Traditionally, M. chitwoodi is controlled with
chemical nematicides, many of which risk
suspension for use on potatoes due to health and
environmental concerns. It is essential to develop
and refine alternative strategies for controlling
Columbia root-knot nematode now, so that
productive and profitable potato acreage will not
be lost if...
Phenoxy herbicides include 2,4-D, MCPA, Crossbow, Banvel,
Garlon, Weed-B-Gone, and Brush Killer. They also are the active
ingredient (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-methyl 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, triclopyr, or dicamba) in “weed and feed” and brush control products for use in the home landscape.
Cover crop selection and management depend on many factors, among them the cover crop’s ability to accumulate dry matter (i.e., residues) and nitrogen (N). Dry matter provides energy for soil organisms, contributes to soil organic matter, improves tilth, and acts as a sink for nutrients.
Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Declared out of print April 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Root disease fungi attack and destroy the tree’s root system, resulting in growth loss, decay, death, or wind throw of infected trees. Trees with root disease also are more susceptible to pests, especially bark beetles. On the other hand, root diseases are a component of the forest ecosystem and play...
Fruit leather is a nutritious treat for young and old alike. The leathery sheets of dried fruit purée are easy to make at home using either fresh or canned fruits.
Curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) is a perennial. It does
not have creeping roots or rhizomes (Figure 1). Leaves
are oblong to nearly lanceshaped, often 12 inches or more
long, with wavy (crisped) margins (Figure 2). Erect, generally
unbranched stems up to 5 feet tall are produced in spring
and...
The objective of this series is to help improve the competitiveness of
Oregon’s wood products manufacturers. This can be achieved by fostering a companywide focus on and dedication to continuous quality improvement.
W. Edwards Deming (1982) described the “chain reaction of quality.”
1. Quality is improved.
2. Costs decrease due...
The goal for Part 2 is to build management understanding and
confidence in SPC as a profit-making tool. It is unreasonable to expect
managers to commit to and support SPC training and implementation
if they do not understand what SPC is and how and why it works. This
publication discusses...
Published May 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised May 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The disease cycle for eastern filbert blight requires 2 or more years, including a 12- to 15-month latent period when no visible
symptoms can be detected. In the spring, spores are ejected forcibly (squirted) into the wind and rain. These spores then spread to
young, developing shoots. Infection occurs during...
Tomatoes are the most popular vegetable in the home garden. They’re a tasty fruit, and they supply vitamin C as well as many minerals needed for proper nutrition. They’re eaten fresh from the garden and processed in several ways for later use.
High-quality forages, such as alfalfa and grasses, are important for efficient milk production from dairy cows. Forages provide the effective fiber that is critical for good health and longevity. Inadequate
effective fiber in the cow’s diet is one reason for acidosis and milk fat
depression. Historically, when forage quality changed,...
Published April 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. or Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot, also called Italian rye grass) is a cool season annual bunchgrass native to southern Europe. It is closely related to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Both are widely distributed throughout the world, including North and South America,...
Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is native to western and central Europe, but has been grown in North America for more than 200 years. In the 1830s, settlers in western
Virginia recognized the forage value of shade tolerant
D. glomerata plants growing in an orchard.
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is a perennial, cool-season bunchgrass that is grown for pasture, hay, and silage. Native to Europe and North Africa, it was introduced from Europe to North and South America.
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), also called English ryegrass, is a cool-season perennial bunchgrass native to Europe, temperate Asia, and North Africa. It is widely distributed throughout the world, including North and South America, Europe, New Zealand, and Australia.
Clark is a hazelnut selection developed by Oregon State University.
Trees of this genotype are about 30 percent smaller than ‘Barcelona’ yet
have comparable yields to ‘Barcelona.’ This selection has good quantitative resistance to eastern filbert blight (EFB).
Harvest is 7–10 days earlier than‘Barcelona’ and nuts are free-husking.
Nuts have...
Three principal types of abiotic injury affect forests and woodlands in
Oregon: injury related to weather, to soil, and to human activity.
Abiotic injuries, also called abiotic diseases, can be found wherever
forests exist. They are, for the most part, initiated by nonliving factors in the environment, such as temperature...
Published February 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised January 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published August 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
This publication provides information on the timing and pattern of biomass accumulation and nitrogen (N) uptake for a variety of Pacific Northwest crops. You can use this information to schedule N fertilizer applications for maximum efficiency. To achieve near-maximum crop yields, an adequate supply of available N must be present...
Published April 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
One of the first requirements for growing a successful garden is finding good seed from plant varieties that have been adapted to your area. Many companies provide such seed. When you calculate the value of the food you grow, you will find that high-quality seed is a bargain.
Published January 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The overall objective of manure management should be to take as many excretable manure nutrients to the soil and have them used by plants for optimal crop yield. This reduces the need to purchase feed and inorganic fertilizer.
