith defined the concept making it clear that rents were distinct from profits. Ricardo, building on the foundation laid by Adam Smith, similarly distinguished between profits and rents in...
This study estimates the harvesters’ dynamic target fishery choice by building an empirical model incorporating dynamic quota use with the insight from a theoretical model. The harvesters’ behavior, which purposes to maximize seasonal profit under constraints of the regulations, are theoretically modeled and solved using a dynamic optimization method. The...
The Gulf of California is undoubtedly the Mexican marine region with the most research and conservation efforts. In addition to overfishing issues, it harbors endemic and Critically Endangered populations of totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and vaquita (Phocoena sinus). Conservation strategies have varied, but there is a wide recognition of their historic...
Healthy ocean ecosystems and fisheries are vital to the food security and well-being of much of the world’s population, particularly in developing coastal and island states. The increasing human impact on the underlying natural processes and ecosystems upon which these wide-ranging benefits depend, represents the single greatest threat to the...
Designating small-scale fishing cooperatives as key actors in rights-based fisheries management represents a viable strategy for reconciling biological conservation with social objectives. Cooperatives are democratically-controlled enterprises designed to pursue the common interests of their members. In small-scale fishing communities, cooperatives provide a way for fishers to pool resources and engage...
The Mexican shrimp fishery comprises a sequential fishery: an inshore fleet (IF) using cast nets and targeting juvenile shrimps; and the offshore fleet (OF) using trawler boats targeting adult shrimps. The main target species are brown, blue and white shrimps. Conventional aged-structured models are used to advice management of this fishery...
Subsidies can directly support unsustainable fishing practices that harm both ecosystems and long-term social and economic benefits. Globally, fishery subsidies total around US$27 billion, yet their impacts on fishing dynamics are specific to given regions or particular fisheries and fishery subsidies within a nation have markedly different effects when applied...
Discount rates, it is well-known, play an important role in the determining optimal extraction paths for natural resources. In fisheries analysis, as well as other natural resource use, constant discount rates are customarily assumed. In practical applications, the constant discount rate is often taken to be the social rate of...
The Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation (BOBP-IGO) is implementing the Bay of Bengal Ocean Partnership Project (OPP-BOB). The Project region comprises the Exclusive Economic Zones of Bangladesh, India, Maldives and Sri Lanka and the ABNJ waters encircling them. The region currently contributes 6% and 26% of the global and...