The OSU Extension Pesticide Properties Database is organized alphabetically by common name. Eight parameters describing pesticide physical and chemical properties are presented. The database includes pesticides that may not currently be registered for use in Oregon, but may have been used historically or may currently be registered for use in...
It can be difficult to talk to an older family member or friend about their driving safety or to know what to do if an unsafe driver continues to drive. If you’re older, at some point you yourself may face a decision to limit when or where you drive or...
According to the Operations Research Society of America, “Operations
research is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and
operate man-machine systems, usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources.” This publication is the first in a series describing operations research (OR) techniques that can help forest products...
A key problem faced by managers is how to allocate scarce resources
among activities or projects. Linear programming, or LP, is a method of
allocating resources in an optimal way. It is one of the most widely used operations research (OR) tools. It has been used successfully as a decision...
A key problem faced by managers is how to allocate scarce resources among activities or projects. Linear programming, or LP, is a method of
allocating resources in an optimal way. It is one of the most widely used operations research (OR) tools. It has been used successfully as a decision...
Hedgerows, also known as shelterbelts or windbreaks, are rows of trees, shrubs, and low-growing plants that divide or border fields and/or suburban lots. In England, many farms are surrounded by ancient hedgerows that conserve soil and water, provide a home to wildlife, and serve as barriers. In the United States,...
Accurate irrigation scheduling maximizes the
benefits of irrigation while minimizing potential
negative impacts of over-irrigation or under irrigation.
Pesticides can harm humans, animals, birds, fish, insects, and plants if used carelessly. They also can pollute the air,
water, and soil. You can reduce these hazards if you use pesticides properly. Before buying any pesticide, make sure
you’ve identified the pest correctly and that
you’re choosing the right pesticide...
Farmers, conservationists, and other land managers need reliable methods to assess soil quality so they can make management decisions
that maintain long-term soil productivity. A group of Oregon farmers has identified 10 soil quality indicators for the Willamette Valley that
can assess the impact of soil management. These indicators are...
There are several reasons for raising calves without their mothers. Occasionally, a cow dies giving birth or doesn’t produce enough milk to support a growing calf. Some people buy calves to raise for beef and use grass grown on a few acres.
Published May 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
"In 1984, Oregon State University's Department of Agricultural
and Resource Economics was again asked to make a winegrape acreage
survey in Oregon. Winegrape acreage is currently increasing
dramatically and the Wine Advisory Board (WAB) 1s Interested In
keeping track of these changes.
In 1981 and 1982 the Department made surveys...
The procedure described in this publication helps
you assess the potential for any specific pesticide
to travel through any specific soil to reach
groundwater.
The OSU Extension Soil Sensitivity Database lists
nonirrigated and irrigated soil sensitivity ratings for every
map unit of every soil survey in Oregon. These ratings
were developed for the Oregon Water Quality Decision
Aid, a tool for evaluating groundwater vulnerability to
pesticide contamination.
Revised April 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Successful small business management frequently depends on the manager’s knowledge in five key areas: profit planning, using financial statements, analyzing cash flow, maintaining a healthy financial structure, and the ability to control and plan for future capital needs.
Soil compaction can happen whenever machinery, livestock, or people
travel on the land. On woodlands, compaction is most likely to be
caused by logging equipment such as crawler tractors and rubbertired skidders.
Published March 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The Oregon Water Quality Decision Aid (OWQDA) is
a first-tier screening tool that allows you to make a broad
determination of the likelihood that a specific chemical,
when applied to a specific Oregon soil, will move through
the soil and contaminate groundwater. This determination
is called the groundwater vulnerability rating.
Kiwifruit are native to southeast Asia. There are more than 50 species in the genus Actinidia, and many have commercial potential. The most common kiwifruit species grown commercially is Actinidia deliciosa cultivar Hayward. Consumers are very familiar with this brown, fuzzy
fruit.
Published February 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
In the Pacific Northwest, noble fir trees are the primary source of boughs used in Christmas wreaths and other seasonal or
floral decorations. Approximately 25 million pounds of boughs are harvested annually, with the bulk taken from natural high-elevation stands.
It’s little wonder that people are confused by tree names. Foresters
and lay people often name a tree based on its physical appearance, the
wood products industry may call the tree by another name based on the
characteristics of the wood, and botanists name a tree based on its
anatomical...
Published July 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Plants need an adequate level of nutrients to thrive. This publication will help you ensure that your plants receive ample
levels of all nutrients for optimum yield, quality, and aesthetic value.
Los niños saludables tienen dientes saludables. Los dientes
saludables son importantes para comer, hablar, y apariencia. Esta guía
describe pasos que los padres pueden tomar para estar ciertos que la salud dental está mantenida de nacimiento a través de los años pre-escolares.
Published March 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published March 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
In some forest situations, seedlings readily spring up from seeds produced by nearby trees, reducing (or even eliminating) the need to plant trees. Often, though, conditions aren’t right for this
natural regeneration to happen quickly, or with the desired kinds of trees. Therefore, planting tree seedlings by hand usually is...
Crimson clover may be used as a cover crop, green manure, pasture, or hay. It often is used as a winter annual cover crop in annual rotations. It has been used successfully in reduced-tillage farming systems, and in orchards and vineyards where it can be managed to reseed itself.
Published Fall 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Buckwheat is not likely to increase
soil organic matter content much
because dry matter production is
relatively low and tissues are succulent
and decompose very rapidly
when incorporated. However,
buckwheat can improve short-term
soil tilth and has been used to
prepare fields for transplants.
Rapeseed is grown for its oil and meal, and as a cover crop. Rapid fall growth captures part of the available soil nitrogen, which otherwise might be lost to leaching, and provides good ground cover over winter.
Annual ryegrass is an erect, robust cool-season bunch grass that reaches a height of 3 to 4 feet. Plants are yellowish-green at the base and have 12-inch long glossy leaves. This species has a heavy, extensive, fibrous root system.
Plants need nitrogen to grow. However, if there
is more nitrogen (in the form of nitrate) in the soil
than plants need, some of it may leach below the
rooting zone and end up in the groundwater that
supplies your drinking water.
Subclovers are used for forage and hay and have been used successfully in Oregon as fall-planted and relay interplanted cover crops in annual rotations. They are capable of accumulating substantial amounts of N, a portion of which is available to the following crop. Rapid growth suppresses weeds in spring.
Common vetch is a viny, succulent, annual legume attaining a height of 24 inches when planted alone. It grows taller when planted with a tall companion crop that provides structural support for climbing.
Sudangrass and sorghum sudangrass crosses are used as warm season cover crops, forage, and silage. When used as a cover crop, their fibrous roots and organic matter contributions improve soil structure; and their rapid, dense growth suppresses weeds.
Western hemlock forests in the coastal areas of Oregon are some of the most productive and diverse forests in the world. This rich diversity represents both a challenge and an opportunity for woodland owners interested in managing western hemlock on their property.
Field pea can be used as a cover crop, green manure, forage, hay, and silage. Hay is good quality, but pea is more succulent than vetches and more difficult to cure. Regrowth after mowing or grazing is poor.
Fava bean is used as a winter or spring cover crop, green manure, silage, forage, hay, and vegetable. It is capable of producing large amounts of dry matter and accumulating large quantities of nitrogen (N), part of which is available to subsequent crops.
Cereal grains are grasses and may have a prostrate, semierect, or erect physical stature. All have fibrous root systems.
Barley, oats, triticale, and wheat are each comprised of hundreds of varieties whose growth characteristics vary considerably.
Hairy vetch is used as a cover crop, green manure, pasture, silage, and hay. It is capable of accumulating large amounts of dry matter and nitrogen. When planted alone as a winter cover crop in annual vegetable rotations, it can provide substantial amounts of nitrogen (N) to a following crop.
Cereal rye is an erect annual grass with greenish blue, flat blades and an extensive fibrous root system. It resembles wheat, but usually is taller (3–5 ft) and tillers less. Flowering is induced by 14 hours of light in spring.
However, the idea that we can use our property in any way we choose is not, and never has been, a constitutional right. On the other hand, the government cannot, in the name of the public welfare, enact and enforce any restriction it chooses on the use of private property.
Eastern Oregon’s climate presents special challenges
to home gardeners. A short growing season
and cool nights make it difficult to grow warmseason
crops. Nevertheless, by choosing the right
varieties and providing extra protection to your
plants, you can enjoy a productive and successful
garden.
Your groundwater is at higher risk of contamination from excess nitrogen fertilizer if you have soils that drain quickly, such as river loam, coastal sand, or volcanic deposits.
Garlic grows well throughout the Northwest. There are two types of garlic frequently grown in home gardens: Allium sativum, the more commonly cultivated type, also called silverskinned or Italian garlic; and Allium ampeloprasum, usually called greatheaded or elephant garlic. The latter is more of a novelty because of its large...
Many woods are impossible to tell apart without using a microscope. Sometimes, a great deal of knowledge and expensive laboratory equipment is needed to identify a wood species. On the other hand, you don’t have to be an expert or have specialized equipment to identify many species. In fact, an...
Published November 1997. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
A given variety of apple or pear reaches harvest maturity at about the same time each year. In districts with cool growing seasons, fruit usually matures later than in the warmer districts. Within a district, the time of maturity varies slightly from season to season. In order of importance, then,...